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Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley.
1
Government of Maharashtra
Water Resources Department
Executive Director
Konkan Irrigation Development Corporation
Thane
Chief Engineer
Konkan Region, Mumbai
Superintending Engineer
Ratnagiri Irrigation Circle, Ratnagiri
Phone No. 02352-228406, Fax No. 02352-228407
E mail – sekic123@gmail.com
Executive Engineer
Ratnagiri Irrigation Division, Ratnagiri
Phone No. 02352-228404,
Draft Report
INTEGRATED STATE WATER PLAN FOR VASHISHTI
VALLEY
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley.
2
Abbreviations:
A
ACZ Agro climatic Zone
AER Agro Ecological Region
AI/DC Area Irrigated /Day Cusecs
amsl Above mean sea level
APMC Agriculture Produce Marketing Committee
ARG Automatic Rain gauge Station
ATMA Agriculture Technology Management Agency
Avg Average
AWC Available Water Capacity
B
bgl Below Ground level
BOD Biological Oxygen Demand
C
C Celsius
CA Catchment Area
CADA Command Area Development Authority
CAFO Chief Accounts and Finance Officer
CBIP Central Board of Irrigation and Power
CCT Continuous Contour Trench
CDAP Comprehensive District Agricultural Planning
CDB Coconut Development Board
CDO Central Designs Organisation
CGWB Central Ground Water Board
cm Centimetre
CNB Cement Nalla Bund
CPCB Central Pollution Control Board
Cr Crore
CWC Central Water Commission
D
DGPS Differential Global Positioning System
DIRD Directorate of Irrigation Research and Development
DOA Department of Agriculture, GOM
DOLR Department of Land Resources, GOI
DPA Drought Prone Area
DSS Decision Support System
E
Ecdsm Electrical Conductivity of soil
EGS Employment Generation Scheme
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
etc Excreta
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley.
3
F
FCC False Colour Composite
FCS Full Climatologically Station
FLD Front Line Demonstration
G
GCA Gross Command Area
GD Gauge and Discharge Station
GIS Geographical Information System
GOI Govt. of India
GOM Govt. of Maharashtra
GOS Gate Operation Schedule
GPS Global Positioning System
GSDA Groundwater Survey and Development Agency,Pune
GSI Geological Survey of India
GUI Graphical User Interface
GW Groundwater
H
Ha Hector
HP Hydrology Project, WRD
HW Hot weather
I
IBWT Inter ValleyWater Transfer
ICA Irrigable command area
ICAR Indian Council for Agriculture Research
ICPO Irrigation cum power outlet
IDMWRP Integrated Development and Management of Water Resources
Plan
IIT Indian Institute of Technology
IM D India Meteorological Department
IPI Irrigation Projects Investigation
ISWP Integrated State Water Plan
IWRDM Integrated Water Resources Development and Management
IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management
IWWA Indian Water Works Association
J
JSA Jalyukt Shiwar Abhiyan
K
Kg Kilogram
Km Kilometre
KmPH Kilometre Per Hours
KIDC Konkan Irrigation Development Corporation
K.T.Weir Kolhapur /Konkan Type Weir
L
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley.
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LBS Loose Bolder Structure
LIS Lift Irrigation Scheme
lpm Litters per Minute
LPCD Litter Per Capita Day
LUMAPS Land Use Management Activities And Practices
LU/LC Land Used and Land Cover
L/S Left Side
M
m meter
mm millimetre
Mcum million Cubic meter
Mm3 million Cubic meter
MERC Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission
MERI Maharashtra Engineering Research Institute
MI Minor Irrigation
MIDA Maharashtra Industrial Development Act
MIDC Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation
MIS Modern Irrigation System
Min Minimum
MJP Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran
MLD Million Litters Per Day
MMDB Maharashtra Marketing Development Board
MMISF Maharashtra Management of Irrigation Systems by Farmers
(MMISF)
MNB Mati Nalla Bund
MNRE Ministry of Nonconventional and Renewable Energy
MOA Ministry of Agriculture, GOI
MOEF Ministry of Environment and Forest
MOWR Ministry Of Water Resources
MPCB Maharashtra Pollution control Board
MRSAC Maharashtra Remote Sensing Application Centre
MSAMB Maharashtra State Agricultural Marketing Board
MSEB Maharashtra State Electricity Board
MSNA Maharashtra Sujal Nirmal Abhiyan
MSRTC Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation
MT Metric Tone
MTDC Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation
MTPD Metric Ton Per Day
MUS Million Units (Million kWh)
MW&IC Maharashtra Water & Irrigation Commission
MWRRA Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority
MWSIP Maharashtra Water Sector Improvement Project
Max Maximum
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley.
5
N
N.A. Not Available
NABARD National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
NBSS&LUP National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning,Nagpur
NE North-East
NEERI National Environmental Engineering Research Institute
NFS Non Farm Sector
NGO Non-Government Organisation
NGRI National Geophysical Research Institute
NH National Highways
NHM National Horticulture Mission
no numbers
NRDWP National Rural Drinking Water Programme
NWC National Water Council
NWDA National Water Development Authority
NWDPRA National Watershed Development Project in Rain fed Area
NWQMP National Water Quality Monitoring Programme
NW North-West
NWP National Water Policy
O
OB Observation well
O & M Operation and Maintenance
OPS Other Priority Sectors
ORG Ordinary Rain Gauge
P
PIM Participatory Irrigation Management
PLF Plant Load Factor
PLP Potential linked credit plan
PT Percolation Tank
PWD Public Works Department
R
Rs Rupees
R/S Right Side
R & RV Renovation and Revitalisation
R& R Rehabilitation and Resettlement
RBA River ValleyAgency
RIF Rainfall Infiltration Factor
ROS Reservoir Operation Schedule
RR Rainfall Runoff
RRSSC Regional Remote Sensing Services Centre
RS Remote Sensing
RSC Residual Sodium Carbonate
S
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley.
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SAA Service Area Approach
SAR Sodium Absorption Ratio
SCADA Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition
SE South-East
SERC State Electricity Regulatory Commission
SEZ Special Economic Zones
SH State Highways
SRG Standard Rain gauge Station
SSI (WC) Small Scale Irrigation ( Water Conservation)
STP Sewerage Treatment Plant
Sq.Km Square Kilo meter
SW Surface water
SW South West
SWB State Water Board
SWC State Water Council
SWQMP State Water Quality Monitoring Program
SWP State Water Policy
S'shwar Sangmeshwar
T
TDS Total Dissolved Solids
TGA Total Geographical Area
TMC Thousand Million Cubic Feet
TOR Terms of Reference
U
UIDSSMT Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme For Small And
Medium Town
USDA United States Department of Agriculture
USSSL U.S.Soil Salinity Laboratory
W
WALMI Water and Land Management Institute
WAMADSS Watershed Management Decision Support Scheme
WER Water Evaporation Retardant
WF West Flowing
WLF Water Level Fluctuation
WMO World Meteorological Organisation
WRD Water Resources Department
WSS Water Supply Scheme
w.r.t with respect to
WTP Water Treatment Plants
WUA Water Users Association
Z
Z.P Zilha Parashad
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley.
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Executive Summary
This report provides valuable information related to the topographic,
demographic, climatic, surface and ground water resources, hydro-meteorological
and water quality scenario of Vashishti valley. The core components of the water
network include the river Vashishti and its principal tributaries.
The entire Vashishti river system flows through the state of Maharashtra in
Raigad, Satara and Ratnagiri district. This river receives several tributaries on both
the banks, out of which its principal tributaries joining Vashishti valley are the
Jagbudi, Vaitarani, Dubi, Pimpli and Jog. The overall catchment comprises of 6
Watersheds.Vashishtivalleycomprises of 2671.01 Sq.Km (MRSAC Nagpur ) and
2628.07Sq.Km (As per Hydrology study chp. No.06 Report) catchment area falling
entirely in the state of Maharashtra.
The Vashishti valley falls in Western Ghats and Coastal part. The Vashishti
valley has a tropical climate. The mean annual rainfall is more than 4112.55 mm.The
mean July temperature varying between 14 °C and 39 °C and mean January
temperatures between 37 °C and 42 °C.
The valley falls into one major agro-climatic zones. Major part of the
valley325.9339 sq.km is covered with agricultural area. Approximately 18.53 % of the
valleyarea is covered by forest; Wasteland covers around 28.83 % of the total
valleyarea. The important soil types found in the valley are black soils, red soils,
lateritic soils, alluvium, mixed soils (red and black, red and yellow, etc.) and saline
and alkaline soils. As per 2011 census, the total population in the valley is about 6.05
Lakhs falling in 3 districts with more than 85.51 % population residing in rural areas.
There is not significant floating population in the valley. Vashishti valley
consists of surface water bodies in the form of lakes, ponds, reservoirs, tanks etc.
Generally the water bodies in the valleyprovide water suitable for irrigation, and
water supply. Water Resource project reservoirs are the most predominant with the
total number of 957 in the valley. There are 0 Major,1Medium, 18 Minor, 3 Barrages
(state sector) , 37 Minor,53 Barrages,5 PT,29 K.T. 22 JalyuktShivar (local sector + Z.P
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley.
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projects) and 789 Jalyukt Shivar (278 Zilla Parishad projects and 511 Agriculture
projects).
At present there are two hydroelectric projects having total capacity 320.30
MW . Kolkewadi HEP having capacity 320 MW and Pimpalwadi project having
capacity 0.30 MW The important project in the valley is Kolkewadi HEP, Remaining
all projects are multipurpose.
There are 9 Rain Gauge stations, 2 Gauge Discharge (GD) stations in Vashishti
valley. The GSDA is monitoring the ground water levels four times a year through a
network of 23 ground water observation wells. The net annual groundwater
availability is 134.73 Mm3 and the gross draft for all purposes comes to 12.98 Mm3.
Allocation for domestic is 7.09 Mm3 and available for irrigation is 95.8353 Mm3.
The major crops grown in the valley are mangoes, cashew nuts, jackfruits,
etc. Presently 36198.78 ha are provided with irrigation facility. As per planning
proposed in this report, all cultivable command can be irrigated with the available
resources. Import of water from other valley is not necessary.
The water dependability of Vashishti valley at 50% is 10013.40 Mm3 and at
75% is 9544.56 Mm3.
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley.
9
Salient features of State Water Plan Of Vashishti valley
Valley:- Shastri/Maharashtra Salient Features
1 Geographical area 2628.07Sq km(As per Hydrology study chp. No.06)
2671.07.Km (MRSAC Nagpur )
2 Cultivable area 325.9339 Sq.Km (As per Agriculture Dept.)
3 Districts Covered 1) Satara, 2) Raigad, 3)Ratnagiri
4
Taluka Covered 1)Ratnagiri District
1)Chiplun 2) Dapoli 3)Khed 4) Mandangad 5)
Guhagar
2)Raigad District
1) Poadpur
4) Satara District
1)Jaoli 2) Patan
5 Population (Lakhs)
*(As Per census 2011)
Year Total
2011 6.05 lakh
2030 7.58 lakh
6 No. ofWatersheds 6
7 Main River Vashishti
8 Main Tributaries Jagbudi, Vaitarani, Dubi, Pimpli and Jog.
9 Geology
Major portion of valley consists of Basalt – 79.34%
,laterite formation 18.26 % & remaining consists
of Alluvium .
10 Soils
i) Soil type and Fertility Major texture – Gravelly,sandy clay loam, shallow
to very deep soils. 66.25% of good arable land
.The soils are laterite and coastal alluvial.
ii) Soil Suitability for crops Rice, coconut, oilseeds, millets, pulses and are the
main crops.
iii) Land Development 32593.39 ha (As per Agriculture Dept.chp. No.09)
11 Land Use Pattern
i) Agro Climatic Zone Vashishti valley fall in Agro climatic zone no.( xii)
i.e.Western coastal plains and Ghats.
ii) Present Land Use( Lakhs ha)
1. Forest- 12892.63ha
2. Net sown area- 19319.11 ha
3.Cultivable area- 32593.39 ha
4. Gross Cropped area- 34496.35 Ha
(Data from Agriculture Department)
12 Hydrology
i) Annual Rainfall in mm The mean annual rainfall is more than 200 cm.
ii)
Surface water
Availability(Mm3)
50%
Dep. Average Dep. 75% Dep.
10013.40 10287.98 9544.56
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley.
10
iii)
Categorization of Valley:
Surface water available per ha
of CA
CA – 267107 Ha, Surface Water Available -
9544.56Mm3
= 0.0357 Mm3
iv)
Ground water availability
(mm3) 1) Net GW: 134.73, 2) Utilizable GW (70%):94.311,
3) Current Draft: 12.98,
v) No of wells in valley
1. Wells in command area : 4Nos
2. Wells in Uncommand area :19Nos
vi) Watershed No & category
Over exploited:00; Critical:00; Semi critical:00;
Safe:06, Total watersheds: 06
13 Water Quality a) Surface Water
b) Ground Water
(polluted)
Polluted stretches length: NA No of Villages:NA
Water Balance of Vashishtii Valley
Sr.No Availability Ref
Table
Planning Mm3 Sr.No Use Ref
Table
Planning Mm3
Present 2030 Present 2030
1 Natural 1 Non Irrigation
Use
0 0
1a Natural Water
Available
9544.56 9544.56 1.1 Domestic 20.378 29.098
2 Manually Managed a Urban 0 0
Regeneration 0 0 b Rural +Live Stock 0 0
a Urban
b Regeneration
industrial
0 0 Total (a+b) 0 0
Total (a+b) 0 0 1.2 Industrial Use 7.72 51.56
3 Intra Basin/ Basin
Transfer (Import)
0 0 Total (1.1+1.2) 28.098 80.658
4 Water Required
through River
0 0 2 Intra Valley/
ValleyTransfer
(Import for
Industry)
0 0
3 Water for
Environment
0 93.318
5 Recharge from
Irrigation
0 0 Total (1+2+3) 28.098 173.976
6 Ground water 12.9771 94.311 4 Irrigation Use 182.33 226.404
4.1 Major + Medium 0 0
State + Local
From Import 0 0
Total(1+2+3+4+5+6) 9557.54 9638.87 Total 210.428 400.380
Balance water for
Irrigation 9347.109 9238.491
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley.
11
Konkan in Vashishti - Picture of Intigrated Water Balance
`Status Available Water (Mm3) Total
Wate
r
(2+3+
4+5)
Water Use (Mm3) Balance
Total
Water
available
Surface
+
Ground
Recycle
d
water
from
domest
ic &
industri
al use
Import
Do
me
stic
Ind
ust
rial
Irri
gati
on
Eco
logy
1%
Export Total
(7+8+9
+10+1
1)
(6-7)
Intra
valley
Inter
Valley
Int
ra
val
le
y
Inter
Valle
y
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Present
Status
9557.537
1
0 0 - 9557.5
371
20.378 7.72 182.33 0 0 0 210.428 9347.109
Status
by 2030
9638.871 0 0 - 9638.8
71
29.098 51.56 226.404 93.318 0 0 400.380 9238.491
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley.
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Officers involved in Preparing ISWP for Vashishti Valley
ValleyIncharge :- Shri. Dabhade, S.E. Konkan Irrigation Circle ,Ratnagiri
Sr.
No. Contribution of Following Officer For Preparation Of ISWP
1 Shri. A.A.Dabhade, S.E. Ratnagiri Irrigation Circle, Ratnagiri.
2 Shri. D.B.Sale, E.E. Ratnagiri Irrigation Division, Ratnagiri.
3 Shri. R.S.Pandey, E.E. Irrigation Project Construction Division, Ratnagiri.
4 Shri.S.C.Malgave, Dy.S.E. Ratnagiri Irrigation Circle, Ratnagiri.
5 Shri. Kunjir S.D.O.
6 Shri. G.H. Shrimangale, Asst. Executive engineer, Irrigation Division,Natunagar.
7 Shri. R.B. Dambal S.D.E, Natuwadi project dn no, 3,Bharane Naka Tal Khed
8 Smt. V. V. Rasal Sectional Engr, Ratnagiri Irrigation Circle, Ratnagiri.
9 Shri. D. B. Bagli,A.E.II, Ratnagiri Irrigation Division, Ratnagiri.
10 Shri. K.L. Pise, JE, Irrigation Division,Natunagar
11 Shri. M. Y. Tikekar, JE, Natuwadi project dn no, 3,Bharane Naka Tal Khed
12 Shri. M.A. Modak, JE, Irrigation Division,Natunagar
13 Shri. B.Y. Pawar, CE Asst. , Irrigation Division, Natunagar.
14 Shri. H.V Dhavan, CE Asst. , Irrigation Division, Natunagar.
15 Shri. Sheth, JE, Natuwadi project dn no, 3,Bharane Naka Tal Khed
16 Shri. Chandole, Sectional Engr, Natuwadi project dn no, 3,Bharane Naka Tal Khed
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley.
13
PREFACE
State Water Plan (SWP) or Jal-arakhada is compiled study proposal for
the Vasishtii valley of the Konkan Region, Maharashtra State .This study gives
the total available Water in this valley and its planned utilisation up to 2030.
This proposal includes data from various Departments such as Water
Resources Department, Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation,
Maharashtra Pollution Control Board, GSDA, Agriculture, Maharashtra Jeevan
Pradhikaran, Municipal Corporation, Zilla Parishad, etc.
Assistant Executive Engineer
Irrgation Sub-Division, Natunagar
Executive Engineer,
Ratnagiri Irrigation Division,
Ratnagiri.
Superintending Engineer,
Ratnagiri Irrigation Circle,
Ratnagiri .
Chief Engineer,
Water Resources Department,
Konkan Region, Mumbai
Executive Director,
Konkan Irrigation
Develpoment Corporation,
Thane.
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley.
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INDEX
Sr. No. Name Page No.
From To
1 Introduction
1.1 Need And Principles Of Integrated Development And
Management Of Water Resources (IDMWR)
1.2 Objectives Of A State Water Plan For A Valley.
1.3 State Water Plan
1.4 Location of valley
1.5 Catchment Area
1.6 Topographical description
22 26
2 River System
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Status of Rivers & Tributaries 2.3 Topographical Description
2.4 Prominent Features
2.5 Geomorphology:
27 30
3 Geology and Soils
3.1 Introduction: Geology
3.2 Geology
3.2.1 Deccan Basalts
3.2.2 Laterite
3.2.3 Recent to Recent
3.3 Introduction: Soil
3.4 Land Capability Classification: 3.5 Soil Erodibility
3.6 Soil Physical Properties
3.6.1 Soil Depth Classification of Vashishti Valley
3.7 Physio-Chemical Properties
3.8 Irrigability Classes
3.9 Saline and Alkaline soil :
3.10 Details of area of textural class :
3.10.1 Details of area of textural class
3.11 Soil suitability and soil health
3.11.1 Land development 3.11.2 Soil Series
31 55
4 Hydrometeorology
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Climatic conditions of Valley
4.2.1 Rainfall Data
4.3 Meteorology
56 60
5 Agriculture
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Land Use Pattern in Vashishti Valley:
5.3 Land Holding in Vashishti Valley:
5.4. Area & Production for various Crops in Vashishti Valley
5.4.1 Production for Various Crops Vashishti Valley
5.4.2 Production for Fruit Crops Vashishti Valley 5.5. Water and Irrigation Requirement of Crops in Vashishti
Valley
5.6. Effect of Irrigation on Crop Yields (Crop yield Kg. /ha.) in
Vashishti Valley
61 72
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley.
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5.7. Water Saving Techniques in Vashishti Valley
5.8. Agricultural Research Institutions in Vashishti Valley
5.9 Agricultural Extension Services:
5.9.1 National Horticulture Mission (NHM):
5.9.2 Dryland Agriculture Mission
5.9.3 Extension
5.9.4 Horticulture 5.9.5 Soil Conservation
5.9.6 Input and Quality Control
6 Surface Water Resources
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Vashishti Valley
6.3 Past Assessments of Availability of Water
6.4 Data Available:
6.5 Weighted Average Rainfall
6.6 River Guage Data
6.7 Water Availability
6.8 Approval Of Chief Engineer , Planning & Hydrology, Nasik
73 83
7 Ground Water Resources
7.1 Introduction 7.2 Groundwater occurrence
7.2.1 Hydrological Properties of Hard Rock
7.2.1.1 Porosity and Permeability
7.2.1.2 Cleavage
7.2.1.3 Joints
7.2.2 Static Water Level Data
7.2.3 Groundwater level maps of the Vashishti Valley
7.3 Ground Water Availability
7.3.1 Ground water recharge
7.3.1.1 Norms for estimation of recharge 7.3.2 Ground water draft
7.3.3 Stage of groundwater development and
categorization of units
7.3.3.1 Categorization of areas for groundwater
development
7.3.4 Allocation of ground water resource for utilization
7.3.5 Poor quality ground water
7.3.6 Apportioning of ground water assessment from
watershed to development unit
7.3.7 Additional Potential Recharge 7.3.8 Recommendations of R&D Advisory Committee
7.3.8.1 Criterion for Categorization of Assessment
Units
7.3.8.2 Future allocation of groundwater resources
7.3.9 Groundwater Recharge in Vashishti Valley
7.3.10 Groundwater draft in Vashishti Valley:
7.3.11 Groundwater Balance and Stage of Development
in Vashishti Valley
7.3.12 Groundwater Availability & Use of Groundwater 7.3.13 Groundwater Status:
7.4. Maharashtra Groundwater (Development and
Management) Act 2009
84 107
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley.
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8 Irrigation
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Area
8.3 Yield
8.4 Directives in state water board meeting
8.5 Irrigation
8.5.1 Flow Irrigation 8.5.2 Lift Irrigation Schemes
8.5.3 Well Irrigation
8.5.4 Sewage Irrigation
8.6 Siltation in Reservoirs and Silt monitoring
8.7. Micro Irrigation
8.8. Industrial Water use
8.9 Summary
108 115
9 Water Conservation
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Watershed Development and Management
9.2.1 Water Conservation Works in Vashishti Valley 9.2.2 Small Scale Irrigation
9.3 Soil & WaterConservation Works
9.4 Abstract of Small Scale Irrigation Schemes
9.4.1 JalyuktShivarAbhiyaan
9.4.2 Agriculture Department
9.5 Review of Impact
9.6. Construction & Maintenance
9.7 Summary
116 122
10 Floods
10.1 Introduction :
10.2 Flood Prone Area of Vashishti river valley
10.2.1 Prominent floods in History 10.2.2 Flood damage in the year 2005-06
10.2.3 Maharashtra State water Policy
10.3 Critical Points from view of Flood Control
10.4 Rainfall Phenomena Pattern
10.5 Preventive Actions
10.5.1 Alert signal
10.5.2 Control Measures for Prevention of Damage
10.5.3 The prohibitive zone
10.5.4 The restrictive zone :
10.6 The Caution Zone. 10.6.1 The information regarding the same is
communicated immediately to Revenue and Police
Authorities by WRD.
10.6.2 Blue Zone
10.6.3 Green Zone
10.6.4 Red Zone
10.7 Recommendations related to Flood in the Vashishti river
10.8 Reference:
123 134
11 Drainage
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Identification And Norms Of Damaged Area 11.2.1 Identification of water logged area.
135 138
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley.
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11.2.2 Identification and norms of salt affected area
11.3 Drainage system
11.4 Land Damage Index –
12 Drinking Water (Municipal and Rural)
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Coverage Of Scheme In The ValleyVashishti.
