where's the antidote for intellectual poison? (nov. 28, 1974)

8/13/2019 Where's the Antidote for Intellectual Poison? (Nov. 28, 1974)

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W I N N I P E G   F R E E  P R E S S ,  T H U R S D A Y ,  N O V E M B E R   28 ,  1974

Where 's   T h e  A n t i d o t e  F o r  i n t e l l e c t u a l  P o i s o n s ?By JOHN DART

Public  curiosity  ui  ne wpseudoscientific,   semispi r i -tual theories has   s pur r e d  adebunking mood in the scien-tific  community.

Most  scholars  are   r e l uct a ntto spend  t ime  de n yi n g w h a tt h e y  regard  ,as   n on s e n s e ."You never convince thet rue  believer,"  t h e y s a y .

A n  increasing  n u m b e r ,t h oug h ,  a r e t r y i n g . Th e r e a -son:  signs  of  »  w i de s pr e a dpopular  interest in  t h e or i e st h a t  mi x  t h e s upe r n a t ur a lwith   "science,"  providing ade us e x   m a ch i n a  for allegedm ys t e r i e s  o£  science.

Science   ma g a z i n e  not long' ago called them "intellectual

poisons," and urged moreuniver si t ies and scient i st s toprovide the antidotes.

Establi shment r e l igion,  bycontrast ,  g e n e r a l l y - h a s  t a k e na  h i n d s - o f f  policy  e v e nthough i t , too, would seem tohave a stake in the   o u U ' o me .

Scientific potshots   particu-I  a r 1 y h ave been di rectedagainst  b e s t  se l l ing bookss u c h  as Char iots of theG o d s ?  (which says intel lectsf rom  outer space accountedfor   m a n ' s  .ear l iest feats)  anrlT he   Secret  Life of  Plants( w h i c h   says plants can re-spond in ext raordinary  waysto   h um a n s  an d  e v e n t s ) .

T h a t r e n d m os t  d i s t u r b i n gto scient i st s i s the broad   ap -peal  for   public r e ject ion  o f

hard-nosed standards ot sci -entific investigation  a n d v e r -iffication.

Scient i st s  sa y  that in thecases   of the more exot ic psy-chic phenomena (par t icular lydemonst rat ions by "gif ted"individuals)   and-  plant r eac-tions (the   b e s t  known exper i -menter uses   a lie  de t e c t o r ) ,m os t e x pe r i m e n t s ,  if not  aU ,do   ' n o t ' produce  consis tentlyrepeatable  results.

A d v o c a t e s  s a y t h e e x pe r i -m e n t  results  depend on  th ee x p e r i m e n t e r ' s   at t i tude.

"N o  a m o u n t of  ch e ck i n g i nlaboratories  is going to provea thing unt i l  th e  e x p e r i m e n t sar e   done b y  proper ly t rainedobserver s. Spi r i tual  d e v e l o p -ment i s indispensable ," saysp l a n t  invest igator  M a r c e lVogel , a  California t r a i n e din e lect ronics.

In   o t h e r  words, a scept icalr e s e.» r c  h e r may not getplants or   ps ych i c s ub j e c t s  to

r espond the same way as ym pa t h e t i c e x pe r i m e n t e rcan   — a  pos ition  also heldprominently by ex-ast ronautli'dgar  Mitchell ot Palo  A l t a ,California,   wh o  di rects  an in-stitute   supporting  r e s e a r ch i nps ych i c ph e n om e n a .

Parapsychology, psy-c h o k r a s ,  t e l e p a t h y  and otherpsychic studies are not  dis-m i s s e d  out of  h a n d  by  allscient i st s. Some   fa  cu 11  ymembers at noted univer si -ties   ar e  doing work  in thefield,   and they are quick tomention   t h a t  th e  N a t i on a lScience Foundation  h as   fund-ed   some projects.

A t  the same t ime, acade-mia is   suspicious  of  worktied  to myst ical or supernat-ural spe culat ions and not

subjected to r igorous scient if -ic procedure .

This myst ical vs.  scientificfriction  i s being fel t by mostpeople, says biology  p r o f e s -so r   P a ul  S al tman of the Uni-v  e r s i t y of  California  Sa nDiego,   w h o i s  also  vice-pres-ident for academic affai r s.

