warm-up create a “word splash” of what you know about bones. think of as many words as possible...

Warm-up

Create a “word splash” of what you know about bones. Think of as many words as possible and write them down.

LEQ

What is the purpose of our skeletal system?

The Skeletal System

· Parts of the skeletal system

·Bones (skeleton)

·Joints

·Cartilage

·Ligaments (bone to bone) (tendon= bone to muscle)

The Skeletal System

Skeleton comes from a Greek word meaning dried up body.

Bone appears dead and dried up, but it is not!

Bone is living tissue

Newborn human has 350 bones

Adult human has 206 bones

Changes in the Human Skeleton

· In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage

· During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone

· Cartilage remains in isolated areas

· Bridge of the nose

· Parts of ribs

· Joints

Structure and Function

• Functions of the skeletal systemProvides shape and supportProtects internal organs Stores minerals and fat Produces blood cells and

platelets Assists in movement

Look at page 193

The Two Skeletons

Axial skeletonIncludes the 80 bones of the

head and trunk

Appendicular skeleton Includes the 126 bones of the

pelvis, shoulders, arms, and legs

Table 13-2 Bones by Shapes

Bones by Shapes

Classification of Bones

· Long bones

· Typically longer than wide

· Have a shaft with heads at both ends

· Contain mostly compact bone

· Found in legs and arms

• Examples: Femur, humerus

• Page 193. Read about epiphysis and diaphysis.

Classification of Bones

· Short bones

· Generally cube-shape and small

· Contain mostly spongy bone

· Found in wrist, ankles, and toes

· Examples: Carpals, tarsals

Classification of Bones

· Flat bones

· Thin and flattened

· Usually curved

· Cover organs/provide surface for lg. muscle

· Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone

· Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum

Classification of Bones

· Irregular bones· Irregular shape

· Do not fit into other bone classification categories

· Example: Vertebrae and hip, ear and face bones

Sesamoid Bones

Sesamoid bones Small and

usually embedded in tendons, used to protect integrity of tendonsPatellaSome in hands

and feet

Table 13-1 Bones of the Body

Answer LEQ

What is the purpose of our skeletal system?

Warm-up

What is one thing you would like to achieve in your lifetime? Why?

LEQ

What are the bones in the face?

The Axial Skeleton

· Divided into three parts

·Skull

·Vertebral column

·Bony thorax (chest area)

The Axial Skeleton

Figure 5.6

The Skull (28 bones) (18 names!)

· Sits on top of the vertebral column

· Two sets of bones

· Cranium (8 bones)

· Facial bones (14 bones)

· Bones are joined by sutures

· Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint

Bones of the Cranium

Frontal View

Frontal

Frontal View

Forehead bone; and most of upper part of eye sockets

Parietal

Frontal View

Form bulging topsides of cranium

Temporal

Frontal View

Form lower sides of cranium and contains middle & inner ear structures

Nasal

Frontal View

Small; forms upper bridge of nose

Vomer

Frontal View

Forms lower, back part of nasal septum

Zygoma

Frontal View

Maxilla

Frontal View

Mandible

Frontal View

Frontal

Parietal

Temporal

Zygoma

Nasal

Vomer

Maxilla

Mandible

Frontal View

Bones of the Skull

Slide 5.22Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.11

Lateral View

Frontal

Lateral View

Parietal

Lateral View

Temporal

Lateral View

Nasal

Lateral View

Zygoma

Lateral View

Maxilla

Lateral View

Mandible

Lateral View

Sphenoid

Lateral View

Occipital

Lateral View

Mastoid Process

Lateral View

External Auditory Meatus

Lateral View

Frontal

Nasal

ZygomaMaxilla

Mandible

Parietal

Sphenoid

Temporal

Occipital

External Auditory Meatus

Mastoid Process

Lateral View

The Skull

Slide 5.21b

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.7

Sutures

Sagittal

Sutures

Frontal(Coronal)

Sutures

Squamous

Sutures

Lamboid

Sutures

Frontal(Coronal)

Sagittal

Squamous

Lambdoid

Sutures

The Cranium

That’s it! No more cranium bones!