12.3 Population, Water Demand And Supply –
12.4 Management Of Water Resources
12.4.1 Following Plans Are Suggested 12.5 Distribution And Management (O&M)
12.6 Management plan and Infrastructure
12.7 Sspecialconsiderationfor rural water supply schemes
12.8 Recycle & Reuse Of Water For Irrigation
139 147
13 Industries
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Regulation of Water Supply in MIDC Areas
13.3 Major Water Consuming Industrial sectors
13.4 Present Scenario
13.5 Present use of Water in Vashishti Valley 13.6 Annual Turnover and No. of Workers
13.7 Reduction in water losses
13.8 Recycling Reuse of Water
13.9 Future industrial water requirement for the valley
148 154
14 Legal Issues (Tribunal Awards / Inter State Agreements)
14.1 Legal Issues
14.2 Water Laws
14.3Some important Policies, Laws and Acts of Maharashtra
State
155 159
15 Trans ValleyDiversions
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Inter-Basin Diversions At National Level
15.3 Intra-Basin Diversion At State Level 15.3.1 Existing Infrastructure
15.3.2 Import and export of water from valley
160 161
16 Other Special Requirements
16.1- Area Under Study
16.2 Hydro Power Generation in Vashishti Valley
16.3 Tourism
16.3.1 Anjarle Beach
16.3.2 Suvarnadurg Fort
16.3.3 Dabhol
16.3.4 Crocodile Safari
16.3.5 Lord Parshurama
16.4 Navigation 16.5 Recreation
16.6 Forecast of Generation of Wealth and Emploment
162 177
17 Environmental Management And Ecology
17.1 Inrtroduction
17.2 Vashishti Valley
17.3 Probable Sources of Water Pollution in Vashishti Valley
178 188
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley.
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17.3.1 Urban Development
17.3.2 Industrial Wastewater
17.3.3 Agricultural Practices
17.3.4 Sand Dredging
17.3.5 Lack of maintaining minimum water level in river
17.3.6 Algal Growth
17.3.7 Siltation 17.4. Sewage General Potential
17.5. Industrial Effluent Potential
17.6. Hydraulic and Organic Load
17.7 Local Estimation for Sewage
17.8 Water Sampling and Quality Monitoring Stations
17.9 Environment Management
17.10 Control of Pollution at the Source
17.10.1 Sewage Treatment Plants
17.10.2 Sewage Irrigation (Short Term Temporary Relief)
17.11 Control of Pollution in the Path (Short & Long Term
Relief) 17.11.1 Nallah Treatment using In-situ Phytoremediation
17.11.2 Control of Pollution at End of Pipe
17.11.3 Desilting
17.11.4 Mechanical Aeration
17.11.5 Marine Adaption or Biological rejunevation
17.12 Physical Cleaning & Beautification
17.12.1 Minimum Flow in the River
17.13 Conservation& Best Possible Options for Improvement
17.14 Enviornmental and Ecology water requirement for the
valley
18 Institutional Arrangements
18.1 River ValleyAgencies 18.1.1 At present, five Irrigation Development
Corporations
18.1.2 State Water Policy, 2003
18.1.3 The MWRRA Act 2005
18.1.4 Maharashtra Act No. III of 1998
18.1.4.1 Constitution of KIIDC
18.1.4.2 Present Scenario of Vashishti River
18.1.4.3 Finance Management
18.1.5 Priority of Water Usage in State Water Policy
189 194
19 Use of Modern Tools
19.1 Introduction 19.2. Watershed Important:
19.3. Geographic Information System:
19.4. The components of a GIS
19.4.1 Data-
19.4.2 Software-
19.4.3 Platform-
19.4.4 User-
19.5 Environmental application of GIS
19.6 Software used
19.7 Approaches of GIS application in watershed management 19.8 Groundwater modeling in watershed
195 209
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19.8.1 Related Technologies
19.8.2 Global positioning systems (GPS)
19.9 Agriculture tools and implements in Konkan
19.10 References
20 Water Balance
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Yield in the Valley
20.3 Per capita availability of water
20.4 Water Balance
210 214
21 Financial Aspects
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Irrigation Potential Status
21.3 Cost Efficiency
21.4 Water Supply Scheme
215 220
22 Action Plans
22.1 Development Plan 22.1.1 New Irrigation
22.1.2 Water Conservation
22.1.2.1 Agriculture Department
22.1.3 Water Conservation Departmnet
22.1.3 Drinking Water MJP Action Plan
22.1.3.1 MJP Development Plan
22.1.3.2 MJP Action Plan
22.1.3.3 Measures to be taken after completion of
schemes
22.2 Flood Management 22.3 Rainfall
22.4 Recommendations of Study Groups/Committees/
Commissions
22.4.1 Recommendations related to floods
22.5 Management Plan
22.5.1 MPCB- Water Quality Management Plan
22.5.1.1 Action Plan for prevention of River Pollution
22.5.1.2 Industrial pollution
22.5.1.3 Financial Management
22.6 GSDA Ground Water Plan
221 233
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List of Annexures Annxure
No.
Name of Annexure Chapter
no.
Page no.
From To
Annexures
I Village Wise,Taluka wise Popullation and Area of
Vashishti Valley 1 249 264
II Village Wise,Taluka wise and Watershed wise Area of
Vashishti Valley 1 265 279
III Watershed and year wise Water levels in the
Observation Wells in Vashisthi Valley 7 280 281
IV Groundwater Recharge in South Kankan valley 7 282 -
V Groundwater Draft in Vashishti valley 7 283 -
VI Groundwater Availability And Stage of Development in
Vashisthi Valley 7 284 -
VII Groundwater Development & Management in Vashisti
Valley 7 285 -
VIII All Project From WRD 8 286 287
IX S.S.I. (W.C.) Division Ratnagiri + Z.P. Rural Water
Supply Division, Ratnagiri. 9 288 297
X Jalyukt Shivar Scheme ( Agriculture) 9 298 304
XI Water Supply Scheme Z.P + MJP 12 305 310
XII Water Consumption, Wastewater Generation and
Treatment capacity 17 311 -
XIII Details of individual industries & industrial estates in
Vashishti Valley 17 311 -
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List of Maps
Sr. No. Name of Maps Chapter no. Page no.
1 Satelite Image of the Valley 1 26
2 Index Plan of the Valley 2 28
3 River Map of the Valley 2 30
4 Administrative Map map of the Valley 3 43
5 Land use land cover map of the Valley 3 44
6 Geology map of the Valley 3 45
7 Rocktype Map of the Valley 3 46
8 Slope map of the Valley 3 47
9 Soil Capability Map of the Valley 3 48
10 Soil Drainage map of the Valley 3 49
11 Soil erosion of the Valley 3 50
12 Soil Series of the Valley 3 51
13 Soil Taxonmy of the Valley 3 52
14 Soil Texture of the Valley 3 53
15 Stratigraph Map of the Valley 3 54
16 Watershed Map of the Valley 3 55
17 Vashishti Valley watershed map 7 99
18 Vashishti Valley Geological map 7 100
19 Vashishti Valley Observation Wells 7 101
20 Vashishti Valley Post Mansoon G.W. level in 2014 7 102
21 Vashishti Valley Depletion G.W. level in oct.2014 7 103
22 Vashishti Valley Pre mansoon 2014 G.W. level 7 104
23 Vashishti Valley Deplection G.W. level obsered in
may2014 compared with last 5 year average
7 105
24 Vashishti Valley Post mansoon water quality map 7 106
25 Vashishti Valley Premansoon TDS map 7 107
26 valley map showing Irrigation Peojects 8 115
27 Flood map of Vashishti Valley 10 125
28 Anjarle Beach Tourism Place 16 165
29 Suvarndurg fort Tourism Place 16 166
30 Dabhol Tourism Place 16 167
31 Crocodile safari near Maldoli village Tourism Place 16 170
32 Lord Parshuram Tourism Place 16 172
34 Vashishti scenery from parshuram ghat Tourism Place 16 173
35 Sawatsada water fall Tourism Place 16 173
36 Gowalkot fort Tourism Place 16 174
37 Kumbharli Ghat Tourism Place 16 175
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Vashishti
Valley Chapter No. 1.
Introduction
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Chapter No. 1
Introduction
1.1 Need And Principles Of Integrated Development And Management Of
Water Resources (IDMWR) The need for preparing an Integrated Water Resources Development a
Management Plan arise because water is a limited commodity with respect to its
multiple uses like agriculture, industry, domestic, power generation, flood control
and navigation. These uses lead to the demands that are not static over time and
continue to grow with increase in population and urbanization. The need for IDMWR
is also due to the fact that development of water resources comes only at a cost
which changes over time and in a welfare state the principle of maximum benefit to
maximum people with minimum cost has to be followed.
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF A STATE WATER PLAN FOR A VALLEY.
The objectives of the master plan of the valley are:
The objectives of a State Water Plan for a valley are:
a. To prepare a long term integrated plan for the development of the valley’s
surface and ground water resources.
b. To identify and set priorities for promoting water resources development
projects
c. To formulate a short term action plan consistent with financial allocations
and priorities of the State Government.
d. To identify steps to promote water conservation, preservation and
enhancement of water quality.
The Total 75% dependable availability of water in this valleyis 9544.56 Mm3.
Considering the culturable command statistics, the per hectare availability is
30,000 Ha. This suggests that the entire culturable command can be brought under
irrigations even after deductions for domestic purposes. It further appears that most
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley.
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intensive irrigation is possible in this area. Even with slightly decreased per capita
availability in 2030, all water needs of this valleycan be made available for the future
industrial growth and sequent urbanization. In future environmental issues like
minimum environmental flow and other environmental demands can also be met
with without stretching any human needs.
1.3 STATE WATER PLAN.
Based on the water resources management and development plans
developed by the respective river valleyagencies, the State shall prepare a State
Water Resources Plan to promote a balanced development and by proper
coordination among diverse water uses, which shall include structural measures,
operational measures, watershed management measures, demand management
measures such as conservation, scarcity scheduling and efficient technologies, water
pollution control measures and monitoring measures that will assure comprehensive
sustainable management of the water resources and equity in water distribution for
the benefit of the State and its people.
1.4 Location of Valley
Vashishti Valley originates near Nive, Tal-Khed, Dist- Ratnagiri.
Table 1.5.1 Location details of valley.
From To
Latitude 17º20״00׳N 17º56״00׳N
Longitude 73º02״00׳E 73º45״00׳E
(Source – Topo sheets)
1.4.1 RAIN FALL VARIATION IN (WF-56 to 61) VALLEY
Rainfall variation in WF-56, 57, 58,59,60,61 valleyranges from maximum 5959 mm to
min 2831 mm, Average rainfall is 4277 mm.
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1.5 Catchment Area
1.5.1. Total Catchment Area of (WF-72) Valley& Area in State
The geographical area of Vashishti Valleyin Maharashtra is 2671.01 Sq. Km.
with length
1.5..1. Talukas in (WF-56 to 61) Valley & their area
Table1.6.2 – Taluka wise catchment area details of valley.
Sr.
No.
Description District
Taluka Area in
Sq. Km.
1 2 3 4 5
1) Area in (WF-56
to 61)
Valley(Sq.Km)
Ratnagiri Mandangad 5.67
Dapoli 815.55
Khed 1035.57
Chiplun 631.23
Guhagar 155.72
Raigad Poladpur 8.35
Satara Jaoli
13.00
Patan 5.92
Total 2671.01
(Source- GSDA, Pune)
Map of valley is attached as per Map
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Table1.5.2 – Boundary details of valley.
Sr.No. Direction Particular
1 North Bharaja Valley
2 East Sahyadri Mountains
3 West Arebian Sea
4 South Shastri Valley
(Source- Topo sheet)
1.6 Topographical description
Vashishti valley (WF-56 to 61) covers part of western side of Sahyadri ranges .Area divided in
two parts 1.Ghat Area and 2. Rest part.
Table 1.6.1 – Elevation details of valley
Area of valley Elevation in Meter
From To
Ghat Area 1012.00 25.00
Rest area 25.00 3.00
(Source- Google earth)
Satellite image of Vashishti valleyattached herewith.
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Vashishti
Valley Chapter No. 2.
River System
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Chapter No. 2
River System
2.1 Introduction
The Vahishti River and its tributaries have a West flowing river system flowing
through the states of Maharashtra. K.W.D.T. has classified West flowing Basin in 25
valleys. Out of 25 Valleys of West flowing Basin, drainage area of Vashishti valley is
covered in Maharashtra and the map of Vashishti valley is attached herewith.
2.2 Status of Rivers & Tributaries
The Vashishti River is Main River in west flowing rivers. It is originating at
Nive Tal. Khed Dist Ratnagitri. Total length of Vashishti river is 74 Km, having
catchment area 2671.01 Sq.Km. The details are as under.
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Table-2.2.1 Rivers
Sr.
No.
Name of
river
Length
(Km)
Catch-
ment
Area
(Sqkm)
Origin Elevation
(m)
Confluence Elevation
(m)
Average
Gradient
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 Vashishti 74 2671.01 Nive 1012 Dabhol
(Arabian
sea)
0 1: 73
A Jagbudi 67 Vadgaon
Bk.
1006 Karanbavane 5 1:67
B Vaitarni 31 Sonpatra 842 Pimpali
Burduk.
14 1:37
C Dubi 26 Shirgaon 886 Kudoshi 20 1:30
D Pimpali 24 Jogale 245 Pangari 10 1:102
E Jog 38 Palgad 289 Anjarla
(Arabian
sea)
0 1:131
The spread of the valley under study lies in the following Ratnagiri District in below
mentioned Talukas.
Table-2.2.2 Talukas Covered
Sr.No. Particulars Districts Taluka
1 ValleyVashishti Ratnagiri 1) Mandangad partialy, 2)Dapoli, 3)Khed,
4)Chiplun partialy, 5)Guhagar partialy.
2 Satara 1) Jaoli, 2) Patan
(Source- MRSAC)
2.3 Topographical Description
The Topographical Description showing the four sides of the valley is as under Table-
2.3.1 Topography
Sr.No. Direction Particulars
1 North Bharaja Valley
2 East Sahyadri Mountains
3 West Arebian Sea
4 South Shastri Valley
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The other prominent features regarding this valleysuch as Topographical Area
Watersheds, Culturable Area, and Population etc as are under.
2.4 Prominent Features
Table- 2.4 .1 Prominent Features
Sr.No. Features Unit Quantity
1 Topographical Area Sq.km 2671.01
2 Watersheds (mega) No. 6
3 Main Tributaries No. 5
4 Villages No. 558
5 Main Urban Centers (Nagar Parishad) No. 3
6 Mahanagarpalika No. 0
7 Population (2011) Lakhs 6.05
8 Culturable Area Thousand Ha. 32.593
9 Groundwater Net Availability as per GSDA
Publication
Mcum 134.73
2.5 Geomorphology :
The valley is roughly rectangular in shape. Eastern end of the area is flanked
by western ghat (sahyadri ranges). The physiography of the valleyhas given rise to
three major characteristics land form (1) hills, ghats and plateau (2) The foot hill zone
(3) plains. This valley consists of 70% hilly area and 30% flat plateau which are fit for
cultivation.
River map of Vashishti valley is attached herewith.
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Vashishti
Valley
Chapter No. 3
Geology &
Soils
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Chapter No. 3
Geology & soils
Part I - GEOLOGY
3.1. Introduction: Geolagy The Vashishti river and its important tributaries Vaitarni, Jagbudi, and Pimpali drain
through the western part of the Ratnagiri district. The river has developed a narrow valley
with dendritic to -parallel drainage pattern having general flow towards the west. Vashishti
River originates at Nive in Khed tehsil & flows through Khed & Chiplun Tehsil & finally meets
to Arebian Sea at Village Dabhol. The slope in the upper reaches is 1:73. The river is having
length of about 74 km. in the district.
Vashishti Valley comprises of 6 watersheds extending over an area of 2628.07 sq.km
which includes parts of seven tahsils, five tahsils in Ratnagiri district namely Chiplun (partly),
Guhagar (partly), It also includes very small area of Mandangad Taluka in Ratnagiri
District. Jaoli and Patan Taluka in Satara district and Poladpur Taluka in Raigad
district. The annual rainfall in the area varies between 2865.88 mm to 5193.25 mm. The
maximum rainfall occurs in Khed and Chiplun taluka and minimum rainfall in Guhagar
taluka. Groundwater availability in the valleyis controlled by topography, geo-morphology,
lithology and geo-hydrology of the surface and surface rocks. The net annual groundwater
availability is 134.73 Mcum and the gross draft for all purposes comes to 12.98 Mcum.
Allocation for domestic is 7.09 Mcum and available for irrigation is 95.8353 Mcum.
3.2. Geology: (Source: A Report of the hydrogeological conditions of the South konkan (Ratnagiri) valleyby GSDA)
Geologically Deccan trap basalt is the most predominant formation in area. Laterite
which is formed due to tropical weathering of Deccan trap basalt is found at many places,
similarly on river banks & on sea shore at many places shallow alluvium & beach sand also
occur. Geological sequence of area tabulated as below.
Table – 3.2.1 Taluka wise Geological sequence in the valley.
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Age formation occurrence in district
Recent to recent Alluvium, beach sand Dapoli, Guhagar
Pleistocene Laterite, lateritic spread Dapoli, Khed, Chiplun,
Guhagar Cretaceous to Eocene Deccan trap lava flows Dapoli, Khed, Chiplun, Guhagar
Structurally area is not much disturbed one but features like lineaments, joints,
fractures etc. are formed & found at many places & has hydrological significance. (Plate-II)
3.2.1 Deccan Basalts:
Entire area is covered by Deccan traps. In the Northern and Western part the
Deccan trap form isolated patches separated by river valleys. The lava flows in the North-
Eastern portion occur as hard compact formations near Sahyadri ranges as also in the
Eastern part of the area while those towards north and west occur as boulder outcrops, the
continuity of which is observed by weathering and thick layer of laterite spread.
The Deccan lava flows are horizontally disposed and are traversed by vertical and
horizontal joints. Two sets of vertical joints striking NW-SE and NE-SW and horizontal joints
are common.
3.2.2 Laterite
Laterite both primary and secondary in nature occupy Extensive areas of low lying
tracts and coastal part, concealing wholly or partially the underlying Deccan traps. Such
large patches of laterite are seen around Coastal line and central part of Konkan.
Primary laterite restricted to plateau tops along the coast exhibit vermicular to
pisolitic texture are red to brownish earthy colour and are underlain by lithomarge clay of
variegated colures. The laterite is generally ferruginous in character with occasional
concentration of pisolitic bauxite. The thickness of the laterite generally does not exceed 20-
25 meters. The exposed surfaces of laterite are frequently irregular, rough and couscous.
The thickness various from place to place and ranges from 5 meters to as much as 25.0
meters.
3.2.3. Recent to Recent
Recent deposits occurring in the area are of two types i) Beach sands and ii) River
alluvium.
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Part II - Soils
3.3 Introduction
In any agricultural region or valleychoice of appropriate crop is a basic need for
successful farming. Soil is one of the most important factors for deciding crops and cropping
systems. Information on soils and their characteristics are very useful to planners,
administrators and decision makers for planning the valley for sustainable agricultural
production. To take full advantage of soils for increasing productivity of crops, soil
properties such as land capability class, texture, depth, slope, infiltration rate of water,
available water content of soil, irrigability class etc. have been described below. The
information given below shows mean characteristics of total geographical area of Vashishti
valley WF-56 to 61.
3.4 Land Capability Classification:
The suitability of land for irrigation depends on physical and socio-economic factors
in addition to soil irrigability class.
Six land irrigability classes are defined. The definitions for these six land irrigability
classes are as below –
Class I : Lands that have few limitations.
Class II : Lands that have moderate limitations.
Class III : Lands that have severe limitations.
Class IV : Lands that are marginal for sustained use under
irrigation.
Class V : Lands that are temporarily classed as not suitable for
sustained use under irrigation.
Class VI : Lands not suitable for sustained use under irrigation.
Land irrigability classes fixed for this area is given as below.
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Table-3.4.1 Land capability classification in the area of Vashishti Valley -WF 56 to 61.
Sr.
No.
Land Capability class - ValleyDistrict
Area (ha.)
% of total
area in each
class
1 Class-I Very good cultivable land 0 0.00
2 Class-II Good cultivable land 19223.99 7.20
3 Class-III Moderately good cultivable land 33784.25 12.65
4 Class-IV Fairly good land suitable for
occasional cultivation
38555.86 14.43
Total Area of arable class (useful for crop
production)
91564.10 34.28
5 Class-V Nearly level land not suitable for
cultivation because of stoniness
wetness etc.
0.00 0.00
6 Class-VI Steep slope highly erosion with
shallow soil.
76913.84 28.80
7 Class-VII
Steep slope with severe soil
erosion resulting in eroded stony
and rough soil surfaces with
shallow soil depth.
81015.34 30.33
8 Class-VIII
Very steep slope with very severe
soil erosion resulting in very
eroded stony and rough soil
surfaces shallow.
1547.79 0.58
Total area of non arable class (useful for live stock
production, forestry, recreation, tourism and
wildlife)
16059.60 6.01
Total
267100.67 100
(Source: Commissioner, Agriculture Department, Pune.)
3.5 Soil Erodibility
The large area in this valley is hilly having steep gradient, hence survey to know the
extent of erodibility is necessary.(See Map No. 3.2 on Page No. )
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3.6 Soil Physical Properties
Soils are dark reddish brown, dark brown & yellowish red in colour. The parent
material from which soils are derived is Lateritic & basalt. The infiltration ranges between
2.0 to 7.0 cm / hour.
The soils depth determines the quality of soil from the point of view of crop
production. Deep soils offer more volume for proliferation of plant roots and large area for
absorption of water and nutrients. Table 4.3 below indicates that the soils in Vashishti
valley are extremely Very shallow 4.19 %, shallow 56.26 %, slightly deep to moderately deep
19.26 % & deep soils are 13.10 %.
Table-3.6.1 – Soil Depth Classification of Vashishti Valley
Sr.No. Depth Range (cm) Area in Ha. Area (%)
1 Very Shallow soil (< 10 cm) 11191.93 4.19
2 Shallow (10 to 25 cm) 150260.50 56.26
3 Shallow to very shallow < 25 7939.34 2.97
4 Moderately deep 25 - 50 30200.54 11.31
5 Deep to very deep > 50 16462.27 6.16
6 Deep 50 - 100 27074.22 10.14
7 Very deep > 100 7912.35 2.96
8 Area under habitation,
waterbody etc.
16059.60 6.01
Total 267100.75 100
(Source: Commissioner, Agriculture Department, Pune.)
3.7 Physio-Chemical Properties
Study about chemical properties of soil in the valley is not carried out specifically.
But from study done for assessment of physio-chemical properties in soil from mango
orchards of Ratnagiri District, the general physio-chemical properties of soil in the Vashishti
valley are as below.
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Table 3.7.1 Fertility status of soils in Vashishti Valley
Sr.No. Parameter Mean Persentage/Value
1 Sand 0.00 %
2 Silt 67.52 %
3 Clay 32.48 %
4 Textural class SC
5 MWHC 63.71%
6 B.D. 1.22 mg m-3
7 P.D. 2.37 mg m-3
8 pH 5.16
9 E.C. 0.049 dS m-1
10 O.C. 13.63 g kg-1
(Source : International journal of agriculture science & research Vol.5, Issu 2, Apr 2015)
Most of the soils of Vashishti valley (WF-56 to 61) are acidic in soil reaction. There is
no problem of salt accumulation in view of low electrical conductivity. The soil analysis
shows that electric conductivity is in the 0 – 1 dS/m ranges which is non saline.