Re ligion and science h avelegi t imate points   of  contactin f ront ie r f ie lds such as bio-medical e thics and in prob-le m   solving  for   human soci-et y  w h e n  a rational,  sensi t ivea p p r o a c h i s   us e d ,  h e  indicat-ed.  . -

Bu t  th e  scientific  communi-ty's r esponse to myst icalpsuedoscience , Prof . Saltmansaid,   cannot help but be:"Know-nothings   should  noti n h e r i t t h e   e a r t h . " .

T h e C h r i s t i a n - J e w i s h r e l i -gious  bodies seem  nncon-' c e r  n  e d  about  th e  cor re-

sponding   r i s e  of new  cult s ,pseudoscientific or   o t h e r w i s e .

T h o u g h s e min ar ie s a n dchurch organizations   s ub j e c ta n y n e w o r   r e v a m pe d t h e o-logical approach to tough,analytical  de b a t e , t h e r e h a sbeen great h esi tancy to tac-k l e t h e   m or e v ul n e r a b l e ideo-logies at t r act ing inte res t ,  ifnot   allegiance.

T h e   g i v e n  r e a s on s a r ev a r i e d :•  T h e  "new re l igions"

( H a r e K r i s h n a , S c i e n tol og y,E c k a n k a r ,  t h e R e v .  Su nM y u n g  Moon's UnificationC h u r c h ,   t o n a m e a  l e w )  ar econsidered  f r inge  p h e n o me n aat   b e s t .

9  R e l i g i o u s  l e a de r s  andc h u r c h   a dm i n i s t r a t o r s h a v en ot don e t h e r e s e a r ch n e ce s -s a r y  to chal lenge the   integri-ty of new   g r oups .

• A n yon e ha s a  r i g h t  tob e l i e v e   w h a t  h e w a n t s , a n d" refut ing"   on e  s e c t m i g h tlead  to  e r os i on  of  r i g h t s  ofall   c h u r c h e s

An d  yet ,  rel igious  s pok e s -me n ma y b e   b e t t e r  equippedto   supply  an  inquis it ive  pub-lic   with  an "outside"  opinionof  s uch  m o v e m e n t s .  E v e ncults   e m ph a s i z i n g t h e i r  al-l e g e d t e ch n i ca l and   sc ientif ics o u n d n e s s  often  r e q u i r e  con-

siderable   faith  by  followersin   th e  r e su l t s ,  at tendant phi-losophy and ult imate t ruths.

Be l i e v e r s  in  ' faith  healingand   r e incarnat ion on'ce  ap-pealed to  r e ligious scr ipturesas sufficient explanation, buttoday many  s e e k  to explaino r p r o b e t h e   process  in,"scientific"  t e r m s .

"Old   sc i e n c e s"  s uch  as as-trology  and numerology, andrediscovered.  A n c i e n t  A s i a nyoga and meditat ive tech-niques  are   studied  for   boththeir  spir i tual  and  healthb e n e f i t s .

C om m e n t  f r o m  th e  reli-gious   field  has been mainlyconfined  to  studies  by  socio-l o g i s t s  of religion  t u c k e daway in scholar ly journals orcr i t iques by wri te r s in evan-gelical,  fundamentau's t  publi-cations.

Twenty-four   years af te r hi sW orlds  in Collision was pup-l i s h e d ,  phi losopher ImmamielYeh'kovsky, at age 78, wasg i v e n  his day  before •   'e s-t a b l i s h m e n t  science , whichhi ther to ignored him.

Velikovsky repeated  h istheory that  th e  e a r t h  h a s h a dseveral near misses withV e n u s   and Mars over thelast  few thousand  y e a r s  be -fore   those two planets se t t ledinto their  p r e s e n t  orbits.

T h e   approaches  to  e a r t hc a u s e d  cataclysmic eventsh e r e ,  ki l l ing animals  an dh u m a n s   in  large  n um b e r s ,

bu t  enough people survivedto   r ecord  th e  e v e n t s  in  folk-lore   and the Bible, Veli-k o v s k y  s a i d .

