were the “dark ages” really that dark?. periodizationperiodization early middle ages: 500 –...
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Were the “Dark Ages” really that Dark?
Were the “Dark Ages” really that Dark?
PeriodizationPeriodization
Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000
High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1300
Late Middle Ages: 1300-1450
The “Dark” Ages: Key CharacteristicsThe “Dark” Ages:
Key CharacteristicsFeudalismKnightsCastlesChivalryCanon Law
CathedralsStained Glass Windows
Monasticism
Manor/Manorialism
SerfdomHeavy PlowHorseshoeHorse CollarThree-Field System
Guilds
Crusades
ScholasticismUniversities
Commercial Revolution
Plagues/disease
Superstition
Church Hierarchy
Poor hygiene & sanitation
Widespread illiteracy
FeudalismFeudalismA political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.
Parts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval Castle
The Road to KnighthoodThe Road to Knighthood
KNIGHT
SQUIRE
PAGE
Chivalry: A Code of Honor and Behavior
Chivalry: A Code of Honor and Behavior
Displays of courage & valor in combat
Respect toward women
Devotion to a feudal lord & heavenly lord
The Medieval Church Hierarchy
The Medieval Church Hierarchy Pope
Cardinals (Curia)
Archbishops
Bishops
Parish Priests
filled the power vacuum left from the collapse of the classical world.
The Power of the Medieval Church
The Power of the Medieval Church
bishops and abbots played a large part in the feudal system.
the church controlled about 1/3 of the land in Western Europe.
tried to curb feudal warfare only 40 days a year for combat.
curb heresies crusades; Inquisition
tithe 1/10 tax on your assets given to the church.
Peter’s Pence 1 penny per person [paid by the peasants].
Cathedrals: Two Architectural Styles
Cathedrals: Two Architectural Styles
Gothic
Romanesque
Stained Glass Windows Stained Glass Windows
e For the Glory of God
e For Religious Instruction
Late Medieval Church Art Late Medieval Church Art
Relinquary, late 12c
Chalice, paten, and straw, mid-
13c
MonasticismMonasticism Goal: create
communities of men & women dedicated to God; serve as moral example to rest of world
St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule of poverty, chastity, and obedience.
provided schools for the children of the upper class.
inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war.
libraries & scriptoria to copy books and illuminate manuscripts.
monks missionaries to the barbarians. [St. Patrick, St. Boniface]
Illuminated ManuscriptsIlluminated Manuscripts
The Medieval Manor
The Medieval Manor
Life on the Medieval Manor
Life on the Medieval Manor
Serfs at work
An Agricultural Revolution (1000-1300)
An Agricultural Revolution (1000-1300)
The heavy plow
Horseshoe Horses could now be used to plow fields
plowed 3 times more land a day
Horse Collar transferred strain from animals neck to
withers
did not strangle animal
Three-Field System two-fields planted each season
one left fallow
Medieval GuildsMedieval Guilds
Guild Hall
Guild Hall
Commercial Monopoly:
Controlled membership apprentice journeyman master craftsman
Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].
Controlled prices
Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade
Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade
Christian Crusades: East
and West
Christian Crusades: East
and West
Medieval UniversitiesMedieval Universities
Medieval TradeMedieval Trade
“The Medieval Mind”: William Manchester “The Medieval Mind”: William Manchester
Violent
Devoutly Christian (in name rather than deed)
Lack of Ego (no sense of self)
No awareness of time
Nothing would ever change (until death)
What caused the down fall of the three pillars of the Middle Ages? Why?What caused the down fall of the three pillars of the Middle Ages? Why?
The Black Death
The Culprits The Culprits
Symptoms Symptoms
Buboe
Dark Blotches on Skin
Causes of the Black Death: Causes of the Black Death: “Little Ice Age” in Europe (1300-1450)
Great Famine (1315-1322)= chronic malnutrition
Gov’ts ineffective in famine relief
Little land left in Europe for agriculture
New long-distance trade routes opened (Italians); acquire grain from abroad
1346: Plague Reaches Caffa
1346: Plague Reaches Caffa
Attempts to Stop the Plague
Attempts to Stop the Plague
A Doctor’s Robe
“Leeching”
Attempts to Stop the Plague
Attempts to Stop the Plague
Flagellanti:Self-inflicted “penance” for our
sins!
Attempts to Stop the Plague
Attempts to Stop the Plague
Pogroms against the Jews
“Golden Circle” obligatory badge
“Jew” hat
Medieval Art & the Plague
Medieval Art & the Plague
An obsession with death.
Consequences of the Black Death:
Consequences of the Black Death:
Killed 1/3 of European population (19-38 million)
Trade declined; prices rose (inflation); rise in real wages
Guilds opened up to new members
Serfdom ends in Western Europe
Nobles resist demands for higher wages (English Statute of Laborers (1351)
Peasant Revolts (English Peasants’ Revolt of 1381)
Standard of living in towns & per capita income rose
Controversy over succession to French throne (Edward III vs. Philip VI)
Dispute over Gascony
Conflict over Flanders
Struggle for National Identity in France (King vs. French nobles in a Civil War)
Causes of the Hundred Years’ War:
Causes of the Hundred Years’ War:
Controversy Over Succession
Controversy Over Succession
Edward III Philip VI of Valois
Hundred Years’ War: A Tale of Two Styles
Hundred Years’ War: A Tale of Two Styles
France 100 Years’ War
England
Pop.= 16 million
Army over 50,000
Far richer than England
Strategy = heavily-armored cavalry of knights
Much smaller than France
Army = 32,000
New Weapons Technology
Strategy = sneak attacks & guerilla raids
English Weapons Advantage #1
English Weapons Advantage #1
Battle of Crécy (1346)
English Weapons Advantage #2
English Weapons Advantage #2
Battle of Poitiers (1356)
The Turning Point for France!The Turning Point for France!
France Becomes Unified!France Becomes Unified!
France in 1337
France in 1453
Consequences of the 100 Years’ War:
Consequences of the 100 Years’ War:
Death toll was huge on both sides; Economies of both countries (+ Low Countries) devastated
Ended feudal tactics & chivalrous rules of war (knights & castles now obsolete)
Formation of national identities in England & France
People in both countries now saw king as a national leader
Fostered development of Parliament in England (Power of the Purse!)
Background: King Philip IV vs. Pope Boniface VIII
Background: King Philip IV vs. Pope Boniface VIII
Pope Boniface issues
Unam Sanctam (1302)
The Babylonian Captivity (1309-77)
The Babylonian Captivity (1309-77)
Clement V moved papacy from Rome to Avignon. Becomes powerful symbol of abuses w/in the Church.
The Great Schism (1378-1415)The Great Schism (1378-1415)
Now Europe has TWO Popes!
Clement VII (Avignon) vs. Urban VI (Rome)
Council of Pisa (1409)Council of Pisa (1409)
Cardinals hope to end Schism by electing new pope (Alexander V)
Now there are THREE popes!!!!
Council of Constance (1414-1418)
Council of Constance (1414-1418)
Ends Schism: Martin V elected as new Pope
Consequences of the Great Schism:
Consequences of the Great Schism: Badly damaged the faith of many
Christians
Weakened the power & prestige of papacy
Call to restructure Church from papal hierarchy to councils made up of clergy (conciliarism)
growth of lay piety & mysticism (ex. Thomas à Kempis, Imitation of Christ & Bridget of Sweden)
Scholars such as Wyclif & Hus began to challenge church practices
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