3.8 Irrigability Classes:
The interpretation of soil & land conditions for irrigation is concerned primarily with
predicting the behavior of soil under greatly altered water regime brought about by
introduction of irrigation.
For irrigation projects special interpretations & classification of the soils for
sustained use under irrigation are often required.
The soil survey of the command area is designed to ensure that all the
interpretations are gathered during the course of soil survey. The soils are first grouped into
soil irrigability classes according to their limitations for sustained use under irrigation.
Special attention is given to the factors namely the drainability of the land and the predicted
effect of the irrigation water as to soil salinity and alkalinity status of the soils under
equilibrium condition with the irrigation water.
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Soil irrigability classes are defined in terms of the degree of soil limitations for
development and their requirement for irrigation as follows.
Class A : None to slight soil limitations for sustained use under irrigation
Class B : Moderate soil limitations for sustained use under irrigation
Class C : Severe soil limitations for sustained use under irrigation
Class D : Very severe soil limitations for sustained use under irrigation
Class E : Not suited for irrigation (or non-irrigable soil classes)
Most of the soils occur A, B, D class of soil irrgability. The limitations need to be
modified through adoption of irrigation and land management. No soil survey is carried out
under Vashishti valley(WF-56 to 61) for soil irrigability class. Land use class classification of
Vashishti valley(WF-56 to 61) is as under.
Table-3.8.1 –Land Use Classes
Sr. No. Land Use Class Area Ha
% age
1 Agricultural Land
a Kharif 48452.42
b Rabi 1667.65
c Cropped In 2 Seasons 8828.91
d Cropped In More Than 2
Seasons
7450.31
e Fallow Land 13360.37
d AgriCulture Plantation 83480.01
Total 163239.67 61.13 %
2 Non agriculture 103829.00 38.87 %
(Source : MRSAC, Nagpur.)
From the above Classification it is clear that about 61.13 % land is agricultural land. &
as all the land is moderate to well drained class it will give better results under irrigation.
Still about 17.61 % land is waste land which can be brought under agriculture/horticulture
using advanced irrigation techniques.
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3.9 Saline and Alkaline soil :
With the introduction of irrigation, salt accumulation in soils may induce. It is,
therefore essential to monitor the nature of the salt affected soils. The entire valley consists
of well drained to moderately well drained soil. So that there will not be problem of water
logging (except some flatter paddy land near river banks).
At present no project command is monitored by DIRD for delineating water logging
and salinity.
3.10 Details of area of textural class: Soil texture is more important in deciding crops, cropping systems and their
productivity. It has a great influence upon soil structure, bulk density, infiltration rate,
hydraulic conductivity, porosity and aggregate formation. It determines the soils suitability
for the crops. This character of soil is related to storage of water and nutrients. Medium and
course textured soils can store maximum amount of moisture and nutrients and is more
favorable to the crops. In Vashishti valley (WF-56 to 61), about 33.38 % of the area has
Medium textured soils and 66.25 % with coarse textured soils.
The textural classes clearly indicate that the valley can be put to use for cultivation of
different crops including horticulture. The soils are productive if managed properly.
Table 3.10.1 – Details of area of textural class
Sr. No. Soil Texture Area in Ha. % age
1 Clay loam 16511.06
2 Clayey 65082.45
3 Silty clay 1806.53
4 Silty loam 5761.81
Total 89161.85 33.38
5 Gravelly clay 35865.72
6 Gravelly clay loam 18442.01
7 Gravelly sandy clay loam 88852.31
8 Gravelly sandy loam 17265.22
9 Gravelly silty clay 0.00
10 River island 451.16
11 Sandy 0.08
12 Sandy clay loam 1453.96
13 Sandy loam 5761.81
14 Waterbody Mask 8866.57
Total 176958.83 66.25
(Source : MRSAC, Nagpur.)
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3.11 Soil suitability and soil health.
The soil in Vashishti Valley contains very much good condition as seen. It has shown
good to fairly good land capability class with 34.28 % of land is in aerable class. While the
soil erosion is most important part of the study, as there is need to have measures regarding
soil erosion. The depth of soil in Vashishti Valley is quite good as maximum percentage of
soil lies in middle depth. Also chemical properties of soil in this region perform good, as
some measures are needed to take care. The irrigability of soil in this region is moderately
good for irrigation purpose. Hence it is seen that the soil in Vashishti Valley has good health
& have suitability for agriculture.
3.11.1 Land development
In Vashishti Valley the drainability of soil is quite good. In this region no any drainage
schemes are undertaken yet. As the region is having much flatter as compared to hilly. The
land grading & levelling for the purpose of agriculture has been done in the region.
3.11.2 Soil Series
Some important soil series done with soil series already formed as mentioned
below.(See Map No. 3.4 on Page No.51)
Table-3.11.1 – Major So
il Series in Vashishti Valley WF-56 to 61.
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Table-3.11.1 – Major Soil Series in Vashishti ValleyWF-56 to 61.
Sr.
No.
Series Depth Texture Erosion Drainage AREA HA %
1 Ambad Shallow (10 to 25 cm) Gravelly sandy
clay loam
Moderate to severe Well drained 65670.96 24.59
2 Avakaliwadi Shallow (10 to 25 cm) Clayey Moderate Excessively drained 41387.17 15.49
3 Bahal Shallow (10 to 25 cm) Gravelly sandy
clay loam
Moderate to severe Well drained 7063.93 2.64
4 Bandar Shallow (10 to 25 cm) Gravelly sandy
clay loam
Moderate to severe Somewhat excessively drained 4057.04 1.52
5 Barpani Shallow (10 to 25 cm) Gravelly sandy
loam
Moderate to severe Somewhat excessively drained 10709.58 4.01
6 Budhewadi Moderately deep (25 to 50
cm)
Clay loam Moderate Well drained 4239.56 1.59
7 Dadar Moderately deep (25 to 50
cm)
Clay loam Slight to moderate Well drained 11927.57 4.47
8 Desaibandh Very deep (> 100 cm) Silty clay None Poorly drained 1218.37 0.46
9 Habitation
Mask
Habitation Mask Habitation Mask Habitation Mask Habitation Mask 6741.87 2.52
10 Kalbadevi Very deep (> 100 cm) Sandy Slight Excessively drained 0.08 0
11 Kandar Shallow (10 to 25 cm) Gravelly clay Moderate Moderately well drained 4364.90 1.63
12 Kasari Very deep (> 100 cm) Silty clay None Poorly drained 588.16 0.22
13 Katalwadi Very shallow (< 10 cm) Gravelly sandy loam
Slight to moderate Excessively drained 1547.79 0.58
14 Kelwal Very shallow (< 10 cm) Gravelly clay Moderate Well drained 8966.02 3.36
15 Khairwadi Very deep (> 100 cm) Clay loam Moderate Well drained 343.93 0.13
16 Khalliwadi Very deep (> 100 cm) Sandy loam Slight Well drained 5761.81 2.16
17 Kharsai Shallow (10 to 25 cm) Clayey None to slight Poorly drained 680.55 0.25
18 Kunbiwadi
(Rampur)
Shallow to very shallow (< 25
cm)
Gravelly sandy
clay loam
Moderate to severe Somewhat excessively drained 2931.49 1.1
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
42
Sr.
No.
Series Depth Texture Erosion Drainage AREA HA %
19 Lingayatwadi Deep to very deep (> 50 cm) Clayey Slight Moderately well drained 8244.64 3.09
20 Loharwadi Moderately deep (25 to 50
cm)
Gravelly sandy
clay loam
Moderate to severe Well drained 3217.07 1.2
21 Lote Shallow (10 to 25 cm) Gravelly clay
loam
Moderate to severe Well drained 672.14 0.25
22 Mahabaleshwar Shallow (10 to 25 cm) Clayey Severe Well drained 768.65 0.29
23 Mandangarh Deep (50 to 100 cm) Gravelly clay Moderate Moderately well drained 21856.68 8.18
24 Morewadi Shallow (10 to 25 cm) Gravelly clay loam
Moderate to severe Well drained 6953.53 2.6
25 Nivsar Deep (50 to 100 cm) Gravelly sandy
clay loam
Slight to moderate Well drained 3763.58 1.41
26 Patan Moderately deep (25 to 50
cm)
Gravelly clay
loam
Moderate Well drained 10816.34 4.05
27 Pophli Deep to very deep (> 50 cm) Clayey Moderate Well drained 8217.63 3.08
28 River Island River island River island River island River island 451.16 0.17
29 Sarvar Very shallow (< 10 cm) Gravelly clay Severe Well drained 678.12 0.25
30 Sendwadi Shallow (10 to 25 cm) Gravelly sandy
clay loam
Slight to moderate Well drained 2148.24 0.8
31 Sibnery Shallow to very shallow (< 25
cm)
Gravelly sandy
loam
Severe Well drained 5007.85 1.87
32 Talwali Deep (50 to 100 cm) Sandy clay loam Slight to moderate Well drained 1453.96 0.54
33 Vite Shallow (10 to 25 cm) Clayey Moderate Well drained 4147.29 1.55
34 Wahegaon Shallow (10 to 25 cm) Clayey Moderate Moderately well drained 1636.52 0.61
35 Waterbody
Mask
Waterbody Mask Waterbody Mask Waterbody Mask Waterbody Mask 8866.57 3.32
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
56
Vashishti
Valley Chapter No. 4
Hydrometerology
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
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Chapter No. 4
Hydrometerology
4.1 Introduction
Hydrometrology is a branch of metrology that deals with problems involving the
hydrologic cycle, water budget, and rainfall statistics of storms.
Rainfall is the most important input for the water resources of a valley. A clear
understanding of the rainfall pattern in the valleyand its spatial and temporal variability is
thus essential. Other Metrological parameters like wind speed, normal sunshine hours,
radiation, humidity, maximum and minimum temperature are important for crop planning.
4.2 Climatic conditions of Valley
The Vashishti valleyexperiences a tropical monsoon type of climate, similar to
the state. The important factor which influences the climate is the towering
presence of the Western Ghats on the western part of the valley, blocking the
monsoon bearing winds coming from the Arabian Sea, thus causing rainfall. The
onset of the monsoons in the early June gives relief to the scorching summers from
the month of March. The climate becomes cold from October end. The rainfall plays
an important role in the lives of the people involved in agriculture. Sometimes, the
frequency of the rainfall varies along with harsh climate conditions in summer
months, which add to the woe of the peasants. The total annual rainfall varies in
different regions and so does the temperature. The average annual rainfall of the
valleyis 4112.55 mm and occurs for 3-4 months in a year. Maximum amount of
rainfall occurs in the month of July-August. More area of the valleyfalls in medium
rainfall zone. The maximum and minimum temperature recorded in the valleywas
39oC and 14oC respectively. The months of March, April and May, experience very
high temperatures and climate become very unpleasant. Winter arrives in the month
of November and persists till February. The weather is generally pleasant with clear
skies and cool gentle wing. The humidity range is 96%.to 49% The wind velocity is
more in the month of June/July (Approx. 10-11 kmph) the wind velocity increases
upto 14 kmph. The maximum wind velocity is observed due to Southwest monsoon.
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
58
The Vashishti River rises near Nive, Tal-Khed. The total length of this West
flowing river from its origin to its outfall in to the Arabian Sea is 74 km.
The important tributaries of the Vashishti River are Jagbudi, Vaitarni,
Pimpali, Jog and Dubi are the major right bank tributaries which together accounts
for 55.7% of the total catchment area of Vashishti .
The Catchment area of entire Vashishti River is 2628.07 km2 which lies
completely in Maharashtra.
4.2.1 RAINFALL DATA
There are 9 rain gauge stations located in and around the Vashishti valley. The details
of average annual rainfall and data gaps are given below in Table
Sr.
No.
Station Name Rainfall in mm
Average Maximum Minimum
1 2 3 4 5
1 Chatav 4873.35 6773 3682
2 Poynar 3586.98 4754.60 2395
3 Kashedi 4514.86 5797.30 3131.50
4 Latwan 3666 5303.80 1963.60
5 Kudup 3884.18 4944.60 2809.20
6 Kolthare 2661.94 3946.40 1533.20
7 Mahabaleswar 5662.28 8624 3938.70
8 Navaja 5983.80 8330 3682
9 Dapoli 3658.83 5161.40 2346.50
Valleyspreads
Sr.
No.
District
Name
Area
In Sq.km
1 Ratnagiri 2601.26
2 Raigad 8.15
3 Satara 18.66
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
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4.3 Meteorology
The major metrological attributes are temperature, humidity, evaporation & wind speed.
The Various metrological parameters for Stations Awalegaon & Karak are as follows.
Awalegaon –
If we observe the meteorological data from 2003 to 2014, the min. temps. Observed
at this station was 15.78deg. Celsius & maximum temperature was 37.14 deg. Celsius .The
hydrological parameters are useful in analyzing the quantum of water available in the
valleywhile the meteorological parameters are useful to work out the crop water
requirement & seasonal irrigation planning. Various monthly meteorological parameters for
this station are shown in sheet attached separately.
Karak–
If we observe the meteorological data from 2001 to 2011, the min. temps.
Observed at this station was 17.91 deg. Celsius & maximum temperature was 38.7 deg.
Celsius .The hydrological parameters are useful in analyzing the quantum of water available
in the valleywhile the meteorological parameters are useful to work out the crop water
requirement & seasonal irrigation planning. Various monthly meteorological parameters for
this stations shown in sheet attached .
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
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Based on hydrometrological data for this valley, a suitable cropping pattern was suggested
by agricultural university at Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri.
Monthly Average of Parameters for Awalegaon Station
Parameter/
Month
Avg.
Evaporation
(mm)
Avg. Relative
Humidity(%)
Avg. Min. Daily
Temp( C).
Avg. Max. Daily
Temp(C ).
Avg. Wind
speed (Km./
Hr.)
Mrng. Evng. Mrng. Evng. Mrng. Evng. Mrng. Evng. Mrng. Evng.
January 1.43 2.70 87.60 58.12 15.78 22.76 31.37 35.74 0.52 2.22
Feb 1.58 3.00 85.64 53.89 16.49 24.01 32.64 37.14 0.54 2.93
March 1.83 3.33 82.77 55.47 20.08 26.76 34.38 38.96 0.69 3.70
April 2.10 3.81 80.06 61.68 23.74 29.39 34.08 39.44 0.90 4.17
May 2.36 3.67 79.27 65.29 25.62 30.45 33.73 38.21 0.87 4.34
June 1.38 2.50 90.53 85.41 24.85 27.03 29.61 31.79 0.89 2.67
July 0.93 1.76 93.81 90.27 24.01 25.38 27.50 29.18 0.45 1.60
August 0.95 1.81 93.56 88.66 23.94 25.40 27.59 29.30 0.41 1.53
Sep. 1.08 1.93 92.56 86.35 23.63 25.97 28.50 30.80 0.37 1.48
Oct. 1.10 2.25 90.29 81.90 22.91 26.50 30.05 33.67 0.34 1.41
Nov. 1.28 2.35 86.51 75.86 20.17 25.85 31.16 34.86 0.47 1.61
Dec 1.38 2.53 86.38 66.90 16.47 23.58 30.94 34.72 0.57 1.84
Monthly Average of Parameters for Karak Station
Parameter/M
onth
Avg.
Evaporation
(mm)
Avg. Relative
Humidity(%)
Avg. Min. Daily
Temp( C).
Avg. Max.
Daily Temp(C
).
Avg. Wind
speed (Km./
Hr.)
Mrng. Evng. Mrng. Evng. Mrng. Evng. Mrng. Evng. Mrng. Evng.
January 1.88 2.65 74.44 49.50 16.87 19.77 30.49 29.99 2.12 5.96
Feb 2.09 3.36 69.36 43.47 19.04 21.52 34.62 35.14 1.78 6.90
March 2.27 4.19 72.57 45.23 22.84 25.44 37.14 36.66 1.61 6.55
April 2.45 4.45 76.26 53.99 25.91 29.02 38.29 38.92 2.30 7.73
May 2.37 1.67 77.67 60.19 27.61 30.18 37.35 37.73 2.65 8.18
June 13.84 0.15 90.31 83.86 26.67 27.69 31.74 32.10 2.65 8.18
July 10.02 3.20 94.21 90.61 24.75 24.28 28.24 27.33 2.12 5.72
August 1.45 1.19 94.55 87.15 24.51 22.57 27.89 25.64 2.11 1.30
Sep. 0.87 5.20 92.21 81.27 24.32 21.74 29.66 26.29 0.88 14.53
Oct. 1.31 1.81 85.09 79.73 24.12 26.55 32.19 32.76 1.11 3.85
Nov. 1.60 2.03 72.98 65.49 21.46 25.74 33.39 33.83 1.71 4.29
Dec 1.76 2.08 70.35 57.71 14.54 15.86 27.34 24.79 2.13 5.00
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
61
Vashishti
Valley Chapter No. 5
Agriculture
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
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Chapter No. 5
Agriculture
5.1 Introduction:
Agriculture is the main source of livelihood for more than 52 % of the population in
rural areas. The arrival of monsoon and its distribution over the state of Maharashtra
decides the production and productivity of food grains and other crops. Hence, the
sustainability of agricultural production relies mainly on arrival of monsoon. It also governs
the volume of water in irrigation reservoirs, limiting the area under irrigation in different
cropping seasons. Therefore, state has the natural limitations for agricultural production in
irrigated and scarcity areas.
The main source of production is expected from the irrigated command areas of
major, medium and minor projects. The state government is continuously striving for
increasing the production and productivity of rainfed as well as of irrigated agriculture.
Accordingly various schemes and projects are initiated and effectively implemented in the
State by Agriculture Department. But it was necessary to improve productivity of water of
irrigated agriculture by intensification and diversification under irrigation projects.
The need to grow more food was felt during the 19th Century because of the
increasing pressure of population. According to the recommendation of Famine
Commission(1881), Agriculture Department was established in 1883. Work started with the
aim of helping the rural community to achieve higher productivity in agriculture. Agriculture
and Land Records Departments were functioning together till 1907. After getting
encouraging results in an effort made during 1915-16 to stop soil loss, Mr Kitting, the then
Agriculture Department started soil conservation work from 1922.
Agriculture Department took up various land development activities with the
enactment in 1942 and sequent enforcement of Land Development Act in 1943. For the first
time in 1943, the then Government prepared a comprehensive Agriculture Policy
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
63
considering the problems in agriculture and allied sectors. According to this policy, emphasis
was given on use of water as irrigation for agricultural crops.
The post independence period from 1950 to 1965 is recognized as pre Green
Revolution period. During this period several schemes were launched to boost growth of
agriculture sector. Production of quality seeds through Taluka Seed Farms started during
1957. Emphasis was given on increase in irrigated area along with cultivated area during this
period. A special campaign was launched in 1961-62 to encourage use of chemical fertilizers.
Development of hybrid varieties of different crops since 1965-66 laid down the
foundation of Green Revolution. Five year plans following this period specially emphasized
development of agriculture. Nala bunding work was taken up along with land development
work by the department since 1974 which led to increase in well and ground water level.
Introduction of intensive agriculture, comprising of large scale use of improved seed,
fertilizers, pesticides and available water helped increase in agriculture production. Lateron,
considering the need for providing guidance to the farmers for proper and judicious use of
these inputs, Training and Visit Scheme was launched in 1981-82. Valuable contribution of
this scheme through effective implementation of programs like Crop Demonstrations, Field
Visits, Corner meetings, Workshops, Fairs, Exhibitions etc. aimed at transfer of technology
from Agriculture Universities to farmers fields was evident from the increased agricultural
production.
Though we have become self sufficient in food grain production inspite of the
tremendous increase in population, self sufficiency in agriculture is not the only aim of the
state but assurance of more and more net income to the farmers through the efficient and
sustainable use of available resources is more important. To achieve this, commercial
agriculture should be practiced. Different schemes are implemented to increase agricultural
production, export promotion and to encourage the agro processing industry with a view to
take advantage of liberalized economy and Global trade. Thus, agriculture department is
firmly stepping towards economic progress along with self sufficiency through agriculture
and to achieve important position in the global agriculture produce market. The innovative
horticulture plantation scheme under employment guarantee scheme implemented since
1990-91 by the state is a part of this policy.
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
64
Recently the Department of Agriculture Government of Maharashtra is using the
Information Communication technology to make the agriculture services more farmer
driven and accountable.
5.2. Land Use Pattern in Vashishti Valley(WF-56 to 61):
The land use pattern of districts in Vashishti valley(WF-56 to 61) is given in the Table
No.3. The total cultivable area of this Valleyis 61% of the geographical area of total valley.
The area brought under cultivation is very less as compaired to available cultivable land.
Area sown more than once is very less. The cropping intensity is 102.38 %.
Table No.5.2 Land Use Pattern in Vashishti Valley(WF-56 to 61) (Area in Ha.)
Sr. No. Particulars Area Ha. (%)
1 Kharif 8775.23 12.61
2 Rabi 251.47 0.36
3 Cropped In 2 Seasons 1059.33 1.52
4
Cropped In More Than 2
Seasons 422.01 0.60
5 Fallow Land 6744.60 9.69
6 AgriCulture Plantation 15340.76 22.05
Total Agricultural Land 32593.39 46.84
8 Built Up 2647.19 3.80
9 Forest 12892.63 18.53
10 Wastelands 20063.74 28.83
11
Other non-agriculture
land 376.87 0.54
12 Water bodies 1010.67 1.45
13 Gross Cropped area 34496.35 49.57
14 Cropping Intensity (%) 105.84%
(Source : MRSAC, Nagpur.)
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
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5.3 Land Holding in in Vashishti ValleyWF-56 to 61:
In Vashishti -valley(WF-56 to 61) the percentage of marginal hoding is (50.64 %)
,small holding is 28.74 %, and others is 20.64% to the total land holdings. The average
holding of this - valleyis 1.82 ha.
Table-5.3 – Land Holding in Vashishti Valley(WF-56 to 61)
Sr.
No.
Category No. of
Farmers
Area (Ha) Average Area Per
Head ( Ha)
1 Marginal 37758 55714 0.68
2 Small 62046 31621 1.96
3 Large 100982 22666 4.45
Total 200785.8 110001 1.83
(Source : District Agriculture officer)
5.4 Area & Production for various Crops in Vashishti Valley (WF-56 to 61)
Area & Production for various Crops in Vashishti Valley(WF-56 to 61) is given in the
table No. 5.31. This - valleyis having maximum area under cereals (80.46%), and other crops
(19.54%).
Table-5.4.1 Production for various Crops Vashishti Valley(WF-56 to 61)
Sr.
No
Crop
Total Area of
Crop in
Valleyha.
Avg. yield of
crops in
valleyKg/ha
Front Line
demonstration
Kg/ha.
State
Avg.
Kg/ha.
1 Rice (paddy) 27009.40 2900 3100 1925
2 Nagali 4314.12 1100 1200 1152
3 Other cereals 199.2 950(cosidered
as Nagli)
1000 1035
Total cereals 31522.72
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
66
Sr.
No
Crop
Total Area of
Crop in
Valleyha.
Avg. yield of
crops in
valleyKg/ha
Front Line
demonstration
Kg/ha.
State
Avg.
Kg/ha.
4 Pulses 1067 650 950 1144
5 Oil seeds 158.3 550 1200
6 Coconut 1098.76 9500-10500
Nos. per ha.