In San Francisco, a hi stor i -an said ancient r ecords showt h a t  p l a n e t a r y m ot i on s t h e nw e r e t h e s a m e a s n ow , a na s t r o n o me r   s a i d  " reson-a n c e s"   b e t w e e n  V e n u s  an dth e   e a r t h  indicate Venus hasoccupied   its  present orbi t  forat   l e a s t  mill ions of  y e a r s  andast ronomer   Carl  S a g a n  ofCornell  s a i d  m a t h e m a t i c a lodds   against such encounter sw e r e e x ce pt i on a ll y g r e a t .

Mr. Sagan also dismissedVelinkoysky's   claim as thef i r s t  per son to predict thatV e n u s  h a s a  600-degree  sur-face  t e m p e r a t u r e  an d  t h a tJupite r emits radio noises.

" W h e r e  V e l i k o v s k ys h o w e d  r eal imaginat ion  liewa s   found  to  be  w r o n g ,"  Mr .S a g a n s a i d . " Wh e r e h e w a sfound  to be r ight , i t can be

s h o w n  t h a t h e w a s p r e e m pt -ed by  o t h e r w or k e r s  w h o h a dalready predicted  th e  samp,things  — but for the   r i g h tr e a so n s . "

V e l i k o v s k y ,  non-plussedand charging the scient i st swith   bias,  had the comfort of

knowing  h e h a d a  followingunlikely to be' influenced byJohnny-come-lately scien-t i st s.  .. .

W orlds in Collision hasgone through more than  70editions.  A quar te r ly  ma g a rzine   i s devoted ent i re ly to hi st h e o r i e s .  A nd   followersa mo n g  'the  500 outsider s atth e   symposium gave the ec-centric   phi losopher a stand-i n g ' o v a t i o n a t t h e   close  ofhis presentat ion.

N e v e r t h e l e s s ,  th e  nation's

most prest igious science   or -g a n i z a t i o n   h ad  gone o n

iFoctisILmtmmmmmmmmmM

r ecord disput ing Velikovsky'stheor ies   in a  widely repor ted

.  s ym pos i um .

Bioscience magazine edi-torialized against  some  ex -t raordinary claims made   fo rplants   in  Apr i l , then repr int-ed   a similar ly  critical  'articleby   Yale  biologist  A r t h ur  W .Galston which had appearedin   Natural History  magazine.

I n   rapping claims thatp l a n t s  r espond t o  h u m a nemotions  an d  p r a y e r s ,  t h a tthey can count , r eceive sig-nals  f rom distant l i fe forms,e tc. , Mr Galston said thatan   unwary, believing  r e a d e r

of  T he   Secret Life  of  Plants,would  be   clut te r ing  h is  m i n dwith   mythology, pr inciplesand   generalizat ions (the  au -t h or s )  put   f o r t h ,  an d  couldbe 'led se r iously  astray"  M r.G a l s t o n  said.

Plant lover s may croon  tothe cat t leyas and murmur tothei r mimosas all they want ,Mr. Galston said,  b u t '  it 'won't do a thing for thei rplants.  ' .

"Plants,"  s a i d J a m e s B on -ner , California (Inst i tute  ofTechnology   Biologist, "h aveno  n e r v e s  and no  cent ral ner -vous  s ys t e m , s o t h e y h a v e n o .way   of  proeessing(  people 'sthoughts and  emotions."

The desi re to f ind posi t iver e s u l t s ,  said  Mr .  B oun e r ,leads people   to  tool them-s e l v e s .

"The abi l i ty  of  th e  h u m a nmind to s elf-delude is   infi-nite,"   h e s a i d .

T h o u g h   Mr .  B a n n e r  is one

of  th e  more willing  Cal techfaculty   m e m b e r s  w h e n , i tcomes to  giving  talks  to  lay-me n o n  scient if ic  s u b j e c t s ,h  e th inks i t ' s usually a"waste   of  t i m e "  for   sc ien-tis ts   to get  into  th e  d e b u n k -ing business.