206 bones - 8 bones = 198 bones to go…

Activity!

You and a partner will create a rap/song of what you’ve learned about the bones so far.

You can include types of bones, names, etc. Doesn’t have to rhyme Must be 20 lines Keep it appropriate

Everyone will perform. The top group gets extra credit!

LEQ

What are the bones in the face?

Warm-up

Answer the LEQ from yesterday.

Let’s finish the raps from yesterday.

LEQ

•What are the different sections of the spinal column?

Facial Bones

• 14 bones

• Most of these bones come in pairs

• Only the mandible and vomer are single bones

The Face

Facial Bones

•Mandible - the lower jaw bone• Carries the lower teeth• The anterior portion forms the chin• Only freely movable joint in the

skull

Facial Bones

• Maxilla (2) ~ Upper jaw• Two bones fused together• Roof of the mouth• Also form parts of the nasal cavity

and eye orbits

The Skull

The Facial Bones

•Zygomatic Bones (2) ~ the cheekbones•Also forms a part of the orbits of the eyes

The Skull

Other Facial Bones

Lacrimal Bones (2) ~ inner wall of eye sockets

Nasal Bones (2) ~ bridge of nose

Vomer ~ nasal septum

Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)

The Skull

Facial Bones

•That’s it! No more facial bones!

•198 bones - 14 bones = 184 bones to go…

The Vertebral Column

• The backbone or spine

• Consists of 26 bones called vertebrae

The Vertebral Column· Vertebrae separated by

intervertebral discs (act as shock absorbers)

· The spine has a normal curvature

· Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location

Figure 5.14

Vertebral column

• C1-C7 ~ in the neck region • 7 cervical vertebrae

• T1-T12 ~ located in the chest region• 12 thoracic vertebrae

• L1-L5 ~ located in the lower back• 5 lumbar vertebrae

Vertebral column

• Sacrum ~ curved bone of the lower back (posterior wall of the pelvis)

• Fused sacral vertebrae• 5 vertebrae at birth

• Coccyx ~ the tailbone• 4 vertebrae at birth

The Bony Thorax (Thoracic Cage)· The chest

region

· Forms a cage to protect major organs

· Composed of sternum, ribs and thoracic vertebrae.

Figure 5.19a

Thoracic Cage

• Sternum ~ breastbone

• Dagger-shaped bone located along the midline of the anterior chest

Thoracic Cage

• Ribs ~ 12 pairs of ribs attach posterior to the thoracic vertebrae

• True ribs ~ first 7 pair

• False ribs ~ last 5 pairs

That is it for the axial skeleton!

• 154 bones - 24 ribs - 1 sternum = 129 bones to go!!!

Answer LEQ

•What are the different sections of the spinal column?

Bones of the

Appendicular Skeleton

Warm-up

Write the following

words on a sticky note. One word per note. Split with

your partner.

Frontal

Femur

Tarsals

Cervical vert

Tibia

Costals

Xiphoid process

Thoracic vert

Calcaneus

Ilium

Sacrum

Zygomatic bone

Mandible

Maxilla

Humerus

Radius

Lumbar vert

Coccyx

Clavicle

Ulna

Carpals

Occipital

Temporal

Parietal

Metatarsals

Phalanges

Fibula

Scapula

Metacarpals

Vomer

LEQ

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

The Appendicular Skeleton

· Limbs (appendages)

· Pectoral (shoulder) girdle

· Pelvic girdle

The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle

· Composed of two bones

· Clavicle – collarbone

· Scapula – shoulder blade

· These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement

Bones of the Shoulder Girdle

Slide 5.34a

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.20a, b

Bones of the Upper Limb

· The arm is formed by a single bone

· Humerus

· Head of humerus allows for rotation

Bones of the Upper Limb

• The forearm has two bones

•Ulna

•Radius

Radius

Radius ~ locate on the lateral or thumb side when the palm of the hand is facing forward.

Ulna

Ulna~ the longer of the two forearm bones.

Located on the medial or little finger side of the forearm.