10000-11000 6676
7 Arecanut 378.31 3.0-3.5 MT/ha 5-7 MT/ha. 533
(Source : District Agriculture officer)
Areas under different fruit crops are given in Table No.5.3.1 .The major fruit crops grown in
the -valleyincludes Mango, and Cashew. The area and productivity and state averages are
also given.
Table-5.4.2 Production for Fruit Crops Vashishti Valley(WF-56 to 61)
Sr.No Crop
Total Area of
Crop in Valley
Ha.
Avg. yield of
crops in
valleyMT/ha
Front Line
demonstration
MT/ha.
State
Avg.
MTs/ha.
1 Mango 10811.78 1.5-2.0 - 2-2.2
2 Cashewnut 25387.52 1-1.5 - 1.16
(Source : District Agriculture officer)
5.5 Water and Irrigation Requirement of Crops in Vashishti Valley(WF-56 to
61)
The crop duration, water requirement and irrigation requirement of different crops grown in
this - valleyis given in the Table No5.4
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67
Table-5.5.1 Water and Irrigation Requirement of Crops in Vashishti Valley(WF-56 to
61)
Sr.No Crops Crop Duration
Days
Water Requirement
(mm)
1 Rice 130-135 1994
2 Ground nut 110-130 660
3 Chavli 110-130 540
4 Green gram 110-130 480
5 Nagli 110-130 --
6 Mango Rainfed after 5 year
Winter 120 lit/mth/tree
Summer 240 lit/mth/tree
7 Cashew nut Winter 30 lit/mth/tree
Summer 60 lit/mth/tree
8 Coconut Summer 3-4days & Winter 6-7 days interval
9 Arecanut Summer 4-5days & Winter 7-8 days interval
5.6 Effect of Irrigation on Crop Yields (Crop yield Kg./ha.) in Vashishti
Valley(WF-56 to 61) The irrigation water is always beneficial for different field crops to increase the production
and productivity of crops. The increase in yield of crops is due to irrigation availability during
critical growth stages of crops. Crop yield under Rainfed and irrigeted conditions for year
2014-15 is shown in Table No. 5.5
Table-5.6 Effect of Irrigation on Crop Yields (Crop yield q/ha.) in Vashishti
Valley(WF-56 to 61)
Sr. No.
Crop
Average yield in q/ha.
Rainfed Irrigated % Increase by irrigation
1 Mango 25 35 28
2 Turmaric -- -- --
3 Vegetable (Brinjal) 90 323 70
4 Supari (Arecanut) -- 15-20 --
5 Tur -- -- --
6 Cashew nut -- -- --
7 Paddy 35-40 55-60 33
8 Nagali -- -- --
9 Chillies (Red Dry) 85.1 166.37 49
10 S. groundnut -- 22-24 --
11 Sugarcane (Sure) -- 800-1000 --
12 Banana -- 391.40 --
13 Chiku 200-300 300-400 35
14 Natural Fodder -- -- --
15 Cultivated Fodder (Sweet corn) -- 191.40 --
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
68
(Ref. : Central Resurch Center, Vakavali Under Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Krishi Vidyapeeth,
Dapoli)
5.7 Water Saving Techniques in Vashishti Valley(WF-56 to 61)
The valleyis in a heavy rainfall zone. There is very vast scope of irrigation in the
valley. Still about 61% i.e. 9379 ha. land is waste and that can be brought under
irrigation/horticulture. But there is a lack of irrigation mindset in the valley. Also there are
so many other reasons in connection to irrigation failure. Now use of water saving
techniques like micro irrigation is negligible.
5.8 Agricultural Research Institutions in Vashishti Valley(WF-56 to
61)
There is one Agricultural Reseasrch Institutions in Vashishti Valley.
Table No 5.8.1
District Name of Research Station Address
Ratnagiri Dr. Balasaheb Kokan Krushi
Vidyapeeth
Dapoli, Dist.Ratnagiri.
5.9 Agricultural Extension Services :
Agriculture department considers farmer as the focal point and the whole
department is organized in such a fashion that a single mechanism is working to facilitate
the farmer for adoption of advanced technology and sustainable use of available resources.
Every agriculture assistant working at village level has a jurisdiction of three to four villages
with number of farmers limited to 800 to 900 which facilitates more interaction for easier
transfer of technology.
Agriculture Assistant at village level undertakes soil conservation work, horticulture
plantation and various extension schemes. He is supervised by Circle Agriculture Officer at
circle level. Administrative control, laison with other departments, monitoring and training
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
69
programs etc. are facilitated by Taluka Agriculture Officer at taluka level, Divisional
Agriculture Officer at division level, District Superintending Agriculture Officer at district
level and Divisional Joint Director at division level. In addition, Agriculture Officer at
Panchayat Samiti level, working under Agriculture Development Officer, Zilla Parishad at
district level also implementing various agro-inputs related schemes.
At district level, an autonomous registered society called, Ägricultural Technology
Management Agency (ATMA) has been created under the chairmanship of District Collector.
The main object of this ATMA body is to coordinate all agriculture related research -
technology and marketing linkages through convergences and to promote sustainable
farming systems for various categories of farm communities. It is a participatory approach in
planning and implementation wherein farmers as stake holders have been nominated at
various levels to give their valuable inputs in planning and implementation of various
agricultural and allied activities considering the existing agro-ecological situations within
each agro-climatic zone.
All the schemes implemented in the field are supervised technically and
administratively by respective directorates of Soil Conservation, Horticulture, Extension and
Training, Inputs and Quality Control, Statistics, Monitoring and Evaluation and Planning and
Budget at state level in the Commissionerate of Agriculture. Also separate sections are there
for the Establishment and Accounts related matters.
5.9.1 National Horticulture Mission (NHM):
National Horticulture Mission (NHM) is being implemented to promote holistic
growth of the horticulture sector covering fruits, vegetables, roots and tuber crops,
mushroom, spices, flowers, aromatic plants, cashew and cocoa. Programme for the
development of coconut will be implemented by the Coconut Development Board (CDB),
independent of the Mission.
5.9.2 Dry land Agriculture Mission
The state is having predominantly rainfed agriculture system. State is also having
limitations to bring more area under irrigation due to its topography. Hence, in coming years
about 70 per cent area is still likely to remain rainfed. So it has become imperative to
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
70
develop dryland agriculture to make it remunerative to farming community. The present
constraints are limited sources of irrigation, drought prone area, degraded and light soils.
Major area under degraded and light soils limits the production and productivity. The
percentage of drought prone area in the state is 52 per cent and 39 % of the soils are light.
This mission is being implemented to minimize risk and to make dryland farming sustainably
viable. The main objectives of this mission are to increase the production, productivity of
crops thereby income of households. To create sustainable source of irrigation for in-situ
soil moisture conservation activities, farm ponds and other water conserving structures,
improving water use efficiency through use of micro irrigation system, promoting protective
irrigation, value addition and marketing to get remunerative prices.
5.9.3 Extension
1 Accelerated Fodder Development Programme
2 Coarse Cereals Under NFSM Guideline
3 Crop Pest Surveillance and Advisory Project
4 Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Krushi Seva Ratna Puraskar
5 Dr. Vitthalrao Vikhe Patil Shetkari Din 29 August
6 Dr.Panjabrao Deshmukh Krushi Ratna Puraskar
7 Dryland Farming Mission
8 National Mission of Oil seed and Oil Palm(NMOOP)
9 Integrated Paddy Development Programme
10 SCP Programme
11 Jijamata Krishibhushan Puraskar
12 Krushi Din 1st July
13 National Mission on Oilseed and Oil Palm
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14 National Food Security Mission (Pulses)
15 National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture(NMSA)
16 Pest Disease Monittoring Information System(PDMIS}
17 Publicity through R.K.V.Y Preparation of Exhibition Material
18 Rainfed Area Development Under NMSA
19 Shetkari Masik
20 Vasantrao Naik Krishibhushan Award
21 Vasantrao Naik Sheti Mitra Award
22 Vasantrao Naik Sheti Nisht Shetkari
5.9.4 Horticulture
1 Coconut Development Board
2 D.P.D.C Sponsored Plant Protection Scheme
3 EGS and MREGES Nursery
4 Employment Guarantee Scheme
5 Horticulture Crop Pest and Disease Surveillance and Advisory Project
6 Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
7 Mangonet Vegnet Guidelines
8 NMSA On Farm Water Management
9 Strengthening of Govt. Nurseries Guidelines
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
72
5.9.5 Soil Conservation
1 Integrated Watershed Development programme
2 Mahatma jyotiba Phule Jal Bhumi Sandharan Abhiyan Part 1
3 Mahatma jyotiba Phule Jal Bhumi Sandharan Abhiyan Part 2
4 Mahatma jyotiba Phule Jalmitra Puraskar
5 Soil and Water Conservation works by Machinary
6 Soil Conservation Training
5.9.6 Input and Quality Control
1 Agro Polyclinics
2 -Mission on Agricultural Mechanization
3 Supply of Bio Pesticide Under Govt Programme
4 Supply of Chemical Pesticides
5 Taluka Seed Farm 100 Percent State Sponsored Scheme
6 Insecticide Testing Laboratories
7 Bio Pesticide Testing Laboratories
8 Fertilizer Testing Laboratories
9 Seed Testing Laboratories
10 Residue Testing Laboratories
11 Soil Survey and Soil Testing
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
73
Vashishti
Valley
Chapter No. 6
Surface Water
Resources
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
74
Chapter No. 6
Surface Water Resources
6.1 Introduction
Water being a precious resource without which no life can sustain on earth. The level
of availability and development of infrastructure to harness the water influence to a
considerable extent the quality of life. The rapid growth of population coupled with
increasing economic activities has put a tremendous pressure on the available water
resources. Although irrigation is the major consumer of water at present in our country and
may continue to be so in the years to come demands from other sectors such as drinking
and industries have been growing significantly. Water conservation measures to improve
the efficiency of water use are being stressed upon for meeting the ever increasing
demands. Inter-valleytransfer of water from surplus valleys to deficit valleys is being studied
as one of the long term strategies.
A proper assessment of water resources potential has, therefore, become a
prerequisite for its sustainable development and management. Without a precise estimate
of the availability of the resource, it is impossible to properly plan, design, construct,
operate and maintain water resources projects catering to competing demands like
irrigation, drought and flood management, domestic and industrial water supply, and
generation of electrical energy, fisheries and navigation. The correctness of assessment of
water resource is totally dependent upon the accuracy and length of hydrological data.
Thus, the hydrological data such as gauged flows of river, the measurement of abstractions
of water in the catchment etc. are essential for proper assessment of water resource for
appropriate planning.
An attempt has been made in this chapter to compile the available hydrological data
for ascertaining the water availability Chatav, and Poynar G.D. sites various parts
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
75
Sr. No. Parts Area
1 Part- 1 Jagbudi River from origin to confluence with Dubi River. 740.31
2 Part- 2 Dubi river from origin to Confluence with Jagbudi River 99.82
3 Part- 3 Vashishti Vaitarni River Confluence to confluence with Sea. 954.53
4 Part- 4 Vaitarni River from Origin to confluence with Vashishti River 330.69
5 Part- 5 Jog River from Origin to confluence with Sea. 271.31
6 Part-6 Local Nallas directly draining in to sea R/S of Jog River. 76.03
7 Part-7 Local Nallas directly draining in to sea between Jog & Vashishti River. 155.38
6.2. Vashishti Valley
The Vashishti river rises in the Sahyadri hill ranges near village Nive In Khed taluka of
Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra State and traverses a total distance of about 74 km before
discharging into the Arabian Sea. The important tributaries of the Vashishti River are
Jagbudi, Dubi, Vaitarani, Pimpali. The Vashishti valleylies between the North latitudes of
17º2017 & ׳º56׳ and East longitudes of 73º02’ & 73º45’and drains total area of 2628.07
Sq.Km lying in Maharashtra State only.
The District wise distribution of the drainage area is shown in Table 1.
Sr.
No
District Taluka Drainage area
Sq.km.
Percentage of Area
w.r.t. valleyarea
1 Ratnagiri Mandangad 5.67 0.21
Dapoli, 815.55 30.53
Khed 1035.57 38.77
Chiplun 631.23 23.63
Guhaghar 155.72 5.83
2 Raigad Poladpur 8.35 0.31
3 Satara Jaoli 13.00 0.49
Patan 5.92 0.22
Total 2671.01 100
However, the effective drainage area of the valleyis 2671.01 sq km
6.3. Past Assessments of Availability of Water:
The committee on ‘Assessment of water resources of rivers flowing into Arabian Sea
and their utilization’ constituted by the Planning Commission has assessed the average
annual yield of the Vashishti valley. This Committee assessed the 75% dependable annual
yield to be 6402.30 Mm3. However the valley area estimated by the committee was 2238.00
sq. kms only.
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
76
6.4. Data Available:
Rainfall data:
The catchment area of Vashishti valleyup to confluence with Sea is 2628.07
sq km. The length of river up to confluence with sea is about 74 km Vashishti river
flows through a well-defined channel with a change in direction from North-East to
South-South-West.
There are 11 rain gauge stations located in and around the Vashishti valley.
The details of period of availability of data average annual rainfall is given below in
Table 2.
Sr.
No.
Place Latitude Longitude Type Agency Data Availability
N E From To
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 Chatav 17 o45’59’’ 73o32’26” ARG
GD
NHP
HP
1/6/1984
13/6/1984
31/12/2008
22/10/2011
2 Poynar 17 o46’20’’ 73o20’00” ARG
GD
NHP
HP
1/6/1984
12/6/1984
31/10/2013
31/10/2011
3 Kashedi 17 o52’45’’ 73o25’45” ARG
NHP
1/6/1989 31/10/2011
4 Latwan 17 o55’55’’ 73o20’51” GD HP 1/6/1984 31/10/2009
5 Kudup 17 o24’22’’ 73o33’10” SRG HP 1/6/1989 31/10/2013
6 Kolthare 17 o39’10’’ 73o08’07” SRG HP 1/6/1990 31/10/2013
7 Sanglat 17 o41’01’’ 73o20’30” SRG HP 1/6/2009 3/8/2012
8 Kashedi 17 o52’45’’ 73o25’45” ARG NHP 1/6/2009 31/10/2010
9 Mahabaleswar SRG WRD 1/6/1983 31/10/2014
10 Navaja SRG WRD 1/6/1983 31/10/2014
11 Dapoli SRG IMD 1/6/1983 31/10/2014
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
77
6.5 Weighted Avarege Rainfall in Vashisti Valley
There are 11 raingauge stations in and around the Vashisti Valey. The
Weighted average Rainfall for the various parts and G&D sites have been estimated
by Thiessen Polygon Method.
The Influence Factors of the rain-gauge stations for catchments upto different
locations viz. G & D sites where rainfall-runoff relations have been developed are as under:
Sr.
no.
Name of
Raingauge station
.Part-1 - Jagbudi River from origin to
confluence with Dubi River.
Part-2 - Dubi river
from origin to
Confluence with Jagbudi River
Jagbudi Origin
to Dubi Confl.
Jagbudi dubi confl. to
vashisthi Confl.
Dubi river Origin to
Jagbudi Confl.
influen
ce area
influen
ce factor
influence
area
influence
factor
influence
area
influence
factor
1 Kashedi 52.04 0.1965 82.10 0.1726 -- --
2 Latvan -- -- 0.10 0.0002 -- --
3 Chatav 10.31 0.0389 73.50 0.1545 99.82 1.00
4 Poynar -- -- 306.60 0.6447 -- --
5 Miravane -- -- 13.23 0.278 -- --
6 Mahabaleshwar 202.43 0.7645 -- -- -- --
Total 264.78 1.00 475.53 1.00 99.82 1.00
Sr.
no.
Name of
Raingauge station
.Part-3 - Vashishti Vaitarni River Confluence to
confluence with Sea.
Part-4 - Vaitarni River
from Origin to
confluence with Vashishti River
Vashishthi Origin to
Vaitarni Confl.
Vashishthi Vaitarni
confl. to Sea
vaitarni river Origin to
Vashisthi Confl.
influence area
influence factor
influence area
influence factor
influence area
influence factor
1 Kudap 42.69 0.1706 44.46 0.0631 135.37 0.4093
2 Miravane 7.55 0.0301 328.65 0.4666 -- --
3 Poynar -- -- 75.48 0.1071 -- --
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
78
4 Dapoli -- -- 89.87 0.1276 -- --
5 Kolthare -- -- 165.81 0.2354 -- --
6 Chatav 186.55 0.7454 -- -- 0.49 0.0014
7 Navaja 13.47 0.0538 -- -- 194.83 0.5891
Total 250.26 1.00 704.27 1.00 330.69 1.00
Sr.
no.
Name of
Raingauge
station
.Part-5 Jog River from
Origin to confluence
with Sea.
Part-6 Local Nallas
directly draining in
to sea R/S of Jog
River.
Part-7 Local Nallas
directly draining in to
sea between Jog &
Vashishti River.
jog river Origin to
Confl.to Sea
Local Nalas Draining
to Sea from Right
Side ofjog river
Local Nalas Draining to
Sea Between jog &
Vashishthi river
influence
area
influence
factor
influence
area
influence
factor
influence
area
influence
factor
1 Kashedi 62.59 0.2307 -- -- -- --
2 Latvan 1.12 0.0041 -- -- -- --
3 Poynar 60.84 0.2242 -- -- -- --
4 Dapoli 146.76 0.5409 76.03 1.00 74.35 0.4785
5 Kolthare -- -- -- -- 81.03 0.5215
Total 271.31 1.00 76.03 1.00 155.38 1.00
6.5. The weighted Average rainfall of catchments upto various locations are given attached
herewith.
Sr.
No.
Year Jagbudi
Origin
to Dubi
Confl.
Jagbud
i dubi
confl.
to
vashist
hi
Confl.
Dubi
river
Origin
to
Jagbu
di
Confl.
Vashish
thi
Origin
to
Vaitarni
Confl.
Vashish
thi
Vaitarni
confl.
to Sea
vait
arni
rive
r
Orig
in
to
Vas
hist
hi
Con
fl.
jog
river
Origi
n to
Conf
l.to
Sea
Local
Nala
s
Drai
ning
to
Sea
from
Righ
t
Side
of
jog
river
Local
Nalas
Draini
ng to
Sea
Betw
een
jog &
Vashi
shthi
river
WAR
of
Vashi
shthi
C.A. in sq.
Kms
264.78 475.53 99.82
250.26 704.27
330
.69
271.
31
76.0
3
155.3
8
2628.
07
I.F. 0.1007 0.1809 0.037 0.0952 0.2679 0.1 0.10 0.02 0.059 1
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
79
507 427 9822 258 7992 258
3
3235
5
893 1232
1
1984
-85
4457.
60
3050
.00
2
1985
-86
4291.
00
5452
.00
3
1986
-87
3923.
20
2873
.00
4
1987
-88
4103.
60
3787
.00
5
1988
-89
5036.
40
4123
.90
6
1989
-90
6378.9
6
3545.1
5
4309.
40
4372.5
4
602
1.1
0
3584
.25
3558
.00
7
1990
-91
5928.7
9
4713.9
9
5877.
80
5601.7
7
3999.8
6
559
4.1
7
5068
.28
5161
.40
4192.
15
4903.
17
8
1991
-92
4919.9
6
4080.2
6
4696.
40
4459.1
8
3264.7
9
460
3.2
2
4022
.21
3827
.30
3022.
11
3995.
75
9
1992
-93
5775.9
4
3392.4
7
3901.
20
4012.7
6
3071.5
1
574
9.4
4
3211
.27
2943
.10
2950.
09
3863.
70
10
1993
-94
7402.5
5
4738.9
7
4966.
60
5102.5
6
4552.5
4
653
1.7
8
4765
.33
4542
.20
4231.
49
5193.
25
11
1994
-95
4236.7
0
3907.2
7
4767.
60
4569.3
5
3057.8
7
453
4.8
5
3571
.39
2922
.30
2583.
80
3746.
11
12
1995
-96
4732.9
4
3576.6
3
3836.
60
3876.4
2
3395.0
3
444
4.9
3
3296
.90
3013
.80
2942.
72
3709.
51
13
1996
-97
5745.6
2
3462.1
6
3939.
70
3963.1
2
3078.3
1
510
5.4
2
3359
.43
3151
.10
3054.
47
3818.
26
14
1997
-98
4903.5
1
3708.4
0
4735.
60
4623.2
1
3311.5
6
511
2.4
6
3803
.78
3726
.00
3364.
19
4015.
27
15
1998
-99
4724.0
4
3697.6
7
4299.
30
4386.1
7
3400.0
0
562
5.9
2
3853
.91
3866
.50
3331.
91
4051.
74
16
1999
-00
4100.3
8
3861.0
3
4980.
30
4803.3
8
3526.4
2
480
5.1
9
4040
.61
4115
.10
3442.
74
4047.
69
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
80
17
2000
-01
4349.8
0
3993.2
2
4325.
20
4279.0
9
3935.9
9
442
8.2
5
3937
.78
3824
.60
3676.
18
4079.
03
18
2001
-02
4488.5
7
2618.6
8
3008.
80
3052.7
7
2192.8
3
399
7.4
2
2544
.37
2346
.50
1922.
37
2865.
88
19
2002
-03
4223.9
0
3190.9
0
4060.
91
3884.6
8
2594.7
3
410
2.6
1
3005
.11
2757
.20
2457.
13
3273.
93
20
2003
-04
5869.7
3
3609.0
9
4337.
40
4193.4
4
3138.5
0
480
7.7
1
3339
.54
3004
.70
2761.
84
3849.
47
21
2004
-05
7680.9
5
3920.0
6
5044.
60
4844.7
6
3010.3
4
604
4.5
6
3763
.57
3531
.60
3065.
82
4375.
38
22
2005
-06
7693.1
6
4949.0
5
6773.
00
6415.0
6
3755.7
4
681
3.8
9
4307
.49
3749
.40
2986.
71
5132.
31
23
2006
-07
5978.8
5
4562.0
2
6283.
60
5955.2
9
3389.6
9
588
8.6
9
4138
.04
3547
.30
2880.
05
4583.
04
24
2007
-08
5423.8
7
4422.6
1
5767.
20
5456.2
1
2877.5
4
540
7.0
6
4385
.61
4284
.90
3705.
05
4332.
58
25
2008
-09
4301.2
8
3643.1
2
4775.
60
4490.5
1
2869.0
3
370
1.8
8
3319
.49
3044
.20
2330.
12
3504.
73
26
2009
-10
4053.0
6
3106.6
2
4327.
40
4068.5
3
2671.7
8
386
8.7
8
2754
.81
2566
.50
2547.
73
3234.
33
27
2010
-11
5820.8
3
4304.5
5
5545.
60
5378.8
7
4154.8
4
558
6.0
9
4393
.67
4731
.60
4092.
14
4736.
89
28
2011
-12
5510.2
1
5029.6
2
5748.
80
5566.4
0
4109.9
0
541
3.1
9
5065
.91
5012
.60
3577.
76
4875.
69
29
2012
-13
5044.3
4
4053.0
1
5344.
00
4876.8
9
2820.2
9
427
0.9
5
3829
.54
3655
.20
2857.
83
3872.
21
30
2013
-14
5863.2
1
4449.7
4
6181.
20
5782.5
7
3553.7
0
560
7.1
0
4588
.86
4486
.70
3358.
55
4641.
26
Avera
ge
5365.5
1
3957.9
6
4896.
85
4735.1
2
3322.2
0
508
5.2
3
3848
.62
3658
.83
3138.
96
4112.
55
Maxi 7693.1 5029.6 6773. 6415.0 4552.5 681 5068 5161 4231. 5193.
