where's the antidote for intellectual poison? (nov. 28, 1974)
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8/13/2019 Where's the Antidote for Intellectual Poison? (Nov. 28, 1974)
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W I N N I P E G F R E E P R E S S , T H U R S D A Y , N O V E M B E R 28 , 1974
Where 's T h e A n t i d o t e F o r i n t e l l e c t u a l P o i s o n s ?By JOHN DART
Public curiosity ui ne wpseudoscientific, semispi r i -tual theories has s pur r e d adebunking mood in the scien-tific community.
Most scholars are r e l uct a ntto spend t ime de n yi n g w h a tt h e y regard ,as n on s e n s e ."You never convince thet rue believer," t h e y s a y .
A n increasing n u m b e r ,t h oug h , a r e t r y i n g . Th e r e a -son: signs of » w i de s pr e a dpopular interest in t h e or i e st h a t mi x t h e s upe r n a t ur a lwith "science," providing ade us e x m a ch i n a for allegedm ys t e r i e s o£ science.
Science ma g a z i n e not long' ago called them "intellectual
poisons," and urged moreuniver si t ies and scient i st s toprovide the antidotes.
Establi shment r e l igion, bycontrast , g e n e r a l l y - h a s t a k e na h i n d s - o f f policy e v e nthough i t , too, would seem tohave a stake in the o u U ' o me .
Scientific potshots particu-I a r 1 y h ave been di rectedagainst b e s t se l l ing bookss u c h as Char iots of theG o d s ? (which says intel lectsf rom outer space accountedfor m a n ' s .ear l iest feats) anrlT he Secret Life of Plants( w h i c h says plants can re-spond in ext raordinary waysto h um a n s an d e v e n t s ) .
T h a t r e n d m os t d i s t u r b i n gto scient i st s i s the broad ap -peal for public r e ject ion o f
hard-nosed standards ot sci -entific investigation a n d v e r -iffication.
Scient i st s sa y that in thecases of the more exot ic psy-chic phenomena (par t icular lydemonst rat ions by "gif ted"individuals) and- plant r eac-tions (the b e s t known exper i -menter uses a lie de t e c t o r ) ,m os t e x pe r i m e n t s , if not aU ,do ' n o t ' produce consis tentlyrepeatable results.
A d v o c a t e s s a y t h e e x pe r i -m e n t results depend on th ee x p e r i m e n t e r ' s at t i tude.
"N o a m o u n t of ch e ck i n g i nlaboratories is going to provea thing unt i l th e e x p e r i m e n t sar e done b y proper ly t rainedobserver s. Spi r i tual d e v e l o p -ment i s indispensable ," saysp l a n t invest igator M a r c e lVogel , a California t r a i n e din e lect ronics.
In o t h e r words, a scept icalr e s e.» r c h e r may not getplants or ps ych i c s ub j e c t s to
r espond the same way as ym pa t h e t i c e x pe r i m e n t e rcan — a pos ition also heldprominently by ex-ast ronautli'dgar Mitchell ot Palo A l t a ,California, wh o di rects an in-stitute supporting r e s e a r ch i nps ych i c ph e n om e n a .
Parapsychology, psy-c h o k r a s , t e l e p a t h y and otherpsychic studies are not dis-m i s s e d out of h a n d by allscient i st s. Some fa cu 11 ymembers at noted univer si -ties ar e doing work in thefield, and they are quick tomention t h a t th e N a t i on a lScience Foundation h as fund-ed some projects.
A t the same t ime, acade-mia is suspicious of worktied to myst ical or supernat-ural spe culat ions and not
subjected to r igorous scient if -ic procedure .
This myst ical vs. scientificfriction i s being fel t by mostpeople, says biology p r o f e s -so r P a ul S al tman of the Uni-v e r s i t y of California Sa nDiego, w h o i s also vice-pres-ident for academic affai r s.
Re ligion and science h avelegi t imate points of contactin f ront ie r f ie lds such as bio-medical e thics and in prob-le m solving for human soci-et y w h e n a rational, sensi t ivea p p r o a c h i s us e d , h e indicat-ed. . -
Bu t th e scientific communi-ty's r esponse to myst icalpsuedoscience , Prof . Saltmansaid, cannot help but be:"Know-nothings should noti n h e r i t t h e e a r t h . " .
T h e C h r i s t i a n - J e w i s h r e l i -gious bodies seem nncon-' c e r n e d about th e cor re-
sponding r i s e of new cult s ,pseudoscientific or o t h e r w i s e .