B ut   a f e l l o w  facultym e m b e r , Ri ch a r d  P .  Fe yn -m a n ,  devoted  th e  Caltech1974  com m e n ce m e n t a ddr e s sto   j us t t h a t t h e m e .  M r » F e y n -m a n ,  a Nobel Pr ize-winningtheoret ical physicist ,  h a sconcluded  that "it 's  not ascientific  world." .. I  meet lots of people

wh o  sooner or  l a t e r  g e t m einto a conversat ion aboutUFOs, or ast rology, or someform of  myst icism, expandedconsciousness,  ne w  types  of

a w a r e n e s s ,  E S P a n d s of or t h , "  M r.  Fe yn m a n  said.

lie  w e n t  so far as to  s a m -ple   s o m e  of the  ideast h r o u g h   books and per sonale x pe r i e n ce s  —  hallucinat ingwhile   f loat ing in Epsom  saltisolation   tanks, going t h r o u g hth e   E s a l e n  encounter exper i -e n c e   and watching magician-p s y c h i c  wonder  U ri  G e l l e rt ry to bend a key by rubbingit.   H e  came away uncon-vinced.

T h e   reason t rue r esult s  donot come   in  ps e udos ci e n ce ,Mr. Feynman said, i s that i tl a c k s  'scientific integr ity.W h a t 's   n e e de d ,  he   said,  "isto  try to give all  th e  infor-ma t i o n , t o  h e l p o t h e r s  tojudge   th e  value  of  your con-tribution; not  j us t  th e  infor-

jnation  t h a t  leads  to  judg-ment in one par t icular di rec-tion  or  a n o t h e r . "

T h e da n g e r i n t oda y ' s   s i tu-ation, said Philip  H .  Abelson,

editor of  S ci e n ce m a g a z i n e ,is   t h a t . 'new pseudosciencebooks  "seek  to  c r e a t e  t h e i m -pr e s s i on  of  s ch ol a r s h i p  andverity."

On e   such book  t h a t '  h asd r a w n  h is  cr i t ici sm  i s L i mb oof  the Lost , which  ties  toU  F 0 ' s  disappearance  ofships and planes in a sect ionof  th e  Atlantic . O c e a n  knowna s t h e B e r m uda , (o r D e v i l 's )Tr iangle .

Univers i t ies   n e e d  to beespecially concerned  .aboutth e   i m pa ct th e s e t r e n ds h a v eu p o n / t h e i r   s t ude n t s , t h e e d i - 'tor   said.

" I n m e e t i n g t h e s e   chal-l e n g e s  to rat ionali ty, weshould: a l l - r e m e m b e r t h a t  al-t h o u g h  h um a n i t y  is  e a g e r  toaccept myst icism, i t i s   alsoc a p a b l e   of  y e a r n i n g  fo rt r u t h . "

A .  un i v e r s i t y s c i e n t i s t  wh oa g r e e s i s G e or g e 0 .  A b n l l ,c h a i r m a n  of the Univers ity

a s t r o n o my  de pa r t m e n t ." I 'm very  b u s y ,  but I 've

n e v e r  r e f u s e d  a  radio  or   te le-vis ion  a ppe a r a n ce  to  d e b u n kn on s e n s e , "   M r.  A b e l l  said.

Mr .  A b e l l  con duct s a  f r e s h -ma n  s e m i n a r  on  mythologyassociated  with  a s t r on om y,

c o v e r i n g  a s tr o lo g y, f l y i n gs auce rs , V e l i k o v s k y ' stheor ies and " the Er ich   v o n 'Danikcn  ph e n om e n on . " ( V onD a n i k e n  wrote Char iots  ofth e   G ods ? " p l us s om e s e -quels , and his success in-spi red some imitators.)

"I t ry to get  students  tot h i n k  critically,"  Mr .  A b e l lsaid.

"Von Daniken  ha s  com-pletely ignored thousands   ofscient i st hours in archae-ology;  h e  ascr ibes m yster ies

to phenom ena that are   wellunderstood,"   he   said.

..   T h e odor e Ros z a k , n ote d fo r .hi s  descr ipt ions  of the  youth-ful   coun t e r cul t u r e  of the  lateI D G O s ,  suggest s th at  th e  p u b -lic   w a n t s m or e  out of sciencet h a n  it is  getting.