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
81
mum 6 2 00 6 4 3.8
9
.28 .40 49 25
Mini
mum
4053.0
6
2618.6
8
3008.
80
3052.7
7
2192.8
3
370
1.8
8
2544
.37
2346
.50
1922.
37
2865.
88
6.6 River gauge data:
Sr.
No.
Name of
discharge/gauge
site
River /Tributary Catchment
area (Sq Km)
Period of
availability of data
1 Chatav Jog 28.99 1984 to 2013
2 Poynar Jagbudi 131.66 1984 to 2014
The observed discharge data used in this study & final monsoon Rainfall - Runoff
relations Developed @ Chatav and Poynar is attached in the study. All these stations have
no upstream utilization. Hence, the relations based on this data gives virgin yield for the
valley.
The flow pattern of all the stations appears to be similar.
RAINFALL- RUNOFF RELATIONSHIP
The discharge availability at nodal point Chatav and Poynar Gauging station has been
worked out on the basis of observed hydrological data. The quantum of available water has
been worked out at dependabilities of 50%, and 75%. The lengths of available observed
annual inflow at Chatav and Poynar of Vashishti are from from1984 to 2014 and 1984 to
2013 for Chatav and Poynar respectively that is 30 years and 29 years.
.The rainfall-runoff relations developed at the G & D sites for monsoon period are given
below
Sr.
No
.
Name of
Rivergauge stn.
Catchment
Area
Sq.Km.
Discharge data
period.
RR relation developed 'r'
1 Poynar 28.99 1984 to 2013 R =1.1593*P-1324.2086 0.8617
2 Chatav 131.66 1984 to 2014 Runoff is greater than Rainfall, Hence
RR relation not Developed
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
82
This above two relations are not suitable for Vashishti valley, so relation of Kangule
in Savitri valleywhich is nearest to vashishti valleyis use for yield estimations.
2) Kangule HP WRD station Y =0 7979 X -148.4708 & coeff. (r) =0.778460018
6.7 Water Availability :
The monsoon model is generally found more robust and realistic to the catchment
compensated. Therefore, monsoon model has been used to derive the monsoon yield.
The non-monsoon yield in this study is miniscule, so it is not considered in this study.
behavior as compared to monthly models as it represents lumped rainfall (from June to
Oct.) of entire season and most of the monthly fluctuations get compensated. Therefore,
monsoon model has been used to derive the monsoon yield. The relations so developed
were used judiciary to obtain realistic yields. All yields using all formulae were compared to
with Inglis and Ghat formulae. The realistic values are chosen. All these calculations and
comparisons are given in the annexure.
Above is the total water availability in parts and in entire Valley is as
summarized:
Sr.
No.
Description of Part Catchment
area SqKm
Yields in Mcum
50% 75% Average
1 Part- 1 Jagbudi River from
origin to confluence with
Dubi River.
740.31 2477.64 2257.37 2527.69
2 Part- 2 Dubi river from origin
to Confluence with Jagbudi
River
99.82 360.79 323.21 366.54
3 Part- 3 Vashishti Vaitarni
River Confluence to
confluence with Sea.
954.53 3072.78 2790.75 2667.77
4 Part- 4 Vaitarni River from
Origin to confluence with
Vashishti River
330.69 1299.86 11221.53 1142.58
5 Part- 5 Jog River from Origin
to confluence with Sea.
271.31 788.73 680.49 790.58
6 Part-6 Local Nallas directly
draining in to sea R/S of Jog
76.03 212.60 171.40 212.47
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
83
River.
7 Part-7 Local Nallas directly
draining in to sea between
Jog & Vashishti River.
155.38 353.61 322.31 366.09
Total 2628.07 10013.40 9544.56 10287.98
Thus, it is observed from the above table that the yield for entire valley is 10013.40
Mm3 for 50 % dependability and 9544.56 Mm3 for 75 % dependability while 10287.98 mm3
is average yield. It may also be observed that the summation for parts I to part III differs
slightly from these figures because the number of years for parts (35) are different than that
of series for entire valley.
Classification of Vashishti Valley on the basis of Water Availabilty
Name of
Valley
CCA in Ha Natural
Availabilty
MCum
Ground
Water
Availabilty
MCum
Total
Water
Available
MCum
Total m3 /
Ha
Class
Vashishti
Valley
32593.39 9544.56 94.311 9638.87 295731 A
Norms for Categorization of Valley
Sr. No Surface Water Availability Unit Category of Valley
From To
1 Less than 1500 Cum/Ha Highly Deficit
2 1500 3000 Cum/Ha Deficit
3 3000 8000 Cum/Ha Normal
4 8000 12000 Cum/Ha Surplus
5 More than 12000 Cum/Ha Abundant
Source: Maharashtra Water and Irrigation Commission 1999 Part I P.N.160
6.8 Approval Of Chief Engineer , Planning & Hydrology, Nasik
The water availability study of Vashishti Valley, Maharashtra was submitted to Chief
Engineer planning & hydrology, Nashik for approval which is approved vide their letter No.
जा.�. नवज/ताशा-1/(206/2015)/1561/2016 �दनांक 05/12/2016. attached saperately page
no. 234 to 247
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
84
Vashishti
Valley
Chapter No. 7
Ground Water
Resources
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
85
Chapter No. 7
Ground Water Resources
7.1. Introduction:
The river Vashishti and its important tributaries Vaitarni, Jagbudi, and Pimpali drain
through the western part of the Ratnagiri district. The river has developed a narrow valley
with dendritic to -parallel drainage pattern having general flow towards the west. Vashishti
River originates at Nive in Khed tehsil & flows through Khed & Chiplun Tehsil & finally meets
to Arebian Sea at Village Dabhol. The slope in the upper reaches is 1:73. The river is having
length of about 74 km. in the district.
Vashishti Valley comprises of 6 watersheds extending over an area of 2628.07 sq.km
which includes parts of seven tahsils, five tahsils in Ratnagiri district namely Chiplun (partly),
Guhagar (partly), It also includes very small area of Mandangad Taluka in Ratnagiri
District. Jaoli and Patan Taluka in Satara district and Poladpur Taluka in Raigad
district. The annual rainfall in the area varies between 2865.88 mm to 5193.25 mm. The
maximum rainfall occurs in Khed and Chiplun taluka and minimum rainfall in Guhagar
taluka. Groundwater availability in the valleyis controlled by topography, geo-morphology,
lithology and geo-hydrology of the surface and surface rocks. The net annual groundwater
availability is 134.73 Mcum and the gross draft for all purposes comes to 12.98 Mcum.
Allocation for domestic is 7.09 Mcum and available for irrigation is 95.8353 Mcum.
7.2. Groundwater Occurrence:
The major parameters viz. porosity, permeability and hydraulic gradient decide the
occurrence and movement of groundwater. It is important to note that the crystalline hard
rock formations do not themselves have any primary porosity however the basaltic lava
flows do develop some porosity due to vascularity but secondary processes like weathering;
jointing, sheeting and fracturing allow developing space for storage in such formations.
Storage capacity of the lava flows depends upon intensity of fracturing, fissuring,
jointing and weathering both in lateral and vertical extent. Intensity of these factors varies
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widely from place to place and even within the same lavaflow. Ultimately, storage capacity
will necessary vary greatly from place to place and from area to area.
7.2.1 Hydrological Properties of Hard Rock
i) Porosity and Permeability, ii) Cleavage, iii) Joints IV) Fissures, v) Hydraulic gradient
7.2.1.1 Porosity and Permeability:
Hard rock by themselves is not porous and therefore is incapable of holding
or transmitting water in their primary stages. Basaltic flows however may develop a
vesicular character especially on the top layers due to escaping of steam and gases during
their formation process. Cavities may also be produced in lava flows by movement of lavas
in its course of solidification; such vesicular basalt can become important water bearing
formation.
In the Valley area of the district, Vesicular Zeolitic Trap and Amygdaloidal basalt act
as important water bearing aquifer.
Granite and Gneisses (DharwarSuper group) due to their low porosity and
permeability are incapable of holding and transmitting much water. Only a few dug wells
are observed in the weathered zone of these rocks.
For Hydrogeological studies crystalline rocks (granites and basalts) can be divided in
to two groups.
a) Decomposed crystalline rocks encountered between 10 to 13 m. from surface.
b) That lies below the above mentioned depth. In above first zone porosity ranges
between 0.5 to 50 percent and usually holding ¼ to 3 gallons of water / cubic foot.
Good examples of the occurrence of water in decomposed crystalline (i.e.
weathered massive trap are observed in the area. Permeability is induced in hard rocks
through fracturing and fissuring allowing for free passage of water. Intensed decomposition
of rocks yields much water. Supply of water can be expected only when well pass through
permeable zone. Field coefficient of permeability can be defined as aquifer 1’ thick and 1
mile wide under a hydraulic gradient of 1’ per 1 mile at field temperature.
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The coefficient of transmissibility (T) equals the field coefficient of permeability
multiplied by aquifer thickness in feet. Transmissibility varies widely in basaltic rocks which
display great variation in productivity.
7.2.1.2 Cleavage:
Cleavage is the plain along which rock split as in salty rock. This adds to the
permeability of the rock. However, Basalt and Quartzite occur in ValleyThis factor is of least
importance. Micro cleavages are not important but micro cleavages may help in canalizing
the groundwater.
7.2.1.3 Joints:-
The joints are quite common in Deccan trap. Thin lava flows are broken in to
innumerable jointed blocks. Most of the joints are right angle to the cooling surface of the
lava flows. It clearly indicates that they have formed due to shrinkage of cooling. Closely
spaced and inter connected joints and vesicles contribute to the porosity. Massive lava
flows which have neither vesicles nor joints have the least porosity while the vesicles and
joint system contribute generally to the yield flow. The yield is generally considerably
affected by degree of weathering and topographic setting. Weathering increases porosity
and permeability of the media and topographic setting affects the movement and discharge
of groundwater.
Thus, highly weathered, vesicular and jointed lava flows have highest porosity and
permeability and proved to be good producer. The fresh un-jointed massive rock is non-
productive or poorest producer. But the same flow when highly weathered and jointed and
favorably situated proves to be much better producer than any other flows. In short, the
nature, size, distribution of vesicles the joints and extends and degree of weathering control
the productivity of lava flows. Pyroclastic deposits such as bed of ash, tuff tends to become
clayey and is very often poor producer.
Groundwater flow in lava occurs under the water table unconfined conditions. The
massive flows and thick red bole tends to inhibit the vertical movement of groundwater and
thus act as a confining aquicludes. The productive layers, when favorably situated, receives
the recharge and groundwater moves down deep till it is withdrawn by well, bore well or
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naturally discharged by means of spring or other zone of seepage. The piezometric surface
of water in the confined aquifer rise to different level up to the altitude of recharging areas
and frictional losses suffered by groundwater during the movement. Therefore, it happens
that in a thick succession of lava flows there may be one or more confined aquifer capable
of yielding water to the well. The water level and yield of each aquifer are function of their
permeability, thickness and area of recharge. In short the entire succession of lava flow act
as a multi-aquifer system.
There is a wide variation among lava flows in regards to their ability to store and
transmit groundwater. The physical characteristic like porosity and permeability play an
important role forming productive zone in Deccan trap. Uniformly distributed
interconnecting vesicles and closely spaced interconnected joints are responsible for the
movement of groundwater. Apart from the above controlling factors, degree of weathering
and geomorphologic setting also contribute for forming productive zones. The fresh rock
which is devoid of vesicles and joints are poorest producer. At the same time, a massive
flow if weathered and controlled by topography is better producer.
7.2.2 Static Water Level Data :
There are 23 number of observation wells located in the Vashishti Valley. The pre-
monsoon water level data and post- monsoon water level data is summarized in the
Annexure III. It is revealed from the above Annexure, that the average water level of post-
monsoon ranges from 0.23 to 5.75 m. and Pre-monsoon ranges from 2.18 to 9.74 m.
7.2.3 Groundwater level maps of the Vashishti Valley:
The pre-monsoon and post-monsoon ground water maps are generated from the
static water level data recorded from the observation wells within the valley area.
Post-monsoon groundwater level map: The post-monsoon groundwater map (see plate.IV)
for year 2014 shows that maximum area of the Valleyrecords less than 5 m. of static water
level. Some portion in the western part of the valleythe water levels exceed 5 m. of the
groundwater level. This may be due to the hilly area comprising lateritic formation where
the average rainfall is about 4112.55 mm but evident by quite higher rates of run-off.
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Pre-monsoon groundwater level map: The pre-monsoon groundwater map (see plate IV)
for year 2014 shows that maximum area of the Valleyrecords groundwater levels between
5 to 8 m. Some portion in the western part of the valleythe water levels exceed 8 to 10 m.
of the groundwater level. This may be due to the moderate to steeper geomorphic
conditions, supported by the lateritic formations; the water levels are quite deeper as
compared to rest of the area of the valley; but the water levels are well maintained
consistently by annual replenishment by means of the rainfall.
7.3. Ground Water Availability:
The Groundwater Estimation Committee 1984 methodology was modified in the
light of enhanced database and new findings of experimental studies in the field of
hydrogeology. The present methodology used for resources assessment is known as Ground
Water Resources Methodology - 1997 (GEC'97). In GEC'97 two approaches are
recommended-water level fluctuation method and norms of rainfall infiltration method. The
water level fluctuation method is based on the concept of storage change due to difference
between various input and output components. Input refers to recharge from rainfall and
other sources and surface inflow into the unit of assessment. Output refers to ground water
draft, ground water evapotranspiration, and base flow to streams and surface outflow from
the unit. Since the data on surface inflow / outflow are not readily available, it is
advantageous to adopt the unit for ground water assessment as valley/ valleywatershed, as
the inflow / outflow across these boundaries may be taken as negligible.
Thus in general the ground water resources assessment unit is Watershed,
particularly in hard rock areas. In case of alluvial areas, administrative block can also be the
assessment unit. In each assessment unit, hilly areas having slope more than 20% is deleted
from the total area to get the area suitable for recharge. Further areas where the quality of
groundwater is beyond the usable limits should be identified and handled separately. The
remaining area after deleting the hilly area and separating the area with poor quality
groundwater quality is to be delineated into command and non-command areas and the
assessment is done separately for monsoon an non-monsoon seasons.
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7.3.1 Ground water recharge
Monsoon Season
The resources assessment during monsoon season is estimated as the sum total of the
change in storage and gross draft. The change in storage is computed by multiplying
groundwater level fluctuation between pre and post monsoon periods with the area of
assessment and specific yield. Monsoon recharge can be expressed as:-
R = h × Sy × A + DG
where,
h = Rise in water level in the monsoon season, Sy = specific yield
A = Area for computation of recharge, DG = gross ground water draft
The monsoon ground water recharge has two components- rainfall recharge and
recharge from other sources. Mathematically it can be represented as-
R(Normal) = Rrf(normal)+Rc + Rsw + Rt + Rgw + Rwc
Where,
Rrf is the normal monsoon rainfall recharge. The other sources of groundwater
recharge during monsoon season include Rc , Rsw , Rt , Rgw , Rwcs which are recharge
from rainfall, seepage from canals, surface water irrigation, tanks and ponds, ground water
irrigation, and water conservation structures respectively.
The rainfall recharge during monsoon season computed by Water Level Fluctuation
(WLF) method is compared with recharge figures from Rainfall Infiltration Factor (RIF)
method. In case the difference between the two sets of data are more than 20%, then RIF
figure is considered, otherwise monsoon recharge from WLF is adopted. While adopting the
rainfall recharge figures, weightage is to be given to the WLF method over adhoc norms
method of RIF. Hence, wherever the difference between RIF and WLF is more than 20%,
data have to be scrutinized and corrected accordingly.
Non- Monsoon season
During the non-monsoon season, rainfall recharge is computed by using Rainfall
Infiltration Factor (RIF) method. Recharge from other sources is then added to get total non-
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monsoon recharge. In case of areas receiving less than 10% of the annual rainfall during
non-monsoon season, the rainfall recharge is ignored.
Total annual ground water recharge
The total annual groundwater recharge of the area is the sum-total of monsoon and
non-monsoon recharge. An allowance is kept for natural discharge in the non-monsoon
season by deducting 5% of total annual ground water recharge, if WLF method is employed
to compute rainfall recharge during monsoon season and 10% of total annual ground water
recharge if RIF method is employed. The balance ground water available accounts for
existing ground water withdrawal for various uses and potential for future development.
This quantity is termed as Net Groundwater Availability.
Net Groundwater Availability = Annual Ground Water - Natural discharge during non
Recharge monsoon season
7.3.1.1 Norms for estimation of recharge
GEC97 Methodology has recommended norms for various parameters being used in
ground water recharge estimation. These norms vary depending up on water bearing
formations and agroclimatic conditions. While norms for specific yield and recharge from
rainfall values are to be adopted within the guidelines of GEC'97, in case of other
parameters like seepage from canals, return flow from irrigation, recharge from tanks and
ponds, water conservation structures, result of specific case studies may replace the ad-hoc
norms.
7.3.2 Ground water draft
The gross yearly ground water draft is to be calculated for irrigation, domestic and
industrial uses. The gross ground water draft would include the ground water extraction
from all existing ground water structures during monsoon as well as during non-monsoon
period. While the number of ground water structures should preferably be based on the
latest well census, the average unit draft from different types of structures should be based
on specific studies or ad -hoc norms in GEC'97 report.
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7.3.3 Stage of groundwater development and categorisation of units
The stage of ground water Development is defined by:
Stage of groundwater = Existing Gross Ground water draft for all uses × 100
Development (%) Net annual Groundwater Availability
7.3.3.1 Categorisation of areas for groundwater development
The units of assessment are categorized for groundwater development based on two
criteria - a. stage of groundwater development, and b. long term trend of pre and post
monsoon groundwater levels. Four categories are- Safe areas which have groundwater
potential for development; Semi-Critical areas where cautious groundwater development is
recommended; Critical areas; and Over-exploited areas where there should be intensive
monitoring and evaluation and future ground water development be linked with water
conservation measures. The criteria for categorization of assessment units are as follows:
Table No. 7.3.3.1 Categorization
Sr. Stage Of GW Significant Long Term Decline Category
No. Development Pre-Monsoon Post- Monsoon
1 < 70 % No No SAFE
2 > 70 to < 90 % No No SAFE
Yes/No No/Yes SEMI CRITICAL
3 > 90 to < 100 % Yes/No No/Yes SEMI CRITICAL
Yes Yes CRITICAL
4 > 100 % Yes/No No/Yes OVER EXPLOITED
Yes Yes OVER EXPLOITED
The long-term ground water level data should preferably be for the period of 10 years. The
significant rate of water level decline/rise may be taken greater than +5 or less than -5 cm
per year depending upon the local hydrogeological conditions. If this rate is between -5 to
+5 cm per year then the trend will be treated as neither “Neither Rise nor fall”.
7.3.4 Allocation of ground water resource for utilization
The net annual ground water availability is to be apportioned between domestic,
industrial and irrigation uses. Among these, as per the National Water Policy, 2002,
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requirement for domestic water supply is to be accorded priority. The requirement for
domestic and industrial water supply is to be kept based on the population as projected to
the year 2025. The water available for irrigation use is obtained by deducting the allocation
for domestic and industrial use, from the net annual ground water availability.
7.3.5 Poor quality ground water
Computation of ground water recharge in poor quality ground water is to be done on
the same line as described above. However, in saline areas, there may be practical difficulty
due to non-availability of data, as there will usually be no observation wells in such areas.
Recharge assessment in such cases may be done based on Rainfall Infiltration Factor
method.
7.3.6 Apportioning of ground water assessment from watershed to
development unit
Where the assessment unit is a watershed, the ground water assessment is
converted in terms of an administrative unit such as Block/Taluka/Mandal. This is done by
converting the volumetric resource in to depth unit and then multiplying this depth with the
corresponding area of the Block.
7.3.7 Additional Potential Recharge
In shallow water table areas, particularly in discharge areas rejected recharge would
be considerable and water level fluctuation area dued resulting in underestimation of
recharge component. In the area where the ground water level is less than 5 m below
ground level or in water logged areas, ground water resources have to be estimated up to
5m bgl only based on the following equations:
Potential ground water recharge = (5-D) x A x Specific yield
where,
D = depth to water table below ground surface in pre monsoon in shallow aquifers
A = area of shallow water table zone.
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7.3.8 Recommendations of R&D Advisory Committee
To get a more appropriate methodology for groundwater resources estimation for
hard rock terrain, which will supplement GEC – 1997, the GoI has decided to constitute a
Committee for Estimation of Ground Water Resources in Hard Terrain. The Ministry of
Water Resources, Govt. of India, constituted a committee vide circular No. 3/7/2001-GW II
dated 03.09.2001. The committee after detailed deliberations recommended following
modifications in the GEC1997 methodology.
7.3.8.1 Criterion for Categorization of Assessment Units
The criterion for categorization of assessment units as recommended by GEC-1997
methodology has been modified. The modified criteria as given in the protocol are as
follows;
a) Long – term ground water level trend
The long-term ground water level data should preferably be for the period of 10
years. The significant rate of water level decline may be taken between 10 and 20 cm per
year depending upon the local hydrogeological conditions. Accordingly in Detailed
Guidelines for Implementing the Ground Water Estimation Methodology - 1997 page 153-
154, the value of ‘Z’ would be read as 10 to 20 cm per year.
b) Categorization of Units
In order to remove ambiguities in the categorization by the existing methodology,
the following procedure is suggested.
Table No. 7.3.8.1 Criterion for Categorization of Assessment Unit
Sr.
No.
Stage Of GW
Development
Significant Long Term Decline Category
Pre-Monsoon Post- Monsoon
1 < 70 %
No No SAFE
Yes/No Yes/No To be re-assessed
Yes Yes To be re-assessed
2 > 70 to < 90 %
No No SAFE
Yes/No Yes/No SEMI CRITICAL
Yes Yes To be re-assessed
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Sr.
No.
Stage Of GW
Development
Significant Long Term Decline Category
Pre-Monsoon Post- Monsoon
3 > 90 to < 100 %
No No To be re-assessed
Yes/No Yes/No SEMI CRITICAL
Yes Yes CRITICAL
4 > 100 %
No No To be re-assessed
Yes/No Yes/No OVER EXPLOITED
Yes Yes OVER EXPLOITED
Note: 'To be re-assessed' means that data is to be checked for the purpose of
categorization.
The above modifications are to be adopted in all type of rock formations including soft rock
and hard rock terrains.
7.3.8.2 Future allocation of groundwater resources
The criteria given in the GEC-1997 has been modified and the modified criterion for
future allocation of groundwater resources for utilization to be computed as given below
Case I, when GWav > Dgi + Alld
In such cases allocation for future domestic requirement = Alld
Case II, When GWav < Dgi + Alld
In such cases Allocation for future domestic requirement = (GWav-Dgi) or Dgd, whichever is
more.
Where,
GWav = Net Annual Ground Water Availability
Dgi = Existing Ground Water draft for Irrigation
Dgd = Existing Ground Water draft for Domestic use
Dg = Existing Ground Water draft for all uses
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Alld = Computed value of allocation for domestic use
(Based on projected population, fractional load and per capita requirement)
7.3.9 Groundwater Recharge in Vashishti Valley:-
The groundwater recharge by different means in Vashishti Valley is shown in the
Annexure IV P.No. 282
7.3.10 Groundwater draft in Vashishti Valley:
The Groundwater draft in the Vashishti Valleyis shown in the Annexure V P. No. 283
7.3.11 Groundwater Balance and Stage of Development in Vashishti Valley
On the basis of groundwater recharge and the draft conditions, the groundwater
balance is estimated and is shown in the Annexure IV P.No. 282
The data from the Annexure VI shows that there is a groundwater balance
available in the watershed; which indicates that there is a scope for groundwater
development in the watershed.