Bones of the Upper Limb

· The hand

· Carpals – wrist

· Metacarpals – palm

· Phalanges – fingers

Carpals

Bones of the Hand

Metacarpals

Carpals

Bones of the Hand

Phalanges

Metacarpals

Carpals

Bones of the Hand

Bones of the Pelvic Girdle

Slide 5.37

· Composed of two coxal bones (hip bones)· Composed of three pair of fused bones

· Ilium· Ischium· Pubis

· The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis

· Protects several organs· Reproductive organs· Urinary bladder· Part of the large intestine

The Pelvis

Slide 5.38a

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.23a

Gender Differences of the Pelvis

Slide 5.39Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 5.23c

Bones of the Lower Limbs

Slide 5.40a

· The thigh has one bone

·Femur – thigh bone

Bones of the Lower Limb

Patella ~ knee cap

Triangular bone located within a tendon that passes over the knee.

Bones of the Lower Limbs· The leg has two

bones

· Tibia ~ shin bone

· Larger

· Fibula

· Long and thin

Bones of the Lower Limbs· The foot

· Tarsals (7) – ankle

· Metatarsals (5) – sole/instep

· Phalanges (14) – toes

Figure 5.25

Bones of the Foot

Tarsals

Bones of the Foot

Metatarsals

Tarsals

Bones of the Foot

Phalanges

Metatarsals

Tarsals

Sticky Note Activity

Answer LEQ

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

Warm-up

Write about a time when you have experienced or seen a fracture. Give us a detailed description of what you remember.

Warm-up

Take out your skeleton labeling sheet. We will finish going over the answers.

Mr. Bones worksheetList axial bonesList appendicular bones

Tell me one thing about each bone

Warm-up

Fill in the bingo sheet with bones from the body.

Complete worksheet on stool for warm-up.-Bring index cards to review.

Warm Up

Bone museum walk and Ebola readingGive yourself partner 1 and 2 between you and your shoulder partner

Start reading the article

LEQ

What are the types of joints and where are they located?

Synovial Joints

Hinge jointMovement is

like two boards joined together by a hinge

Movement in one direction

Elbow, knees, fingers

Types of Synovial

JointsBall and Socket

JointWhen ball-shaped

end of one bone fits into the cup-shaped socket of another

Bones can move in many directions

Shoulder, hip

Types of Synovial Joints

Pivot Joint Allows only for rotation

around the length of a bone

Head (side to side “no” action)

Forearm joints (palms) supination/pronation

Types of Synovial Joints

Saddle JointWhen the surfaces

of both articulation bones are saddle-shaped

Concave/convexThumb Wide range of

motion

Types of Synovial Joints

Gliding JointInteraction of

flat surfaces of articulating bones

Limited but complex movement

Wrist, ankle

Types of Synovial Joints

Condyloid JointOval-shaped

surface of one bone fits into the oval-shaped depression of another

Mandible, knuckles

Answer LEQ

What is the purpose of each type of joint?

Warm Up

Take a body outline worksheet from the stool. Write your name on it.

LEQ

What are the different types of bone fractures?

Bone Fractures (Breaks)

Bone fractures are classified by:The position of the bone ends after

fracture

The completeness of the break

Whether or not the bones ends penetrate the skin

Types of Bone Fractures

Complete – bone is broken all the way through

Incomplete (greenstick) – bone is not broken all the way through

Types of Bone Fractures

Compound (open) – bone ends penetrate the skin

Simple (closed) – bone ends do not penetrate the skin

Common Types of Fractures

Spiral – ragged break when bone is excessively twisted; common sports injury

Depressed – broken bone portion pressed inward; typical skull fracture

Common Types of Fractures

Comminuted – bone fragments into three or more pieces; common in the elderly

Compression – bone is crushed; common in porous bones

Common Types of Fractures

Table 6.2.1

Common Types of Fractures

Table 6.2.2

Common Types of Fractures

Table 6.2.3

LEQ

What are the different types of bone fractures?

Agenda

Take out your body review homework. Make sure your name is on it. I only need the human outline.

Review fractures homework

Pick muscle disease project

Pick health fair topic/partners

Review with bone bingo

Bone Bingo

Fill in each blank with a name from the following options.Name of a boneName of a jointType of a fracture

All blanks must be filled in!