T h o u g h s e min ar ie s a n dchurch organizations s ub j e c ta n y n e w o r r e v a m pe d t h e o-logical approach to tough,analytical de b a t e , t h e r e h a sbeen great h esi tancy to tac-k l e t h e m or e v ul n e r a b l e ideo-logies at t r act ing inte res t , ifnot allegiance.
T h e g i v e n r e a s on s a r ev a r i e d :• T h e "new re l igions"
( H a r e K r i s h n a , S c i e n tol og y,E c k a n k a r , t h e R e v . Su nM y u n g Moon's UnificationC h u r c h , t o n a m e a l e w ) ar econsidered f r inge p h e n o me n aat b e s t .
9 R e l i g i o u s l e a de r s andc h u r c h a dm i n i s t r a t o r s h a v en ot don e t h e r e s e a r ch n e ce s -s a r y to chal lenge the integri-ty of new g r oups .
• A n yon e ha s a r i g h t tob e l i e v e w h a t h e w a n t s , a n d" refut ing" on e s e c t m i g h tlead to e r os i on of r i g h t s ofall c h u r c h e s
An d yet , rel igious s pok e s -me n ma y b e b e t t e r equippedto supply an inquis it ive pub-lic with an "outside" opinionof s uch m o v e m e n t s . E v e ncults e m ph a s i z i n g t h e i r al-l e g e d t e ch n i ca l and sc ientif ics o u n d n e s s often r e q u i r e con-
siderable faith by followersin th e r e su l t s , at tendant phi-losophy and ult imate t ruths.
Be l i e v e r s in ' faith healingand r e incarnat ion on'ce ap-pealed to r e ligious scr ipturesas sufficient explanation, buttoday many s e e k to explaino r p r o b e t h e process in,"scientific" t e r m s .
"Old sc i e n c e s" s uch as as-trology and numerology, andrediscovered. A n c i e n t A s i a nyoga and meditat ive tech-niques are studied for boththeir spir i tual and healthb e n e f i t s .
C om m e n t f r o m th e reli-gious field has been mainlyconfined to studies by socio-l o g i s t s of religion t u c k e daway in scholar ly journals orcr i t iques by wri te r s in evan-gelical, fundamentau's t publi-cations.
Twenty-four years af te r hi sW orlds in Collision was pup-l i s h e d , phi losopher ImmamielYeh'kovsky, at age 78, wasg i v e n his day before • 'e s-t a b l i s h m e n t science , whichhi ther to ignored him.
Velikovsky repeated h istheory that th e e a r t h h a s h a dseveral near misses withV e n u s and Mars over thelast few thousand y e a r s be -fore those two planets se t t ledinto their p r e s e n t orbits.
T h e approaches to e a r t hc a u s e d cataclysmic eventsh e r e , ki l l ing animals an dh u m a n s in large n um b e r s ,
bu t enough people survivedto r ecord th e e v e n t s in folk-lore and the Bible, Veli-k o v s k y s a i d .
In San Francisco, a hi stor i -an said ancient r ecords showt h a t p l a n e t a r y m ot i on s t h e nw e r e t h e s a m e a s n ow , a na s t r o n o me r s a i d " reson-a n c e s" b e t w e e n V e n u s an dth e e a r t h indicate Venus hasoccupied its present orbi t forat l e a s t mill ions of y e a r s andast ronomer Carl S a g a n ofCornell s a i d m a t h e m a t i c a lodds against such encounter sw e r e e x ce pt i on a ll y g r e a t .
Mr. Sagan also dismissedVelinkoysky's claim as thef i r s t per son to predict thatV e n u s h a s a 600-degree sur-face t e m p e r a t u r e an d t h a tJupite r emits radio noises.
" W h e r e V e l i k o v s k ys h o w e d r eal imaginat ion liewa s found to be w r o n g ," Mr .S a g a n s a i d . " Wh e r e h e w a sfound to be r ight , i t can be
s h o w n t h a t h e w a s p r e e m pt -ed by o t h e r w or k e r s w h o h a dalready predicted th e samp,things — but for the r i g h tr e a so n s . "
V e l i k o v s k y , non-plussedand charging the scient i st swith bias, had the comfort of
knowing h e h a d a followingunlikely to be' influenced byJohnny-come-lately scien-t i st s. .. .