7.3.12 Groundwater Availability & Use of Groundwater
Watershedwise Groundwater Exploitation:-
All the area of Vashishti valley is in safe category.
7.3.13 Groundwater Status:
The net groundwater availability for the Vashishti Valley is 134.73 Mm3 Considering
71.15 % of the net use; around 95.8553 Mm3 is the water availability for use. In Vashishti
Valley (WF-56 to 61) which clearly indicates that there is a scope for the future groundwater
development. Annexure VII.
7.4. Maharashtra Groundwater (Development and Management) Act 2009
1. Maharashtra is probably the first State in the country to enact a community driven tool
named The Maharashtra Groundwater (Development and Management) Act 2009 (Act
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97
No. XXVI of 2013) for the sustainable groundwater development and management in the
State. The Act came in force from 1st June 2014.
a. The groundwater resource in the State will be treated as a common property
resource and the community will take care of their resource with GoM support.
i.e. they will be acting as trustee of this precious natural resource.
2. The objective is to facilitate and ensure sustainable and adequate supply of groundwater
of prescribed quality for various category of users through supply and demand
management measures, protecting public drinking water sources and to establish the
State Groundwater Authority, District Level Authority and Watershed Water Resources
Committee to manage and to regulate with community participation and the
exploitation of groundwater within the State of Maharashtra. In the non-notified areas
the powers of groundwater planning and development are with the Grampanchayat.
3. Now there will be one Authority in the State for the surface water and groundwater. The
Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority established by the Maharashtra
4. Water Resources Regulatory Authority Act 2005 will act as the State Groundwater
Authority in the State.
5. The State will now be statutorily following the principle of Integrated Water Resources
Management.
6. Protection of Public Drinking Water Sources along with the polluters pays principle for
protection of public drinking water sources due to contaminations.
7. Preparation of prospective crop based groundwater use plan is mandatory in notified
areas.
8. Prohibition on the sale of groundwater from the notified areas along with the cess on
groundwater withdrawal from the deep wells.
9. Water scarcity declaration and mitigation measures along with preventive management
are integral part.
10. The State Authority shall constitute a Watershed Water Resources Committee as per
Section 29 of the Act for each notified area declared by the State Authority. Separate
Watershed Water Resources Committee for each Notified area shall be constituted
11. The Watershed Water Resources Committee constituted for the notified area shall be
responsible for regulating the available replenishable groundwater recharge for
sustainable management by the different users of groundwater by exercising controls to
reduce groundwater extraction as well as taking measures to augment groundwater
recharge structures.
12. The Watershed Water Resources Committee constituted under this Act shall be
responsible for regulating groundwater utilization for different user sectors and for
development and management of annually replenishable groundwater recharge
available for utilization.
13. The District Authority shall organize workshops in the taluka having Over-Exploited and
Semi - critical watersheds , on rain water harvesting at the District Collectors with the
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participation of the Tahsildars, Block Development Officers, Municipal Engineers, Chief
Educational Officers and public representatives for motivating communities, groups,
associations, industries and commercial establishments to adopt rainwater harvesting to
meet their water requirements.
(Source:- Report of the hydrogeological conditions of the South Konkan (RATNAGIRI) valley,
by directorate of GSDA, Pune)
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PLATE – I
VASHISHTI VALLEYWATERSHED MAP
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PLATE – II
VASHISHTI VALLEYGEOLOGICAL MAP
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Vashishti
Valley Chapter No. 8
Irrigation
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Chapter No. 8
Irrigation
8.1 Introduction
This chapter deals with development of water resources in the valley through lift
Irrigation on K.T.weir. It also deals with use of water for various purposes such as irrigation,
non-irrigation (domestic and industrial).
8.2 Area
Vashishti valley having catchment area is 2671.01 Sq km. Vashishti valley
consist of part catchment area of Seven valley namely Part-1(Jagbudi River from
origin to confluence with Dubi River.), Part-2 (Dubi river from origin to Confluence
with Jagbudi River), Part-3 (Vashishti Vaitarni River Confluence to confluence with
Sea), Part-4 (Vaitarni River from Origin to confluence with Vashishti River), Part-5
(Jog River from Origin to confluence with Sea.), Part-6 (Local Nallas directly draining
in to sea R/S of Jog River.) and Part-7(Local Nallas directly draining in to sea between
Jog & Vashishti River.) spread over five talukas in Ratnagiri district namely
Mandangad (partly), Dapoli, Khed, Guhagar (partly), Chiplun (partly), Poladpur
(Partly,Raigad Dist), Jaoli Partly and Patan (Partly,Satara Dist) the catchment area of
these valley740.31 Sq km, 99.82 Sq km, 954.53 Sq km, 330.69 Sq km, 271.31 Sq km,
76.03 Sq km, and 155.38 Sq km respectively.
The development of water resources in this valley is taking place through
following ways –
i) Development through construction of State Sector irrigation Projects by Water
Resources Department and minor project up to 250 Ha. by Local sector
departments.
ii) Development through watershed based soil and water conservation measures in
interdisciplinary manner by various Government Departments like Agriculture, Forest,
Water Resources Department, Groundwater Survey Development Agency (GSDA), etc.
iii) Development through use of Groundwater through wells by indivisual users.
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8.3 YIELD
The total yield in the valleyat 75% dependability is 9544.56 Mm3 & at 50%
dependability is 10013.40 Mm3.
8.4 DIRECTIVES IN STATE WATER BOARD MEETING:-
The yield calculations of river valley, the requirement of water for drinking, industrial
requirement, ecological and environmental flow required for downstream etc considered as
per the directives given by the Hon’ble chairman of state water board in the various
meetings as listed below.
a) In 2nd meeting of state water board it is directed that drinking water is basic need
and while preparing the plan the norms of 135 lpcd for urban area and 100 lpcd including
cattle for rural area should be considered. In Par valleyall population is rural population
hence water use for drinking purpose is considered as 100 lpcd this chapter.
b) It is further directed that it may take some time to finalize the percentage of water in
the dam or reservoir that needs to be allotted or reserved for the environmental flow,
hence 10% average non monsoon flow is taken as the requirement for environmental and
ecological flow
c) In the sixth meeting of the state water board, it was decided to prepare the water
plan for the river valleybased on 75% dependable yield.
Considering the above directives we have prepared the water plan at 75 %
dependability for all purpose.
8.5 Irrigation
8.5.1 Flow irrigation.
Irrigation-activity being the largest consumer of water in the valleyneeds to
be attended first. Present practice of irrigation in this valleyis through flow irrigation.
In general the farmers are not interested to use water for irrigation from already
completed irrigation projects, due to several reasons such as less availability of man
power, hindrance from wild animals. Due to these reasons farming in less land
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holding is not financially viable. Hence they are using water coming from natural
nalla by diverting it towards their agricultural area mostly in kharif season.
Considering the total completed under-construction projects and future
Projects from State Government authorities, the following Table No 8.5.1 gives the
clear idea about the status of planning in the valley at present.
Table No. 8.5.1. (A): Status of potential created - completed project.
Sr.
No.
Category of
Projects
Nos. Planned
Area
Irrigated
(ha)
Live
Storage
(Mm³)
Water-Use Proposed (Mm³)
Irrigation
.
Drinking Industry Total
1 Major. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 Medium. 1 2050 27.23 25.00 2.230 0.00 27.23
3 Minor S.S. 11 1322 19.648 16.689 2.714 0.245 19.648
Total. 12 3372 46.878 41.689 4.944 0.245 46.878
B. Projects Under-Construction.
Sr.
No.
Category of
Projects
Nos. Planned
Area
Irrigated
(ha)
Live
Storage.
(Mm³)
Water-Use Proposed (Mm³)
Irrigation
.
Drinking Industry Total.
1 Major. 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 Medium. 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3 Minor S.S. 9 7214 115.592 103.418 11.524 0.650 115.592
Total. 9 7214 115.592 103.418 11.524 0.650 115.592
A+B. Projects Completed and Under-Construction.
Sr. No Category
of
Projects
Nos. Planned
Area
Irrigated
(ha)
Live
Storage.
(Mm³)
Water-Use Proposed (Mm³)
Irrigation. Drinking. Industry Total.
1 Major. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 Medium. 1 2050 27.23 25.00 2.23 0.00 27.23
3 Minor S.S. 20 8536 135.24 120.107 14.238 0.895 135.24
Total. 21 10586 162.47 145.107 16.468 0.895 162.47
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C. Future Projects.
Sr.
No
Category of
Projects
Nos. Planned
Area
Irrigated
(ha)
Live
Storage.
(Mm³)
Water-Use Proposed (Mm³)
Irrigation Drinking. Industry Total.
1 Major. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 Medium. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 Minor S.S. 1 239 4.100 2.980 1.120 0.00 4.100
Total. 1 239 4.100 2.980 1.120 0.00 4.100
D) Abstract of Total Projects Planned (All Categories) in Vashishti Valley.
Sr.
No
Category of
Projects
Nos Planned Area
Irrigated (ha)
Live Storage.
(Mm³)
Water-Use Proposed (Mm³)
Irrigation. Drinking. Industry Total.
1 Major. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 Medium. 1 2050 27.23 25.00 2.23 0.00 27.23
3 Minor S.S. 21 8775 139.34 123.087 15.358 0.895 139.34
Total. 22 10825 166.57 148.087 17.588 0.895 166.57
E) Abstract of Total Projects Planned (All Categories) in Vashishti Valley.
Sr.
No
Category of
Projects
Nos. Planned
Area
Irrigated
(ha)
Live
Storage.
(Mm³)
Water-Use Proposed (Mm³)
Irrigation. Drinking. Industry Total.
1 Completed 12 3372 46.878 41.689 4.944 0.245 46.878
2 Under
construction 9 7214 115.592 103.418 11.524 0.650 115.592
3 Future 1 239 4.100 2.980 1.120 0.000 4.100
Total. 22 10825 166.570 148.087 17.588 0.895 166.570
Notes : Minor S.S – Denotes M.I. schemes under Water Resources Dept.
(Source: Respective Divisions Prapatra1 of all projects)
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
113
The details showing completed Major and Medium and Minor and a statement
showing List of Ongoing, Major, Medium & minor projects is enclosed in Annexure VIII -
page no286 to 287
The Map showing irrigation’s schemes in Vashishti Valley is enclosed herewith.(Map
- 1) page no 115
8.5.2 LIFT IRRIGATION SCHEMES ---
In Vashishti valley there is no any Goverment Lift irrigation schemes.
8.5.3 WELL IRRIGATION
No Well Irrigation in Vashishti Valley.
8.5.4 SEWAGE IRRIGATION
At present there is no sewage irrigation use in Vashishti Valley.
8.6. SILTATION IN RESERVOIRS AND SILT MONITORING:-
The siltation in reservoir is often caused by Soil erosion or sediment spill which is
nothing but the population of water by fine particulate terrestrial plastic material with
particle size dominated by silt or clay.
To ascertain the net available storage regular periodic sedimentation survey of
reservoir must be conducted. Maharashtra Engineering Research Institute at Nasik
under the control of Maharashtra WRD has been monitoring the lakes & reservoirs of major
and medium size mainly in the context of sedimentation by adopting remote sensing
technology.
At present situation Vaghotan valleyhave no major dams. SO there is no any need of silt
monitoring required.
8.7. Micro Irrigation
No Area is under Micro Irrigation in the valley. Presently Government of
Maharashtra has issued a GR dated_____ for promoting micro irrigation. Though water
scarcity cannot be motive for this valley, better yield and effective farm management
objectives can induce farmers to resort to micro irrigation. Active government support from
agriculture extension services is necessary for this. The target of 2400 Ha by 2030 as set by
agriculture department appears quite conservative.
Maharashtra as a state has gained a lot of experience in the field of micro irrigation.
A list of valuation of this activity is presented in the table given on below:
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
114
projects:-
In this valley at present there is no lift Irrigation Projects for Domestic water supply.
Hence the water use with lift Irrigation Project is nil.
8.8 Industrial Water Use:-
Water requirement for Industry in 2011 is 0.00 Mm3 and water requirement for
Industry in 2030 is 11.381 Mm3.
8.9 Summary Table:
Sr.No Particulars Present Used
2015-16 Mcum
Future Use 2030
Mcum
Potential Ha.
1 Irrigation 145.107 148.087 10825
2 Drinking 16.468 17.588
3 Industries 0.895 0.895
4 Diversion 0 0
5 Ecology 0 0
Total 162.47
166.57 10825
Evaluation of Drip and sprinkler irrigation sidy schemes in Maharashtra5
The important observations and recommendations are summarized below:-
1. The aim of the drip and sprinkler program should be to increase agricultural production per unit volume of water, per unit area of cropped land. Scientific management of irrigation provides the best insurance against weather induced fluctuations in total food production.
2. Proper designing in drip and sprinkler is essential for getting desired success. More than 95% of the systems were found to be designed by dealers themselves.
3. The role of appropriate pump in drip/sprinkler system has been grossly neglected. 4. Overall quality control of various components is a major grey area. Installation of testing facilities
with agriculture department and agriculture universities is urgent need of the scheme. 5. Overall research support from the State Agricultural Universities is inadequate. A perspective plan
for various research supports should be considered. 6. The thrust areas could be alternative system in micro-irrigation, optimization with different water
quality, development of low cost technology along with various fertigation systems and development of micro-irrigation for intercropping as well new crops of Fruit crops-vegetables..
7. Considering the water needs and water policies of the government, there is immediate need to have a policy decision to make mandatory budget provisions with certain fixed percentage as a part of irrigation budget of the state. Agriculture Department also should earmark the budget provision on similar grounds.
8. The co-ordination among canal irrigation managers and agriculture department is essential as the drip or sprinkler system is not compatible within rotation of water, as is being practiced at present. Suitable legal changes in distribution and on farm storages (farm pond/cement bandhara) are necessary in irrigation command areas so that irrigation, drip & sprinkler can be increased on large area with suitable cropping pattern changes (Views of Dr. S. B. Varade, Soil Scientist, Aurangabad). Farmers installing drip/sprinkler systems in command areas of irrigation projects should get
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
116
Vashishti
Valley Chapter No. 9
Water Conservation
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
117
Chapter No. 9
Water Conservation
9.1 Introduction
The water conservation works are helpful for distribution of water and increasing the
agricultural productivity. These works conserve the water at local level and provides
flexibility for water management by the farmers. The integrated approach for watershed
development helps for protecting the environment. It also useful for controlling the siltation
of irrigation reservoirs.
The Schemes are implemented by State and Zilla Parishad Irrigation
Department, as well as Agriculture Department, Forest Department. Different irrigation
storage structures are taken, such as Minor Irrigation Tanks, K.T. Weirs, Ex.Mal Tanks,
Percolation Tanks, Village Tanks, Cement Nalla bunds, Earthen Nalla bunds, Farm ponds etc.
9.2. Watershed Development & Management
The Vashishti Valley (WF-56 to 61) comes under Ratnagiri district. It covers
total 267100.82 Ha. area. Out of which 32593.39 ha. area is proposed for watershed
development works in this valley, and treated area up to March, 2015 is 19319.11
ha (59.27%) (10825 Ha from WRD + 8494.11 Ha from SSI) . The balance area for
watershed activites in this - valleyis of 13274.28 ha. District and (Taluka wise)
proposed area, Treated area and Balance area is as given below
9.2.1 Water Conservation Works in Vashishti Valley
The status of total 96 Nos. of completed watershed development work carried out
by Small Scale Irrigation (Water Conservation) Divisionand ZillaParishad Irrigation
Department is given below,
1) Minor Irrigation Tanks. : 1
2) Kolhapur Type Weirs : 39
3) Diversion Bandhara : 52
4) PT/ VT /L.I. Schemes : 4
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
118
9.2.2 Small Scale Irrigation
Table No 9.2.2.1 S.S.I. (W.C.) Division Ratnagiri + Z.P. Rural Water Supply Division,
Ratnagiri. Annexture IX page no 288 to 297 0 to 100 ha.
Sr.
No.
Type of
project
no of
projects
Gross
Storage
(Mm3)
Live
Storage
(Mm3)
ICA
(ha)
Water -Use proposed (Mm3) COST Rs
in Lacs Irrigation Drinking Industry Total
A)
Work
Completed 95 1.632 1.604
1087.
84 1.604 0 0 1.604 715.64
B)
Work in
progress 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C)
Project in
future 16 6.387 6.003 532 5.4102 0.5928 0 6.003 5278.73
Total Valley 111 8.019 7.607
1619.
84 7.0142 0.5928 0 7.607 5994.37
Table No 9.2.2.2 S.S.I. (W.C.) DivisionRatnagiri + Z.P. Rural Water Supply Division, Ratnagiri.
Annexture IX page no 288 to 297
101 to 250 ha.
Sr.
No.
Type of
project
no of
projects
Gross
Storage
(Mm3)
Live
Storage
(Mm3)
ICA
(ha)
Water -Use proposed (Mm3) COST Rs
in Lacs Irrigation Drinking Industry Total
A) Work
Completed
1 1.807 1.749 134 1.749 0 0 1.749 473.96
B) Work in
progress
14 43.009 38.60 2187 32.28 3.91 0.21 36.40 17654.05
C) Project in
future
20 42.726 38.099 2512 33.9345 2.5225 0.16 36.62 29754.25
Total
Valley
35 87.542 78.448 4833 67.9635 6.4325 0.37 74.769 47882.26
9.3 Watershed wise Status of Soil & Water Conservation Works in Vashishti
Valley comes under Ratnagiri district.
a) Soil & Water Conservation works include Different area treatments & drainage
line treatments are implemented by Soil & Water Conservation Department. In area
treatment, on upper ridges the treatments like continuous contour trenches (CCT), deep
CCT, loose bolder structure, earthen structure, etc. are taken. It checks the soil erosion and
stores water. Stored water is percolated in soil, which increases the water level of nearby
wells in lower-side areas. On landsides, Compartment bunding (0-4% slope) & terracing (0-
6%) are taken. It stores the rain water & checks the soil erosion.
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
119
On Lower ridges, drainage line treatments like Mati nala bund, Cement nala bund,
Diversion bunds are taken. The water is stored & percolated in soil, which recharge the
ground water. Water becomes available for crops during dry spell & critical growth stages of
crops. It increases the productivity and production.
b) Water shedwise Status of Soil & Water Conservation in Vashishti Valley.
Annexture X page no 298 to 304
9.3.1 Watershed wise Status of Soil & Conservation Work are given in the Following Table
ub
Val
ley
Dis
tric
t
Wat
ers
he
d N
o
Water Conservation work
Total
Soil Conservation Work-area
ha/ noof structure
Total
Ear
the
n
Stru
ctu
re
Ce
me
nt
Nal
la
Bu
nd
Farm
Po
nd
Div
ers
ion
Bu
nd
Mat
i Nal
la
Bu
nd
Maj
gi
Co
mp
artm
en
t B
un
din
g
CC
T
Gab
ian
Stru
ctu
re
Pad
kai
ha ha ha
Vashishti Ratnagiri
WF-
56 to
61
254 179 5 73 42 553 8 17570 846 0 0 18424
Total For Valley 254 179 5 73 42 553 8 17570 846 0 0 18424
9.4- Abstract of Small Scale Irrigation Schemes 0 to 100 ha [ for details see Appendix-II]
(Minor Storage Tanks, K.T.Weir, Percolation Tanks, Village Tanks and CNB under Jalyukt
Shivar Abhiyan)
9.4.1 Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyan A flagship programm “Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyaan” (JSA) is being implemented as
“Sarvansathi Pani – Tanchaimukt Maharashtra 2019” by Government of Maharashtra to
permanently overcome scarcity situation in the State. Irregularity and uneven rainfall
consistency always creates scarcity which result impact on agricultural sector and drinking
water as well. “Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyaan” is being implemented by Water Conservation
department for sustainable agriculture and drinking water problems in rural area.
Objectives of “Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyaan”
1. Assimilate rain water in the village itself.
2. Increase ground water level.
3. Creation of sustainable irrigation in drought prone area.
4. Availability of enough water in rural area.
5. Create decentralise water storages.
6. Restoration & increase in the capacity of existing water resources.
7. Repairing and Silt removing of existing schemes.
8. Effective use of water in Agriculture.
9. To encourage and increase the participation of the people for water assimilation.
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
120
The following works are being taken under JSA
1. Watershed development works.
2. Series of Cement Concrete Nalla Bandh.
3. Restoration of old water bodies.
4. Repairs of existing Water bodies (K.T. Weir / Storage Tank / Storage Weir etc.).
5. Repair and Renovation of Minor Irrigation Tanks & Percolation Tanks etc.
6 Silt removing of Percolation Tank / Village Tank / Tank constructed during Shiv, British,
Nizam period / Mati Nalla Bandh etc.
9.4.1 Abstarct Small Scale Irrigation Annexture X page no 298 to 304
Rs.in Lakhs
Sr.
No.
Type of
Schemes
No of Schemes Potential
Completed ongoing Future Total Ha. Mm3
No Exp No Exp No Exp No Exp
a Irrigation Tank 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
b Storage Tank 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
c K.T.Weir 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
d CCT 86 65.79 29 22.18 0 0 115 87.97 227.27 0.188
e LBS 80 95.36 27 32.18 0 0 107 127.54 0 0
f CNB 10 86 0 0 0 0 10 86.00 0 0.16
g Div.Bund 5 18.87 0 0 0 0 5 18.87 0 0
h M N B 1 3.77 0 0 0 0 1 3.77 0 0.013
i Gabion 0 0 36 1.40 0 0 36 1.40 0 0
j Form Ponds 4 1.63 0 0 0 0 4 1.63 0 0.016
Total 18
6
271.4
2
92 55.76 0 0 278 327.18 227.27 0.377
9.4.2 Agriculture Department Water Conservation Works in Vashishti Valley:
The various types of Completed Water conservation schemes, there are mainly
four types of water conservation works carried out by Agriculture Department i.e. Earther
structures ,cement Nala Bund, Farm Pond & Diversion Bunds. These structures created
approxly 2.962 Mm³ storage potential. Hence 1814 ha. area indirectly created irrigation
potential in the valley, which helps to increases ground water level appr.1 to 3 mtrs. The
details are given below.
Table 9.4.2 Abstract of Water Conservation Schemes in in Vashishti Valley:
Sr.No Type Of Schemes No of Schemes Potential
Completed Ongoing Future Total Ha. Mm³
1. Earthen Structure 254 0 0 254 508 1.524
2. Cement Nala Bund 179 0 0 179 716 1.432
3. Farm Pond 5 0 0 5 6 0.006
4. Diversion Bund 73 0 0 73 584 0.00
Total 511 0 0 511 1814 2.962
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
121
Note- For Storage potential factors used for
No. of Earthen Structure ×6 =TCM,
No.of C.N.B. × 8 = TCM,
No.of Farm Pond × 1.20 = TCM
No.of Stone Bund × 0.08 = TCM
For area potential factors used for
Earthen Structure × 2 = ha,
C.N.B. × 4 = ha,
Farm Pond × 1.20 = ha,
No. of Diversion Bund × 8 = ha
No.of Stone Bund × 0 = 0 ha
9.5 Review of Impact
A] The report of Groundwater Resource Estimation Committee June 1997 [GOI] indicated
about impact of watershed development as given below-
1] Recharge form storage tanks and ponds is 1.4 mm/day for the period in which the tanks
has water [Based on average area of water spread]
2] Recharge form percolation tanks-50% of gross storage considering number of fillings
3] Recharge due to check dams and nalla bunds provided annual desilting is done 50% of
gross storage provided annual desilting is done.