Th e l a y  public,  Mr .  Ros z a ks a ys , ye a r n s f o r  "gnosis,"  ab r o a d e r  .concept  of  knowl-edge  t h a t  gives meaning aswell as facts and f igures.

L a ym e n  want  to know themeaning   ot  their  e x i s t e n ce ,"not  out of ch i l d i s h w e a k n e s so f   m i n d ,  but because  wese n se ...t h a t  it is,there, at ruth   that belongs  to us andcompletes  ou r  condition,"Mr. Roszak said.

People , l icense the scien-tists'  unrest r icted pursui t  ofknowledge   as a good in itsow n  r ight , h e said, but the 'public  hopes the scholars  willlink  knowledge to wisdom.T o t h e e x t e n t s c i e n t i s ts d r a wup  s h or t  of  th a t m a r k , t h e yforfeit  society's t rust and  al-legiance.

M r . , ' R o s z a k  m a de  t h e r e -m a r k s i n a s ym pos i um on

,  Science  and Its  P ub l i c pub -l ished in  D a e da l us ,  th e  jour-nal of the   A m e r i ca n A ca -d e m y o f  A r t s  and  Sciences.  •

Edward Shi ls , a Univer si tyof   Chicago sociologist  "whoalso took  part  in the  s ym -posium, beu 'eves   scient i st sh a v e   b e com e  h e i r s  of theh u m a n  need for  cer t i tudet h a t  once r eposed in  p r i e s t s .

B u t ,  unlike  M r.  Ros z a k ,Mr .  S hi ls believes , society's"will to believe"  in  scienceis too  de e p  in  W e s t e r n h e r i-tage to be   dislodged  b y t h elast  de ca de o f  cr i t ici sm.

(A   s ignificant  m i n or i t y  offundamental is t   C h r i s t i a n s ,  ofc o u r s e ,  r emain cr i t ical  ofs c i e n c e .  T he   California text-book  debate  of the  ear ly1970s  pi t ted most  of thes c h o l a r l y  c o mmu n i t y  a g a i n s tC h r i s t i a n s w h o  felt  th e  bibli-ca l  a c c o u n t  of  C r e a t i onshould  be placed alongside aw a t e r e d - d o w n  a ccoun t of e v o-1   u t i o n a r y  t h e o r y  i n t h estate 's science textbooks.

( T h e r e l a t i v e m e r i t s   of  c r e -

ation  arid  evolution  w e r e  notd i s c u s s e d  s o  m uch  aswhether a r e l igious explana-tion  belonged in a physicals c i e n c e  book.  T h e  stateboard  of  educat ion's eventualdecision was to  f i n d  a  spotfor   creation in social sciencetexts.)

If   m uch  of  society  has acontinuing fascination withscience's  a ch i e v e m e n t s  andpotential,   it  is.  n e v e r t h e l e s sapparent that science pro-duce s m or e t h a n ca n b e a b -

sorbed  b y ' t h e  ' a v e r a g e pe r -son.

"Our schizoid di lemma be-t w e e n  myst icism  an d  r e a -son," biologist Saltman says,ar i ses   from  th e  crisis  i n h a n -dling  t h e e n or m ous  a m o u n tof  information.

"Each  of us  continuallyfeel s   inadequate  to  com e  togr ips with thi s superabun-dance  of  . information  —'  tounders tand i t , digest i t ,   uti-lize it."

Religious observer s havenoted that the   youthful  "Je-sus movement" and cult swhich   offer  m ys t e r i ous tr u t h sand   uncomplicated  formulasfor handling life are   enjoyingpar t icular success.

S o  m u c h  so  t h a t s om e  otth e   leading re l igious thinkersat one t ime or another in r e-cent  years  h a v e u r g e d  en -cour a g e m e n t  of the  s e n s e  ofthe myst ical in r e lat ivelystaid church ci rcles.

" W h y  should believer s betold  that once  upon'  a t imet h e r e  w e r e p r oph e t s a n dmyst ics, v i sionar ies and ec-stat ics  — b u t  t h a t  now allpotent ial  for a  r e v i s i t i n g  ofthei r k ind  of  e x pe r i e n ce  h asd i s a pp e a r e d ? W h y  should  th ech ur ch e s   recall  the story butn o t r e - e n a c t - it? " as ke dc h u r c h hi stor ian Mart inMarty.