W orlds in Collision hasgone through more than 70editions. A quar te r ly ma g a rzine i s devoted ent i re ly to hi st h e o r i e s . A nd followersa mo n g 'the 500 outsider s atth e symposium gave the ec-centric phi losopher a stand-i n g ' o v a t i o n a t t h e close ofhis presentat ion.
N e v e r t h e l e s s , th e nation's
most prest igious science or -g a n i z a t i o n h ad gone o n
iFoctisILmtmmmmmmmmmM
r ecord disput ing Velikovsky'stheor ies in a widely repor ted
. s ym pos i um .
Bioscience magazine edi-torialized against some ex -t raordinary claims made fo rplants in Apr i l , then repr int-ed a similar ly critical 'articleby Yale biologist A r t h ur W .Galston which had appearedin Natural History magazine.
I n rapping claims thatp l a n t s r espond t o h u m a nemotions an d p r a y e r s , t h a tthey can count , r eceive sig-nals f rom distant l i fe forms,e tc. , Mr Galston said thatan unwary, believing r e a d e r
of T he Secret Life of Plants,would be clut te r ing h is m i n dwith mythology, pr inciplesand generalizat ions (the au -t h or s ) put f o r t h , an d couldbe 'led se r iously astray" M r.G a l s t o n said.
Plant lover s may croon tothe cat t leyas and murmur tothei r mimosas all they want ,Mr. Galston said, b u t ' it 'won't do a thing for thei rplants. ' .
"Plants," s a i d J a m e s B on -ner , California (Inst i tute ofTechnology Biologist, "h aveno n e r v e s and no cent ral ner -vous s ys t e m , s o t h e y h a v e n o .way of proeessing( people 'sthoughts and emotions."
The desi re to f ind posi t iver e s u l t s , said Mr . B oun e r ,leads people to tool them-s e l v e s .
"The abi l i ty of th e h u m a nmind to s elf-delude is infi-nite," h e s a i d .
T h o u g h Mr . B a n n e r is one
of th e more willing Cal techfaculty m e m b e r s w h e n , i tcomes to giving talks to lay-me n o n scient if ic s u b j e c t s ,h e th inks i t ' s usually a"waste of t i m e " for sc ien-tis ts to get into th e d e b u n k -ing business.
B ut a f e l l o w facultym e m b e r , Ri ch a r d P . Fe yn -m a n , devoted th e Caltech1974 com m e n ce m e n t a ddr e s sto j us t t h a t t h e m e . M r » F e y n -m a n , a Nobel Pr ize-winningtheoret ical physicist , h a sconcluded that "it 's not ascientific world." .. I meet lots of people
wh o sooner or l a t e r g e t m einto a conversat ion aboutUFOs, or ast rology, or someform of myst icism, expandedconsciousness, ne w types of
a w a r e n e s s , E S P a n d s of or t h , " M r. Fe yn m a n said.
lie w e n t so far as to s a m -ple s o m e of the ideast h r o u g h books and per sonale x pe r i e n ce s — hallucinat ingwhile f loat ing in Epsom saltisolation tanks, going t h r o u g hth e E s a l e n encounter exper i -e n c e and watching magician-p s y c h i c wonder U ri G e l l e rt ry to bend a key by rubbingit. H e came away uncon-vinced.
T h e reason t rue r esult s donot come in ps e udos ci e n ce ,Mr. Feynman said, i s that i tl a c k s 'scientific integr ity.W h a t 's n e e de d , he said, "isto try to give all th e infor-ma t i o n , t o h e l p o t h e r s tojudge th e value of your con-tribution; not j us t th e infor-
jnation t h a t leads to judg-ment in one par t icular di rec-tion or a n o t h e r . "
T h e da n g e r i n t oda y ' s s i tu-ation, said Philip H . Abelson,
editor of S ci e n ce m a g a z i n e ,is t h a t . 'new pseudosciencebooks "seek to c r e a t e t h e i m -pr e s s i on of s ch ol a r s h i p andverity."
On e such book t h a t ' h asd r a w n h is cr i t ici sm i s L i mb oof the Lost , which ties toU F 0 ' s disappearance ofships and planes in a sect ionof th e Atlantic . O c e a n knowna s t h e B e r m uda , (o r D e v i l 's )Tr iangle .
Univers i t ies n e e d to beespecially concerned .aboutth e i m pa ct th e s e t r e n ds h a v eu p o n / t h e i r s t ude n t s , t h e e d i - 'tor said.