4) As per information furnished by GSDA
5] Case studies
9.6. Construction & Maintenance. As per present Government Rules, Schemes up to 100 ha are being executed by
ZillaParishad, Schemes from 100 to 250 ha are to be Small Scale Irrigation (WC) Department
and Schemes above 250 ha irrigation potential are being executed by Water Resources
Dept.As per present government Rules, some of the Schemes like K.T. weirs etc after
completion are, are to be handed over to Water User Associations/Societies for
maintenance and management. However it is seen that for last 30 years or so no such
Scheme has been taken over by Farmers Association for one reason of the other. Hence it is
recommended that all the schemes after construction shall be looked after by respective
department for maintenance and management who have constructed the Scheme.
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
122
9.7 Summary Table:
9.7.1 Status of water conservation Works [area upto 100 ha] The details of percolation tank, village tank at local sector level is given in Appendix –
II giving details about location, storage capacity, irrigation potential etc. The abstract of
which is as given below in Table- 9.6
9.7.1 Table Status of water conservation Works
Sr
No
Taluka
Water
shed
No
Percolation Tank Village Tank
Completed Ongoing Completed Ongoing
No
Capa
city
Mm3
Exp No
Capa
city
Mm3
Exp No
Capa
city
Mm3
Exp No
Capa
city
Mm3
Exp
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1 Chiplun&
Dapoli
Wf-61
& 59 0 0 0 3 7.918 755.09 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 0 0 0 3 7.918 755.09 0 0 0 0 0 0
Table 9.7.2 Total Abstract of area treated up to March, 2015 in Vashishti Valley.
Sr.No Particulars Present
Used
2015-16
Mcum
Future
Use 2030
Mcum
Potential
Ha.
Balance
area to be
treated
(ha.)
A) Local Sector
1 Irrigation 33.884 74.9777 6452.84
2 Drinking 3.91 7.0253
3 Industries 0.21 0.37
4 Diversion 0 0
5 Ecology 0 0.44102
B) Z.P Jalyukt shivar
1 Irrigation 0.377 0.377 227.27
2 Drinking 0 0
3 Industries 0 0
4 Diversion 0 0
5 Ecology 0 0
C) Agriculture Jalyukt
shivar
1 Irrigation 2.962 2.962 1814
2 Drinking 0 0
3 Industries 0 0
4 Diversion 0 0
5 Ecology 0 0
Total A+B+C 41.343 86.15302 8494.11 78650.68
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
123
Vashishti
Valley Chapter No. 10
Floods
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
124
Chapter No. 10
Floods
10.1 INTRODUCTION
The Vashishti River is Main River in west part of Konkan reagion falling into the
Arabian Sea. It is originating at near Nive, Tal-Khed, Dist Ratnagiri. Total length of Vashishti
river is 74 Km, having catchment area 2671.01 SqKm.
.The boundary of the valley consists of the main Sahyadri hills on the East, Westerly
off shoots on the North and South and on the West, a narrow opening at the end leading to
the sea. The Vashishti valley lies between North latitudes of 17º20״00׳N to 17º56״00׳N and
East longitudes of 73º02״00׳E to 73º45״00׳E.
The average rainfall in the Vashishti valley is 4113 mm. The valley receives most of
the rainfall from the South-West monsoon during June to October. Almost 99% of the total
rainfall in the valleyis received during this period. The average maximum and minimum
temperatures are 42 C and 14 C respectively. May is the hottest month of the year and
January is the coldest month of the year.
The Water Resources Department (WRD) of Government of Maharashtra (GoM) is
entrusted with the surface water resources planning, development and management. A large
number of major, medium and minor water resources development projects (reservoirs and
weirs) have been constructed in Maharashtra. Though, the reservoirs in Maharashtra are not
specifically provided with flood cushion, they have moderated flood peaks to considerable
extent by proper reservoir operations.
The important tributaries of the Vashishti River are Jagbudi, Vaitarni, and Pimpali.
10.2 Flood Prone Area of Vashishti River Valley:
Flood, by definition means an overflow of water that merges land which is usually dry.
It can also be described as a covering by water of land not normally covered by water.
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
125
10.2.1 Prominent Floods In History
Vashishti river has its source in the Nive and meets the Arabian sea at the Dabhol as a
Dabhol Creek. The important tributaries of the Vashishti River are Jagbudi, Vaitarni, and
Pimpali.
The often experience the impact of tidal fluctuations in the creek & sea. The situation
always becomes alarming in rainy seasons in the event of high tide coinciding with heavy
rains. Most of the areas on the bank of these rivers do not have any open spaces for creating
holding ponds and as such often experience heavy flooding.
Flood Map
The unprecedented rainfall on 26th July 2005 had caused severe flooding in the urban
areas of Chiplun and Khed damaged property and other infrastructures in these areas
including loss of human life.
Considering the devastation of 2005 floods, actions have already been initiated at the
state Government level.
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
126
10.2.2 Flood damage in the year 2005-06
Flood Photos in Khed and Chiplun
Loss of life – The worst flood at Vashishti and Jagbudi River was recorded in 2005. 11
loss of life in the floods of 2005-06 at Vashishti river valley. The total compensation
paid for their rehabilitation was Rs. 60.79 Cr. As well as supply Rice, Wheat and
Kerosene given to the flood affected peoples.
Loss of livestock - Rainfall intensity high in the Vashishti valley so that 395 animals
are escaped by flood.
Loss to agricultural production – As Vashishti river valley is pre-dominantly post
monsoon Rabi season district, in Kharif season when monsoon is active and floods
occur, very high seasonal crops are sown along the river. The Rice crop is not in a
better position to sustain the floodwater. Hence, near than 2500 Ha land is affected
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
127
by flood as well as related loss to agricultural production is reported by Revenue
authorities.
Loss of Infrastructure - In 2005-2006 flood 282 houses are completely
destroyed where as 5749 houses have same structural damages. For this
compensation was given to people.
List of raingauge stations with rainfall figures on 24th to 28th July 2005 in Vashishti Valley
Sr.
No
Name of
station District Tahsil
Rainfall (mm) 2005
24/7 25/7 26/7 27/7 28/7
1 Chatav Ratnagir
i Khed
152.40
298.30 561.60 174.60 70.50
2 Poynar Ratnagir
i Khed
124.60
325.70 477.30 98.40 56.20
3 Kudup Ratnagir
i Chiplun
93.20
292.60 320.00 48.80 30.80
4 Kolthare Ratnagir
i Dapoli
42.60
145.60 135.60 30.60 14.60
5 Sanglat Ratnagir
i Khed
178.60
300.60 342.00 145.60 49.00
6 Mahabaleshw
ar Satara Mahabaleswar
90.00
186.00 380.00 255.00 132.00
7 Navaja Satara Patan 205.00 552.00 170.00 100.00 85.00
8 Dapoli Ratnagir
i Dapoli
89.10
223.20 188.40 50.20 20.20
Table No. 10.2.2. Details of Medium Projects in Vashishti Valley
Sr.
No
Name of
Projects
Catchment
Area in
Sq.km
Live Storage in No.
Of
Gates
Size of Gates Max. Design
Flood in
cumecs
1 Natuwadi 25.16 27.23
3 12m x 5m
Radial Gates 690.63
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
128
Table No. 10.2.3. Average Maximum Flood Level at Vashishti ValleyRivers
Sr. No. Vashishti River
Tal. Chiplun (m)
Jagbudi River
Tal. Khed (m)
River Bed Level (Mtr.) 1.00 0.80
Bank RL (Mtr.) 4.80/ 6.00 6.50/6.75
HFL (Danger Level) Mtr.) 7.00 7.00
2005 (Maximum evel) 8.25 N.A
2006 N.A N.A
2007 7.05 N.A
2008 N.A N.A
2009 N.A N.A
2010 N.A N.A
2011 N.A N.A
2012 N.A N.A
2013 N.A N.A
2014 N.A N.A
2015 N.A N.A
2016 N.A 12.50
10.2.3 Maharashtra State water Policy:
Maharashtra State water Policy (July 2003) States that (Para 8.0 Flood Control
and management) an adequate flood cushion shall be provided in water storage
projects wherever feasible to facilitate better flood management. The flood control
space is provided in the reservoir for storing flood water temporarily in order to
reduce peak discharge and to minimize flooding on down streams locations.
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
129
10.3 Critical Points from view of Flood Control :-
From past experience and floods caused in July 2005 and in the year 2006 it is
seen that at some critical places, concentration of floods has been likely more. Hence
to prevent floods, this critical points are to be paid utmost attention. Work of Survey
of flood lines in Urban areas has been started be from MMRDA Dt.16/4/2006 and
complete the same From Floods caused in year 2005 and in the year 2006, Some
critical points in Vashishti Valleyhave been identified and are as below
Table No. 10.3.1 Critical Points in Vashishti Valley
Area Sources Critical Points Telephone nos.
1) Khed 1) Jagbudi
River
Civic Areas of
Khed
02352-228404 (O)
7218626268 (M)
1) Chiplun 2) Vashishti
River
Civic Areas of
Ratnagiri
02352-228404 (O)
02355-252176 (O)
9423873750 (M)
10.4 Rainfall Phenomena Pattern
The occurrence of water from atmosphere is in the form of rain, dew and
rarely in hails. However it is mainly in the form of rain in this valley. It occurs from
South-West monsoon mostly in June to September and rarely due to cyclonic
showers in May.
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
130
Table No. 10.4.1 Rainfall Details for Ratnagiri District
Month Averag
e
200
9
201
0
201
1
201
2
201
3
201
4
201
5
201
6
Percenta
ge
June 600 206 663
112
9 645
165
8 220
132
8 710 136.65
July 1500 162
1
187
6
172
4
147
5
198
6
156
4 575
184
0 105.51
August 1000 700 720
145
5
125
4 648
100
2 441
114
4 92.05
Sept. 400 503 606 588 661 426 609 448 954 149.84
Octo. 230 369 308 180 258 355 149 138 141 103.15
Novemb
er
20 74 160 0 0 0 0 0 0 146.25
Total 3750 347
3
433
3
507
6
429
3
507
3
354
4
293
0
478
9 111.70
Table No. 10.4.2 Vashishti River valleyFlood affected Villages
Sr. No. Village Taluka Population
1 70 villages and
1 city in
Chiplun Taluka
Chiplun
Total
10.5 Preventive Actions
10.5.1 Alert Signal :
The Deputy Engineer will give ‘Action’ signal in same manner as Alert signal if he is of
the opinion that the situation has worsened and a breach is apprehended.
a) The Deputy Engineer, give Dam Breach signals and timing of flood.
b) On receipt of ‘Action’ signal Collector, Thane to Supervise arrangements on spot.
c) The District Superintendent of Police Thane to supervise arrangement on spot.
d) The District Superintendent of Police Thane District to assist Collector.
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
131
Emergency Action Committee of the following officers may be constituted for
important Cities/Towns by the District Collector.
a) District Collector.
b) Chief Executive Officer of Thane Zilla Parishad.
c) Superintendent of Police of Thane District.
d) Executive Engineer, Irrigation )
e) Executive Engineer, (P.W. and Housing.)1-13
f) Representative of the post and telegram Deptt.
g) A Representative of Railway if any railway line in inundation.
h) A representative of the State Transport Deptt.
i) A representative of the Civil supplies Deptt.
j) A representative of Fire Brigade.
k) District Agricultural officer.
l) District Health officer.
m) District Commandant of Home Guards.
n) District Publicity Officer.
The District Collector should be the Chairman of the Committee. He may
nominate any additional persons considered useful in the effective implementation
of the Emergency Action Plan to set as members of the committee.
10.5.2 Control Measures for Prevention of Damage
The extent of Damage will be very less if the new constructions in the caution
zone and Red zone are restricted.
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132
10.5.3 The Prohibitive Zone
This is the zone consisting of normal river channel for discharge of regular
flood from free catchments. This prohibitive zone is shown on village map in blue
colour. The area in prohibitive zone may not be used for building any development
of land or dwelling.
It is seen from records that intensity of flood in 25 years. Since these floods
satisfy the criteria the same are considered for marking prohibitive zone. This zone
practically lies in the river channel only. This is marked with Blue colour.
10.5.4The restrictive zone :
The area required to pass the maximum design outflow flood should be
treated as restrictive zone. The restrictive zone is shown on village map in Red
colour. In the red zone the land use regulation may specify the safe height for the
plinth level or the lowest floor level. The same is to be considered for defining
restrictive zone as per Design note.
10.6 The Caution Zone.:
The caution zone may extend beyond the limit of the restrictive zone to the
boundary of the dam break flood zone. As mentioned in Dam safety Manual 2 times
Maximum Design flood is considered for caution zone definition. No typical failure of
monoliths are considered as dam is based on sound foundation condition.
10.6.1The information regarding the same is communicated immediately to
Revenue and Police Authorities by WRD.
The list of villages likely to be affected by the flood of Vashishti river
valleybased on the discharge released showing a) Blue Zone, b) Green Zone and c)
Red Zone.
10.6.2 Blue Zone: The Blue Zone is known as Prohibitive Zone which is 1.5 times more
than river channel capacity. This area may be used only for the open land type of use
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133
such as playgrounds, gardens, river side esplanades or cultivation of light crops
wherever such riparian rights exists.
10.6.3 Green Zone: This Zone is also known as restrictive Zone which is of spillway design
flood capacity. In the restrictive zone the land use regulation may specify the safe
height for the plinth level or the lowest floor level and the type of building method to
prevent collapse of the structure during floods.
Restrictions on the type of uses of buildings in such zones may also be
specified. This will take into account the possibility of floods expected in this zone
and also necessity of all prompt evacuation of people, cattle and goods at short
notice, to avoid costly flood damages and loss of life. While framing constructions in
such zones, compulsory insurance may also have to be considered.
10.6.4 Red Zone:
This Zone is also known as Caution Zone and is of Dam break inundation
Zone. Flooding in this area may be rare but not altogether impossible. The
regulation for land use in this zone should only include a caution about the flood risk
and likely flood height in this area and necessary building precautions for safety
under such circumstances, wherever a contingency may arise.
10.7 Recommendations related to Flood in the Vashishti river valley :
1. There should be a master plan for flood control and management for each flood
prone valley.
2. Adequate flood cushion should be provided in water storage projects, wherever
feasible, to facilitate better flood management. In highly flood prone areas, flood
control be given overriding consideration in reservoir regulation policy even at the
cost of sacrificing some irrigation or power benefits.
3. While physical flood protection works like embankments and dykes will continue
to been necessary, increased emphasis should be laid on non-structural measures,
such as flood forecasting and warning, flood plain zoning and flood proofing for
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Valley
134
the minimization of losses and to reduce the recurring expenditure on flood relief.
4. There should be strict regulation of settlements and economic activity in the
flood plain zones along with flood proofing, to minimize the loss of life and
property on account of floods.
5. The flood forecasting activities should be modernized, value added and extended
to other uncovered areas. In flow forecasting to reservoirs should be instituted for
their effective regulation.
6. The recommendation/guidelines have been ensured by Dam Safety Organization,
Government of Maharashtra, Nasik as per Dam Safety Manual, Chapter-7 and 8.
7. NGT orders for fixing blue and red lines.
10.8 Reference:
A) Dams in Maharashtra Major, Medium and Minor River Project, WALMI
Aurangabad, Year-2000
B) State Water Policy includes Chapter of Hydrology of Vaghotan Valley.
C) As per the guideline issued by Dam Safety Manual Chapter-7.
D) District Disaster Management Programme 2012 District Ratnagiri
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135
Vashishti
Valley Chapter No. 11
Drainage
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Chapter No. 11
Drainage 11.1 Introduction
Maharashtra has a long history of irrigation. During British era, in the year 1885,
Irrigation from Nira Left and Right Bank Canal started. In the command of these canals, it was
observed that some area of the irrigated land in the command became waterlogged and
saline. The fertility of land goes on reducing. No crop could be grown on these lands. It is due
to excessive use of irrigation water and topographical features. The Bombay Government has
set up a Special Irrigation Division at Pune in 1916, to study the problems of water logged
area and suggest remedial measures. DIRD (Directorate of Irrigation Research &
Development) has been established in the year 1916. Since then DIRD is collecting data of
water logged and saline land from the command of various major projects and monitoring
the affected area. DIRD is working with 7 Irrigation Research Divisions and 32 divisions all
over the state. DIRD, monitors damaged area of major and medium irrigation projects.
11.2 IDENTIFICATION AND NORMS OF DAMAGED AREA
Damaged area can be classified in two categories.
1. Water logged area
2. Saline area.
11.2.1 Identification of water logged area.
Water logged area is identified by observing ground water table levels in the
command. Generally, water levels in the wells are observed twice a year i.e. pre monsoon
(March, April & May) and post monsoon (Nov. Dec. and Jan.) period. The water logged area is
classified in two categories as fully waterlogged and slightly water logged. The area where
ground water is observed on the ground in period 1st Nov. to 31st Jan. is classified as fully
water logged area. The area where water table is within 2 m from the ground surface is
classified as slightly or partially water logged area.
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11.2.2 Identification and norms of salt affected area
Saline soils contains excess amount of soluble salts like sodium chloride, sodium
sulphate, calcium chloride, calcium sulphate, magnesium chloride, magnesium sulphate etc.
The saline soil patches are identified by visual inspection and by laboratory test.
A ) Visual inspections
The saline soil patches are identified initially by visual inspection. The key points in the visual
inspections are as follows.
• These soils often have white patches.
• A white line of salt deposition is seen along the field channel and field courses.
• In some cases visible signs of salt injuries such as pick burn of leaves and chlorosis
(Pale yellow colour of crops) of leaves are seen.
B ) Laboratory test
After identifying the saline patches, PH value and Ec (electrical conductivity) tests are carried
out on soil to evaluate exact severity.
a) Test to obtain PH value of soils.
b) Test to determine electrical conductivity of soil (Ec)
When Ec is upto 1 decisiemens / m, the agricultural land is non saline. When Ec is in the
range of 1 to 3 decisiemens / m, the agricultural land is demarked as slightly or partially
saline. Where the Ec values are more than 3 decisiemens / m, the agricultural land is termed
as fully saline.
11.3 Drainage system –
In the Vashishti Valley (WF 56 to 61), Irrigation Research Division, Kalawa-Thane is not
monitoring the affected area. The availability in this valley is highly abundant. One medium
and 9 minor projects are in the valley. Soil is drainable and slopes are steep, No damaged
area is noticed.
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11.4 Land Damage Index –
Land Damage Index for command area is defined as percentage ratio of damaged
area and irrigable command area.
Land Damage Index = Damage area in Ha. X 100
Irrigable command area in Ha.
The damage area (in Ha) in the above definition includes both, Water logged area and
area affected due to soil salinity. Every year DIRD collects data of damaged area and the land
damage index is worked out and monitered.
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Sub Basin
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Vashishti
Valley
Chapter No. 12
Drinking Water
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Sub Basin
140
Chapter No. 12
Drinking Water (Municipal And Rural)
12.1 INTRODUCTION
All water supply schemes designed for 15 years projected population. As per the
availability, Bore wells, Percolation Wells, Percolation Tanks, Dams are the main sources for
water supply schemes. Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran, Zilla Parishad and local bodies
under takes various type of schemes i.e. Regional/Individual Schemes, Full Deposit Schemes
depends upon the requirement of local bodies. As the Govt. of India incorporated Bharat
Nirman Programme for drinking water in rural areas. i.e. NRDWP (National Rural Drinking
Water Programme.)
There are various type of heads like, UIDSSMT (Urban Infrastructure Development
Scheme for Small & Medium Town), MSNA (Maharashtra Sujal Nirmal Abhiyan),
NAGAROTTHAN etc. to execute the schemes in Urban areas, depends upon the cost of the
scheme or requirement of local body. Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran executes the
schemes, cost more than Rs. 7.50 crores and the schemes up to Rs. 7.50 crores executed by
local Zilla Parishad as per the Govt. resolution. After the successful completion of the one
year trial runs all the scheme (individual/regional) handed over to the local body for regular
operation and maintenance.
In rural area rate of water supply is 40 to 70 LPCD depends upon the population. In
Urban areas the design rate of water supply scheme is 100 LPCD. For the underground
drainage system, design rate of water supply scheme is considered as 135 LPCD which is
minimum requirement for running the drainage system. All water supply schemes are based
on guideline issued by GOI/GOM. All projects have been developed based on sector reforms
adopted of GOI/GOM.
Our approach in this respect should therefore be that the local bodies should
essentially stick up to the supply norms after fulfillment of the conditions prescribed by
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Sub Basin
141
CPHEEO Manual. Till the time this is achieved, they should be content with and accept a
lower supply rate from the municipal system. In other words the local bodies even for larger
towns and cities should manage their present demand with 100 LPCD supply. Concurrently
they should take up sewerage schemes and after the schemes are completed (which is a time
consuming process) proposals for augmentation of water supply for increasing supply rate
from 100 LPCD to 135 LPCD a requisite for sewerage schemes can be initiated. It is possible
that this would be resisted by the people at large and also by the local Politicians. However in
the larger interest this has to be insisted.
As per the State Water Board guidelines, requirement of rural water is worked @100
LPCD including cattle demand and the Urban Water demand is considered @ 135 LPCD.
Alternative source for the local bodies, such as,
a) Roof rain water harvesting,
b) Recharging /restoring of groundwater,
c) Making best use of local wells which might have been abandoned,
12.2 Coverage of Scheme in the Vashishti Valley
Vashishti Valley includes 4 talukas.
Municipal Corporation : 00 No
NagarParishad Grade :
A : 00 No
B : 00 No
C : 02 No
Nagar Panchayat : 01 No
No of Schemes Urban Completed : 03 No
Rural Completed (by ZP) - : 434 Nos.
Rural Completed (by MJP) - : 12 Nos.
12.3 POPULATION, WATER DEMAND AND SUPPLY – Estimation of Rural Population – The details of rural area such as the village names,
population (Year 2014) and projected population (Year 2030). The population growth rate is
depend upon last five decades population. The trend of population growth is reducing due
to urbanization as well as due to up-gradation of few villages from Village Panchayat status to
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Sub Basin
142
Municipal Council level, and therefore the future growth of village population in the villages
under Vashishti Valleyis considered as 16 % per decade up-to year 2030.
For rural area (villages), the design rate of water supply is at 40 liters/capita/day. The
water demand at 100 liters/day/person including live stock. (gross at source) for the year
2030 is considered which includes the system losses and other use and at this rate of
supply, the gross annual water demand at the abstraction points would be 29.098 Mcum of
ground and surface water.
It is a common experience that villages face water scarcity during summer. It is
therefore proposed that every village shall have a storage tank (similar to village tank) to
store raw water and its capacity shall be to meet needs for 100 days. This will be in the form
of a water bank and would enable villages to tide over the situation during scarcity period the
combined grid system, every year.
The details of rural and urban Water Supply Schemes as received from MJP, ZP and
other local bodies. The drinking water requirement for urban and rural area is given in
following Table-12.1 –The rural water requirement including live stock is considered @ 100
liters/capita/day and the urban water requirement is considered @ 135 liters/capita/day.