A n o t h e r   r e l igious  p u n d i tearlier  called on the  theologi-cal establishm ent to takeser iously   th e  p h e n o m e n a a nddata provided by men   liket h e S o u t h e  r.n c l a i r v oya n tEdgar Cayce or the Scot t i shA m e r i c a n h e a l e r  A m b r o s eW or r a ll .

A   ministe r  connected  withT h e   N e w  Re l i g i ous C on -s c i ous n e s s  P r o j e c t ,  involvingboth   B e r k e l e y  a nd G r a d u a t eTheological Union  s ch ol a r s ,said  t h e r e i s a s t r on g  feelingin  v a r i ous pa r t s  of  societyt h a t r e l i g i o u s   e x p e r i e n c e  un -influenced  by  academic anal-ysis   is the  i m por t a n t t i ling —

"an every - man - i s - hi s -own -  s h a m a n  sor t  ofthing."

T he   lack  of  cr i t ical  c h e c k -points ,  h ow e v e r , ope n s  th e

door  for not  only quest ion-•  able  "truths"  but  also  for

Prof .  Bo n n e r ' s  sel f-deludersdeluding   o t h e r s .

D r.   W ilb'am  A. Nolen, au-t h or  of the  best-selling  T heMaking of a  Surgeon, said  heinvest igated  th e  "healings"of  26 per sons at a KathrynK u h l ma n   fai th  h e a l i n g  s e r -vice and  found none  of  t h e mcured.

"I   don't believe  s h e I s aliar  or a  char latan  or  thatshe i s , consciously, dishon-est ,"   sa y s  D r . N ol e n i n af o r t h c o mi n g

1  book  on  faithhealing excerpted in a r ecenti s s u e  of McCalTs. " I  t h i n k -t h a t  sh e  believes  th e  HolyS pi r i t w or k s t h r oug h h e r t op e r f o r m   miraculous cures."

Noting what he called her"lack  of medical sophist ica-t i o n ,' ' t he  s u r g e o n - a u th o ral so  suggested the possibilitythat "Miss   K u h l ma n  doe s n ' twant  to  l e a r n  t h a t h e r w or kis   not as  miraculous  as itseems,"  t raining her se lf  tode n y a n yt h i n g  which  m i g h tt h r e a t e n  the validi ty of herminist ry. „ ,

Presidential

Counsellor

To QuitW A S H I N G T O N   ( A P )  —  P r e -s i d e n t i a l  counsellor AnneA r m s t r on g , t op- r a n k i n g w om a niii  th e  F o r d  and N ixon adminis-t rat ions, i s leaving her W hileH ous e   p o s t  by. Jan. 1 , sourcessay.

M r s . A r m s t r on g w e n t to h e rTe x a s r a n c h   for   Thaidcsgivinga f t e r  a meet ing Tuesday withP r e s i d e n t Ford.

I t w a s  later  learned thatthough   the meet ing with Fordc o n c e r n e d  b us i n e s s m a t t e r s ,M r s . A r m s t r on g ' s de ci s i on t oleave the administ rat ion forp e r s o n a l   r e a s on s  h ad  a l r e a dybeen conve yed to the president .

By   the end of the  y e a r ,  M r s .A r m s t r o n g   will have se rvednear ly  tw o  y e a r s  in the  $42,500-a-year   j ob t h a t f o r m e r p r e s -i de n t Ri ch a r d  N i x o n  g a v e  h e rA v i t h  c a b i n e t  r a n k .

S h e , h a d  b e e n g i v e n  a  wider a n g e  o f  a s s i g n m e n t s in dom e s -

tic   f ields ,  including  areas  ofs p e c i a l  i n t e r e s t  to women.

Sh e   promoted passage  of theE q u a l  R i g h t s A m e n d m e n t  an dr e c r u i t m e n t   of  w o m e n  to  l o p -level posts in government .

T h e r e   was no  i m m e d i a t e in-dicat ion of a r eplacement .

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