" I n m e e t i n g t h e s e chal-l e n g e s to rat ionali ty, weshould: a l l - r e m e m b e r t h a t al-t h o u g h h um a n i t y is e a g e r toaccept myst icism, i t i s alsoc a p a b l e of y e a r n i n g fo rt r u t h . "
A . un i v e r s i t y s c i e n t i s t wh oa g r e e s i s G e or g e 0 . A b n l l ,c h a i r m a n of the Univers ity
a s t r o n o my de pa r t m e n t ." I 'm very b u s y , but I 've
n e v e r r e f u s e d a radio or te le-vis ion a ppe a r a n ce to d e b u n kn on s e n s e , " M r. A b e l l said.
Mr . A b e l l con duct s a f r e s h -ma n s e m i n a r on mythologyassociated with a s t r on om y,
c o v e r i n g a s tr o lo g y, f l y i n gs auce rs , V e l i k o v s k y ' stheor ies and " the Er ich v o n 'Danikcn ph e n om e n on . " ( V onD a n i k e n wrote Char iots ofth e G ods ? " p l us s om e s e -quels , and his success in-spi red some imitators.)
"I t ry to get students tot h i n k critically," Mr . A b e l lsaid.
"Von Daniken ha s com-pletely ignored thousands ofscient i st hours in archae-ology; h e ascr ibes m yster ies
to phenom ena that are wellunderstood," he said.
.. T h e odor e Ros z a k , n ote d fo r .hi s descr ipt ions of the youth-ful coun t e r cul t u r e of the lateI D G O s , suggest s th at th e p u b -lic w a n t s m or e out of sciencet h a n it is getting.
Th e l a y public, Mr . Ros z a ks a ys , ye a r n s f o r "gnosis," ab r o a d e r .concept of knowl-edge t h a t gives meaning aswell as facts and f igures.
L a ym e n want to know themeaning ot their e x i s t e n ce ,"not out of ch i l d i s h w e a k n e s so f m i n d , but because wese n se ...t h a t it is,there, at ruth that belongs to us andcompletes ou r condition,"Mr. Roszak said.
People , l icense the scien-tists' unrest r icted pursui t ofknowledge as a good in itsow n r ight , h e said, but the 'public hopes the scholars willlink knowledge to wisdom.T o t h e e x t e n t s c i e n t i s ts d r a wup s h or t of th a t m a r k , t h e yforfeit society's t rust and al-legiance.
M r . , ' R o s z a k m a de t h e r e -m a r k s i n a s ym pos i um on
, Science and Its P ub l i c pub -l ished in D a e da l us , th e jour-nal of the A m e r i ca n A ca -d e m y o f A r t s and Sciences. •
Edward Shi ls , a Univer si tyof Chicago sociologist "whoalso took part in the s ym -posium, beu 'eves scient i st sh a v e b e com e h e i r s of theh u m a n need for cer t i tudet h a t once r eposed in p r i e s t s .
B u t , unlike M r. Ros z a k ,Mr . S hi ls believes , society's"will to believe" in scienceis too de e p in W e s t e r n h e r i-tage to be dislodged b y t h elast de ca de o f cr i t ici sm.
(A s ignificant m i n or i t y offundamental is t C h r i s t i a n s , ofc o u r s e , r emain cr i t ical ofs c i e n c e . T he California text-book debate of the ear ly1970s pi t ted most of thes c h o l a r l y c o mmu n i t y a g a i n s tC h r i s t i a n s w h o felt th e bibli-ca l a c c o u n t of C r e a t i onshould be placed alongside aw a t e r e d - d o w n a ccoun t of e v o-1 u t i o n a r y t h e o r y i n t h estate 's science textbooks.
( T h e r e l a t i v e m e r i t s of c r e -
ation arid evolution w e r e notd i s c u s s e d s o m uch aswhether a r e l igious explana-tion belonged in a physicals c i e n c e book. T h e stateboard of educat ion's eventualdecision was to f i n d a spotfor creation in social sciencetexts.)
If m uch of society has acontinuing fascination withscience's a ch i e v e m e n t s andpotential, it is. n e v e r t h e l e s sapparent that science pro-duce s m or e t h a n ca n b e a b -
sorbed b y ' t h e ' a v e r a g e pe r -son.
"Our schizoid di lemma be-t w e e n myst icism an d r e a -son," biologist Saltman says,ar i ses from th e crisis i n h a n -dling t h e e n or m ous a m o u n tof information.
"Each of us continuallyfeel s inadequate to com e togr ips with thi s superabun-dance of . information —' tounders tand i t , digest i t , uti-lize it."