TABLE 12.1 -DOMESTIC USE
Category No. of
Scheme
s
Present Present Water Populati
on
Water Requirement
Population
(in lakhs)
Use in (Mm3) @ 100 Liters/day/
capita for rural & @
135Liters/day/capita for
Urban
(Mm3) 2030
(in
lakhs)
Surface Ground Total Surface Ground Total
Water Water Water Water
Urban
Councils
3 0.88 2.8457 0 2.8457 1.10 5.4044 0.00 5.4044
Rural 446 5.18 1.9336 5.7204 7.654 6.48 5.8159 17.879 23.694
4
Total 449 6.06 4.7793 5.7204 10.499
7
7.58 11.220
3
17.878
5
29.098
8
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143
Note: In future, the supply rate in rural areas is expected to be adopted as 100 LPCD (which
would be inclusive of demand of cattle) and in that case the requirement of water would be
5.8159 Mcum from surface water and 17.8785 Mcum from groundwater. For scarcity
purpose, Water requirement of 0.016 Mcum @ 20 lpcd is assumed.
There are 03 No. Urban schemes covering their future population 1.10 lakh with total
demand of water 5.4044 Mcum. This requirement will be met with from surface source.
Similarly, requirement of rural population 6.48 lakh will also be met from surface & ground
source. The total water requirement for non-irrigation purpose as seen from above table is
23.6944 Mcum and total future requirement by 2030 is 29.098 Mcum.
12.4 MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES The Rural as well as Urban Water Supply Schemes (WSS) are based on lifting the water from
some source like irrigation tanks or weirs and supplying water through piped distribution
system. At present the water supply is not metered but water meter fixing work is in
progress, so in future the supply will be made on meter basis.
To calculate the actual water losses for schemes the water audit is in progress and
accordingly the remedies will be done.
Following problems are faced by domestic water supply agencies –
i) The water supply schemes are not self supporting.
ii) The supply is not metered.
iii) Losses are high due to illegal connections/ tapings, leakages in pipes and valves. Local
organizations (Gram Panchayat /Municipalities /Corporations) are not willing to take WSS
for O&M.
iv) In some areas, there is no sewerage system so much water is used to drain sewage. Also
polluted water directly mix in source causing high load on purifying the water.
v) Refusing permissions to use tap water from municipal system for activities like
construction of buildings, gardening etc.
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144
TABLE 12.4.1- STATUS OF COMPLETED WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES
Annexure XI P.No. 305 to 310
Sr.
No.
Valley Name of
District
No. of Rural W.S.
Schemes
No. of Urban
Schemes
1 Vashishti Ratnagiri 446 03
Total 446 03
TABLE 12.3- INCOME AND O&M EXPENDITURE
Sr.
No.
Valley Dist Type of
Connections
No. Rate/No
. In Rs.
(Av.)
Income
(Lakhs)
O&M
Expenditure
(Lakhs)
1 Vashishti Ratnagiri
Domestic
Not available Commercial
Note :- Type of connections, No., Rate/No in Rs., Income and O&M expenditure of water
supply schemes are not available from MJP and ZP Departments.
12.4.1 FOLLOWING PLANS ARE SUGGESTED
• Total domestic water requirement for the village/town to be worked out based on
standard norms. Deduct from it the existing water supply available from the local sources
(e.g. Wells, Tanks, etc.)
• Augmenting the existing water sources through watershed development works and
deducts it from the total requirement.
• Balance requirement, if any, may be satisfied from the resource available outside of the
area.
• Supply should be metered and charged on volumetric basis.
• Training should be provided to operating staff.
• Sewerage system in each area shall be done to avoid water pollutions.
• Recycling of waste water.
• Participation of Local bodies, (e.g. G.P., M.C.s,) for operation and maintenance of water
supply scheme.
• While permission for Construction of buildings, roof rain water harvesting should be
made compulsory.
• Making best use of local sources (wells, bores ,tanks etc)
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Sub Basin
145
12.5 DISTRIBUTION AND MANAGEMENT (O&M) In urban areas, the distribution of drinking water is through underground pipeline
network. The Zonal Elevated Service Reservoirs supply water to the distribution network.
Mostly, there is limited time (1 to 2 hours/day) water supply and timing varies from area to
area in the city.
There are no sincere efforts from local bodies to minimize the losses but these are
about 20% to 30% or may be more in some towns. There is prime need to identify the
leakage spots and rectify the leakages regularly. Zone wise water meter should be provided
to control uniform distribution of water.
Assessment of the present situation of the O and M of water in cities / towns reveals:
i) Meters are fixed at source.
ii) Flow meters should be provided as per the zones.
iii) As well as water meters should be provided in distribution system.
12.6 MANAGEMENT PLAN AND INFRASTRUCTURE i) Survey of leak detection in the distribution system is taken up. In the mean time there
should be focus on replacement of old, unserviceable distribution mains.
ii) Installation of ultrasonic flow meters for raw as well as treated water system.
Requirement of meters needs to be assessed and provided. In addition adequate staff for
measurement and maintenance needs to be provided.
iii) Installation of wireless flow monitoring system for better water supply management has
to be adopted. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition i.e. "SCADA" system to be
adopted.
iv) Improve quality of services of old water supply system.
v) Ensure connectivity to 100% area should be tanker free.
vi) a) Supply of water through piped system from source.
b) Financial management.
c) Telescopic tariff.
d) Water Quality Monitoring.
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146
12.7 SPECIAL CONSIDERATION FOR RURAL WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES It is a common experience that Rural Schemes are not properly operated and
maintained. This is observed both in case of individual as well as Regional water
supply Schemes. Reasons are however different. In case of individual schemes, apart
from source getting dried up, there are un-attended leakages and that electricity bills
are not paid which is often the result of poor recovery of water charges.
In case of Regional water supply Schemes, another aspect needs serious
consideration. Since electricity bill charges are not paid, the system stops functioning
but this is mostly due to differences among villages covered and Apex committee.
Sustainability of the schemes is thus in danger. With the result valuable assets remain
unutilised and this is a serious case of wastage of assets. There are cases where,
instead of finding a solution, New individual schemes are proposed and
implemented.This is essentially a sensitive issue but nobody appears to pay any
attention.
It is, therefore, suggested that in case of Regional water supply Schemes, the
Statewide agency (MJP) shall be involved, which has a long standing experience and
technically expertise. This Agency shall take responsibility of supplying water upto the
point of bulk supply (Metered) on the village boundary. If required, an underground
storage be constructed to store day's requirement. The local body shall be
responsible for further pumping and distribution including additional disinfection if
required. The statewide agency shall bear all the expenses for bulk supply inclusive of
electric bills, so that the system does not stop functioning for non payment of
electricity bills. The agency shall fix water charges to recover both the operating
charges as well as capital cost.
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147
12.8 RECYCLE & REUSE OF WATER FOR IRRIGATION
In view of recycling of water it is proposed to construct a sewage
treatment plant in urban areas by which the B.O.D. & C.O.D. can be brought to
accepteble limits so that the treated water can be use for irrigation & other
purpose.
At the Municipal council area, waste water can be collected from Sewerage
Treatment Plant (STP) and any other measures available with local body. As per the
water supply norms, nearly 80% waste water is proposed for Irrigation & other
purpose after recycle and reuse.
In future, out of 80 % of waste water, nearly 40 to 70 % waste water is
proposed for recycle and reuse.
No water is to be recycling proposed under this Shastri Valleyvillage. Hence,
additional water that can not be made available after recycling for non irrigation &
other purpose would be 0.00 Mm3 by the year 2030. The details are given in table
12.4 below,
TABLE 12.8.1- RECYCLE & REUSE
Sr.
No
.
Valley Dist. Use of
Water
for
Urban/
Rural &
Industri
es
(Mm3)
Return
flow
expected
(80%)
(Mm3)
Qty. of
water
for
recycle
& Reuse
(Mm3)
Investme
nt Cost.
Rs. Crores
Remark
1 Vashishti
Ratnagiri
Urban 0 0 0 0 No STP
Unit in
Working. Rural 0 0 0 0
Total 0 0 0 0
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Sub Basin
148
Vashishti
Valley
Chapter No. 13
Industries
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149
Chapter -13
Industries
13.1 Introduction :-
Industries department is instrumental for development of industries in the state. To
speed up the industrial development, Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation
(MIDC) was constituted on August 1, 1962 under the provisions of Maharashtra Industrial
Development (MID) Act, 1961. Industrial areas managed by MIDC are located in different
parts of the States with major industrial centers at Mumbai, Pune, Aurangabad, Nasik,
Nagpur and Kolhapur. These industrial areas have been classified as five star industrial area,
major industrial area, minor industrial area and growth centers based on certain criteria. The
broad objectives of MIDC are as follows:
• To achieve balanced industrial development of Maharashtra with an emphasis on
developing parts and underdeveloped parts of the State
• Infrastructural development of each and every district of Maharashtra.
• Facilitate entrepreneurs in setting up industries at various locations
The MIDC has been declared as an agent of the State Government for carrying out the
activities within the framework of the MID Act and the MID Rules. These activities can be
divided under following 3 broad categories.
• Acquisition and disposal of land
• Provision of infrastructure facilities
• Providing of services.
In the context of provision of various services, the Corporation provides water supply services
to the units in its industrial areas. The investment on the water supply scheme (Head works)
made by MIDC is more than Rs. 1000 Crore with installed capacity of water supply of 1941
Million Liter per Day (MLD).
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150
13.2 Regulation of Water Supply in MIDC Areas
For the purpose of regulating the water supply operations of the Corporation the
GoM has prescribed a legal and financial mechanism between them. The salient features of
the mechanism are as given below:
• A water supply scheme providing water to more than one industrial area in grid system is
termed as centralized water supply scheme, the asset ownership of which remains with the
MIDC. On the other hand a water supply scheme catering the need of only one industrial
area is termed as localized water supply scheme with asset ownership remaining with
Government.
• The water supply made either from centralized or localized water supply scheme is treated
as supply made on behalf of Government and the revenue thus collected is shown as revenue
accruing to the Government.
• The operating expenditure of centralized water supply scheme is debited to the
Corporations account while the operating expenditure of localized water supply scheme is
debited to the account of Government through its function agency.
• The Corporation is allocated the portion of the water revenue so as to meet its net
operating and other expenses.
• The surplus/deficit accrued after deducting operating expenses for water supply from the
water revenues is borne by the Government.
13.3 Major Water Consuming Industrial sectors
� Boiler and Cooling
� Paper Pulp and Processing
� Beverages and Food processing
� Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals
� Textiles, Jute fiber, Wool Silk etc
� Repair and Services
� Washing, Cleaning, Solvent
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151
The deatils of water use in various sectors
Type of Industry Water Use Intensity
Manufacture of Food Products Medium
Manufacture of Beverages, Tobacco & Related Products High
Manufacture of Cotton Textiles Low
Manufacture of Wool, Silk and Man – made Fibre Textiles Low
Manufacture of Jute and other Vegetable Fibre Textiles (except
Cotton)
Low
Manufacture of Paper and Paper Products and Printing,
Publishing & Allied Industries
High
Manufacture of Leather and Leather Products, Fur & Leather
stitutes
Medium
Manufacture of Basic Chemicals and Chemical Products (Except
Products of Petroleum and Coal)
Medium
Manufacture of Rubber, Plastic, Petroleum and Coal Products;
Processing of Nuclear Fuels
Low
Manufacture of Non Metallic Mineral Products Low
Basic Mental and Alloys Industries Low
Manufacture of Metal Products and parts, except machinery
and Equipment
Low
Electricity Medium
Gas and Steam Generation and Distribution Through Pipes High
13.4 Present Scenario
Rapid industrialization and urbanization coupled with continuous decline in per capita
water availability is putting a lot of pressure on the available water resources. As per the
Central Water Commission (India) estimates, the future water requirements for meeting the
demands of various sections would be about 1093 BCM for the year 2025 and 1447 BCM for
the year 2050. The increasing gap between water availability and demand highlights the need
for conservation of water.
All the water supply schemes in designated Industrial area of MIDC are based on
efficient Water Use and Conservation Efficient water use means reducing the demand by
improving personal habits; reducing wastes; creating an adequate rate schedule; deriving
benefits from technical developments as well as from water management techniques,
coordinating the management of hydraulic resources with that of the land and economical
and social aspects; promoting norms and regulations. In short, efficient water use consists of
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Sub Basin
152
optimizing water usage. There is absolute efficiency, to use the least amount of water
possible; economic efficiency, which seeks to derive maximum economical benefits; social
efficiency, which strives to fulfill the needs of the user community; ecological efficiency,
which guarantees natural resources \conservation; and institutional efficiency, which
qualifies the function of an institution regarding its water related tasks.
13.5 Present use of Water in Vashishti Valley: In Vashishti valley there are four MIDCs viz. Kherdi MIDC, Gane Khadapoli MIDC and
Lote Parashuram and Additional Lote MIDC. There are 341 no of Industries. These industries
use water from Vashishti river of Vashishti valley.
The present and future water requirement for industries is as follow.
Table.13.5.1 :- Status of Water for Industries (Kherdi MIDC, Gane Khadapoli MIDC and Lote
Parashuram and Additional Lote MIDC)
Sr.
No.
Category of
Industries
No.
of
Units
Present Water Use
(Mm3)
Industrial
Development
in 2030
Water req.
for
Industries
in 2030
Surface
Water
Ground
Water
Total
1) Agro based
industries
341
7.72
0
7.72
51.56
2) Chemical industries
3) Paper industries
4) Iron & Steel
industries
5) Ruber @ Plastic
6) Auto spare
7) Leather industries
8) Educational
Institute
The provision for industrial water use in this valleyis 51.56 Mm3 through Vashishti
river. The total present water requirement for above industries is actual water is being used
7.72 Mm3.
At present neither the Nagarparishads nor the industries are measuring the return
flows and recycling and reuse effluent.
Master Plan for Integrated Development and Management of Water resources of Vashishti Sub Basin
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13.6 Annual Turnover and no. of Workers --
From the details of industries the abstract of turnover and no. of workers are given as below.
Table 13.6.1 Details of Industries (Kherdi MIDC, Gane Khadapoli MIDC and Lote
Parashuram and Additional Lote MIDC)
Sr.
No.
Type of Industries Annual Turnover
(in Lacs)
No. of
Workers
A. Agro based industries
1) Agro based industries (Milk Production)
2) Agro based industries (Textile)
B. Non Agro based industries 242652.34 14972
1) Non Agro based industries (Chemical)
2) Non Agro based industries (Metal & Alloy)
3) NonAgro based industries (Auto Spares parts)
Total 242652.34 14972
Another aspect of dealing with demands of water for industrial use is , to estimate
the demand of the water for the industrial estate or individual industry on the basis of nature
of the industry and requirements of that type of industry.
When the question of reservation of surface water crops up, blanket permissions
should not be granted. This is in context of experience that actual consumption of water is
far less than quota reserved. Since the entire quota is reserved irrigation department also
cannot make any use of it. Initially a beginning should be made with minimum quantity to be
reserved, which can be reviewed when more number of industries start functioning.
The losses of water are not seen from the Kherdi MIDC, Gane Khadapoli MIDC and
Lote Parashuram and Additional Lote MIDC.
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13.7 Reduction in water losses…
Present status of water losses on centralized WSS is to the tune of average 13.50%
since last 4-5 years. MIDC is exercising drive to minimize losses by way of frequent checking
& calibration of water meters of users, recommendations to use Class-B water meters.
Moreover accurate measurements for Area Group/Zone are monitored at
Section/division/Division level with large size flow meters. These supplies are cross checked
with actual assessment by every month & such review is taken up frequently. Preventive
maintenance & minimizing breakdowns on system as well as on pipelines is being punctually
attended, which resulted to keep wastage of water within considerable extent. Considering
huge network & water loss quantity, vigorous efforts are being taken up. It is also given to
understand that, MIDC has undertaken program of replacement of assets, modernization &
up-gradation of equipment’s to improve system efficiency.
13.8 Recycling & Reuse of water…
At present there is no any use of water in Vashishti valley for industries. So there is no
question of recycling water.
13.9 Future industrial water requirement for the valley.
Future industrial water requirement as obtained from various industries in the
valley is 51.56 Mm3. The provision of water for Industrial purposes for year 2030 valley is
51.56 Mm3.
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Vashishti
Valley Chapter No. 14
Legal Issues
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Chapter No. 14
Legal Issues 14.1 LEGAL ISSUES Vashishti Valley having area 1671.01 Sq KM and Vashishti is the main river originating in
sahyadri ghat ranges near Nive and flows to west and meet aeriban sea near Dabhol having
length 74 Km . Total maximum and minimum rainfall is 5193 mm & 2866 mm . Total available
yield in Vashishti valleyis - 9544.56 Mcum.
In Vashishti valley no any legal issue related to water .
14.2 WATER LAWS
Following are the Water Laws is operation in the State/Country.
The list of water laws is as given below –
1) Article 21 of the Constitution.
2) Article 39 of the Constitution.
3) Article 252 of the Constitution.
4) Land Acquisition Act, 1894.
5) Indian Forest Act, 1927.
6) The Bombay Land Improvements Schemes Act, 1942.
7) River Boards Act, 1956.
8) Land Revenue Code, 1956.
9) Inter State Water Dispute Act, 1956.
10) The Bombay Village Panchayat Act, 1958.
11) Maharashtra Fisheries Act, 1960.
12) Maharashtra Zilla Parishad & Panchayat Act, 1961.
13) Insecticides Act, 1968.
14) Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972.
15) Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.
16) Maharashtra Irrigation Act, 1976.
17) Water Cess Act, 1977.
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18) Maharashtra Kharland Development Act 1979.
19) The Forest Conservation Act, 1980.
20) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.
21) Environmental Protection Act, 1986.
22) Maharashtra Project affected persons Rehabilitation Act, 1986.
23) Maharashtra Groundwater (Regulation for Drinking Water Purposes) Act, 1993.
24) Krishna Basin Development Corporation Act, 1996.
25) Vidarbha Irrigation Development Corporation Act, 1996.
26) Tapi Irrigation Development Corporation Act, 1997.
27) Kokan Irrigation Development Corporation Act, 1997.
28) Godavari Marathwada Irrigation Development Corporation Act, 1998.
29) Maharashtra District Planning Committees Act, 1998.
30) Maharashtra Project Affected Persons Rehabilitation Act, 2001.
31) Biological Diversity Act, 2002.
32) National Water Policy, 2002.
33) The Biodiversity Act, 2003.
34) State Water Policy – Maharashtra, 2003.
35) Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority Act, 2005.
36) Hydro-power Policy Water Resource Department (WRD), Government of Maharashtra
through its Policy No. PVT-1204/(160/2004)/HP, dated 15th September, 2005.
37) Guidelines for EIA, 1997, 2006.
38) Maharashtra Management of Irrigation Systems by Farmers (MMISF) Act, 2005.
39) The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Rights) Act,
2006.
40) SC Green Bench, NEAA-2009.
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14.3 Some important Policies, Laws and Acts of Maharashtra State-
1. State Water Policy, 2003
Objectives-
The objectives of Maharashtra State Water Policy, 2003 are to ensure sustainable
development and optimal use and management of the State’s Water Resources to provide
the greatest economic and social benifits for the people of Maharashtra in a manner that
maintens importnat ecological values within rivers and adjoining lands.
To adopt an Integrated, multi-sectoral and river valley Approach to the water resources
planning, development and management on a sustainable basis taking a river valley and
valleyas the unit. The State Water Policy also stipulates that the river valley agencies shall
have the responsibility and authority for the integrated planning, development and
management of the water resources and watersheds of their respective river valleys; for
flood management, drought management and operation and maintenance of water storage
and delivery infrastructure. These river valley agencies shall prepare integrated river
valleyplans with the effective inclusion and participation of representative of all valley water
user entities, categories of water users and other stake holders. Such valley plans shall
include a development plan, a long-term operation plan, a monitoring plan, a comprehensive
watershed management plan, an efficiency improvement and water conservation plan and a
waste minimization and water quality management plan.
2. The Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority Act, 2005
(ACT NO. XVIII OF 2005)
At the beginning of this century, the State faced the following problems in the water sector:
i. Inter-sectoral and intra-sectoral conflicts amongst various categories of water users.
ii. Fragmented approach to water resources planning and development
iii. Low water use efficiency
iv. Fiscal strain in meeting operation and management costs from water tariff revenue
v. Large number of incomplete irrigation projects and inadequate funds to complete them.
These problems necessitated a radical change in the approach to water resources
development and management in order to meet the challenges of the 21st century. An act to
provide for the establishment of the Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority to
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regulate water resources within the State of Maharashtra, facilitate and ensure judicious,
equitable and sustainable management, allocation and utilisation of water resources, fix the
rates for use of water for agriculture, industrial, drinking and other purposes, and matters
connected therewith or incidental thereto
It was expedient to make a law to provide for the establishment of the Maharashtra Water
Resources Regularity Authority to regulate water resources within the State of Maharashtra,
facilitate and ensure judicious, equitable and sustainable management, allocation and
utilisation of water resources, fix the rates for use of water for agriculture, industrial, drinking
and other purposes, and matters connected therewith or incidental thereto, for the purposes
aforesaid, realising such a need, the state government initiated a number of administrative
and legal reforms which constitute broadly what is known as the ‘Water Sector Reforms’.
These include the formulation of the comprehensive State Water Policy 2003,
implementation of a Water Sector Improvement Project to rehabilitate 286 irrigation projects
(major, medium and minor) and the enactment, in March 2005, of two statutes namely the
Maharashtra Management of Irrigation Systems by Famers (MMISF) Act and the Maharashtra
Water Resources Regulatory Authority (MWRRA) Act. The MWRRA was established in August
2005 and became operational in mid-2006.
3. PROPOSED NEW ACT
The Integrated Water Resources Management Plan after finalization will have to be
implemented by various Agencies such as WRD, Agriculture Department, GSDA, MPCB, MJP,
MIDC, etc. under overall control of River Valley Authority (RBA). A new act with respect to
this will have to be enacted.
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Vashishti
Valley Chapter No. 15
Trans-Basin Diversion
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Chapter No. 15
Trans-Basin Diversion
15.1 Introduction
This chapter deals with Inter Valley Diversions identified at National level and State
level. The intra-basin transfer of water within Valley is also assessed. Vashishti, Vaitarni,
Jagbudi, Dubi, Pimpali and Jog are the rivers flowing in this valley. Vashishti Valley has 75%
dependable yied of 9544.56 Mcum. (75% dependability) (270.27 TMC) of available water.
The valleyhas present use of 302.31 Mcum and future use of 502.77 Mcum. Against
available 9544.56 Mcum. (75% dependability) (i.e. 270.27 TMC) Balance water after present
and futere use is 8739.475 Mcum.
15.2 Inter-Valley Diversions at National Level
Quantity of water 2262.09 Mcum water is diverted from Krishna Basin (Koyna Dam)
after Hydro electric genaration from Koyna Stage I, II, III and IV in Vashishti River.
15.3 Inter-ValleyDiversion at State Level:-
There is no reference about transfer of water from Vashishti Valley to another valley
at State Level.
15.3.1 Existing Infrastructure
The existing infrastructure in Vashishti valley in Maharashtra has capability to use 302.31
Mcum inspite of Maharashtra’s use. Tatal available water in Vashishti valley is 9544.56
Mcum. (75% dependability).
15.3.2 Import and export of water from Valley.
In Vashishti valley the storage created is 147.82 Mcum against 9544.56 Mcum
and future storage planed as 177.25 Mcum (Ongoing and future Irrigation Projects).
This water will be more than sufficient to fulfill the needs of valley hence there is no
any requirement of import from another valley.
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