Religious observer s havenoted that the youthful "Je-sus movement" and cult swhich offer m ys t e r i ous tr u t h sand uncomplicated formulasfor handling life are enjoyingpar t icular success.
S o m u c h so t h a t s om e otth e leading re l igious thinkersat one t ime or another in r e-cent years h a v e u r g e d en -cour a g e m e n t of the s e n s e ofthe myst ical in r e lat ivelystaid church ci rcles.
" W h y should believer s betold that once upon' a t imet h e r e w e r e p r oph e t s a n dmyst ics, v i sionar ies and ec-stat ics — b u t t h a t now allpotent ial for a r e v i s i t i n g ofthei r k ind of e x pe r i e n ce h asd i s a pp e a r e d ? W h y should th ech ur ch e s recall the story butn o t r e - e n a c t - it? " as ke dc h u r c h hi stor ian Mart inMarty.
A n o t h e r r e l igious p u n d i tearlier called on the theologi-cal establishm ent to takeser iously th e p h e n o m e n a a nddata provided by men liket h e S o u t h e r.n c l a i r v oya n tEdgar Cayce or the Scot t i shA m e r i c a n h e a l e r A m b r o s eW or r a ll .
A ministe r connected withT h e N e w Re l i g i ous C on -s c i ous n e s s P r o j e c t , involvingboth B e r k e l e y a nd G r a d u a t eTheological Union s ch ol a r s ,said t h e r e i s a s t r on g feelingin v a r i ous pa r t s of societyt h a t r e l i g i o u s e x p e r i e n c e un -influenced by academic anal-ysis is the i m por t a n t t i ling —
"an every - man - i s - hi s -own - s h a m a n sor t ofthing."
T he lack of cr i t ical c h e c k -points , h ow e v e r , ope n s th e
door for not only quest ion-• able "truths" but also for
Prof . Bo n n e r ' s sel f-deludersdeluding o t h e r s .
D r. W ilb'am A. Nolen, au-t h or of the best-selling T heMaking of a Surgeon, said heinvest igated th e "healings"of 26 per sons at a KathrynK u h l ma n fai th h e a l i n g s e r -vice and found none of t h e mcured.
"I don't believe s h e I s aliar or a char latan or thatshe i s , consciously, dishon-est ," sa y s D r . N ol e n i n af o r t h c o mi n g
1 book on faithhealing excerpted in a r ecenti s s u e of McCalTs. " I t h i n k -t h a t sh e believes th e HolyS pi r i t w or k s t h r oug h h e r t op e r f o r m miraculous cures."
Noting what he called her"lack of medical sophist ica-t i o n ,' ' t he s u r g e o n - a u th o ral so suggested the possibilitythat "Miss K u h l ma n doe s n ' twant to l e a r n t h a t h e r w or kis not as miraculous as itseems," t raining her se lf tode n y a n yt h i n g which m i g h tt h r e a t e n the validi ty of herminist ry. „ ,
Presidential
Counsellor
To QuitW A S H I N G T O N ( A P ) — P r e -s i d e n t i a l counsellor AnneA r m s t r on g , t op- r a n k i n g w om a niii th e F o r d and N ixon adminis-t rat ions, i s leaving her W hileH ous e p o s t by. Jan. 1 , sourcessay.
M r s . A r m s t r on g w e n t to h e rTe x a s r a n c h for Thaidcsgivinga f t e r a meet ing Tuesday withP r e s i d e n t Ford.
I t w a s later learned thatthough the meet ing with Fordc o n c e r n e d b us i n e s s m a t t e r s ,M r s . A r m s t r on g ' s de ci s i on t oleave the administ rat ion forp e r s o n a l r e a s on s h ad a l r e a dybeen conve yed to the president .
By the end of the y e a r , M r s .A r m s t r o n g will have se rvednear ly tw o y e a r s in the $42,500-a-year j ob t h a t f o r m e r p r e s -i de n t Ri ch a r d N i x o n g a v e h e rA v i t h c a b i n e t r a n k .
S h e , h a d b e e n g i v e n a wider a n g e o f a s s i g n m e n t s in dom e s -
tic f ields , including areas ofs p e c i a l i n t e r e s t to women.
Sh e promoted passage of theE q u a l R i g h t s A m e n d m e n t an dr e c r u i t m e n t of w o m e n to l o p -level posts in government .
T h e r e was no i m m e d i a t e in-dicat ion of a r eplacement .
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