validating a smartphone-based pedestrian navigation system prototype - an informal eye-tracking...
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Validating a smartphone-based pedestrian navigation system prototype
An informal eye-tracking pilot test
M. Kluge & H. AscheUniversity of PotsdamGermany
ICCSA 2012, Salvador de Bahia, 19.06.2012
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Structure
1. Introduction
2. Concept
3. Eye-Tracking
4. Results
5. Summary
Introduction
Summary
1
3
5
2
4
Results Eye-Tracking
Concept
Structure
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Chapter 1 | Introduction
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Pedestrian traffic is an integrated part of traffic Pedestrians are road users and passengers in public
transport existing navigation systems for pedestrians are based on
2D map representations or depict reality as a 3D model the majority of PNS on the market are smaller versions of
VNS Navigation problems occur if the user is unable to relate
the information of an instruction to the real environment one reason is the visualization of the navigation instruction
Pedestrian Navigation
Chapter 1| Introduction
time
siz
e
time
con
ten
tHypothesis:The use of Augmented Reality corresponds to the appearance of human perception and relates the AR instructions to prominent objects and allows the implementation in the real environment.
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AR allows the user to see the image of the real world superimposed with virtual objects
AR is part of the virtual continuum of the mixed reality mixed reality combines different forms of representation AR supplements the environment with extensive
information instead of recreating or replacing it
Augmented Reality
Chapter 1| Introduction
Virtual EnvironmentAugmented Virtuality
Mixed Reality
Real Environment Augmented Reality
Source: Milgram & Kishino, 1994
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Chapter 2 | Concept
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the central focus is the combination of reality and virtual reality
this common view will be extended by a virtual route representation, which follows the route course in reality
the structure is as follows: the perspective adjustment and the calculation of the virtual
image scene require a data model, which remains hidden from the viewer
the prototype is the result of a virtual route that is superimposed on the front of the camera image
the instruction is displayed on the screen and perceived by the user
Conception
Chapter 2| Concept
Map Data Virtual Route
Camera Image
RealityView Screen User
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the prototype has a modular construction and based on an free and open source navigation platform (http://www.navit-project.org/)
the structure of the concept consists of the three processes registration, tracking and presentation registration process: captures position and alignment from
sensors tracking process: specifies the trace of virtual objects presentation process: describes the output on the screen
Construction
Chapter 2| Concept
Graphical System Video Overlay Reality
Video Stream
Camera
VirtualRoute
User
Tracking
OrientationCompass
Acceleration
GPS
Sensor Presentation
Hardware
Display
Registration
Alignment
Envi
ronm
enta
l con
ditio
ns
Augmented Reality
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RealityViewPresentation the screen can be operated in
two display-modes (AR & map) the activation or change is
done by changing the alignment of the unit
Virtual Cable a virtual route will be
positioned with respect to the real location
Concept is taken from vehicle navigation and called Virtual Cable
Features are described as “safe, simple and intuitive”
navigates a user along a route without a detailed description
Chapter 2| Concept
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Chapter 3 | Eye-Tracking
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Eye-Tracking TechnologyTechnology Eye-Tracking records the eye
movements and the point of gaze
is described as a non-invasive, video-based technology
the use of a mobile eye-tracker allows the recording in outdoor areas
the tracking process consists of the following steps: calibration procedure to measure
the properties of the eye measure of the pupil center locate the relative position of the
corneal reflection calculate the direction of gaze
Chapter 3| Eye-TrackingSo
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Eye-Tracking SetupExperimental Procedure only a pilot test was performed test sessions divided in three
parts Introduction Test Run Questionnaire
Experimental Setup a user-centered eye camera
captures the point of gaze a scene camera records the
real environment both are mounted on a
headgear the recorded information is
stored by a mobile computer
Chapter 3| Eye-Tracking
Eye and scene camera
Helmet
SmartphoneComputer
Scene camera
Smartphone camera
Eye camera
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the evaluation allows scientific analysis of eye movement and displays the duration of fixation in front of the video sequence
the following properties would be measured: the pattern of various fixations (scan paths) the time spent looking at display elements (growing circle) the deployment of prominent objects in the real environment
Eye-Tracking Evaluation
Chapter 3| Eye-Tracking
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Chapter 4 | Results
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Test Run
Chapter 4| Results
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with one exception, all test subjects had an identical favorite at the individual stations most of the users tried to use the AR-mode at decision points
with more than one possibility the map display was used more often along two decision
points
all of them used prominent objects to recognize the instruction in the real environment
the most common navigation strategy of a user was to follow the virtual cable in the AR-mode, and to display the target and current location in the 2D map
conclusion: the AR display provides a detailed navigation at decision
points the map display allows a better overview
Test Run Results
Chapter 4| Results
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Structure the questionnaire based on the
System Usability Scale (SUS) had an extent of ten questions the rating based on the Likert-
Scale the validation results provided a
mean score of 75 out of 100 points
a SUS score of 75 points can be interpreted as a grade of B
all test subjects rate the third statement, "I thought the system was easy to use" with value 5
in conclusion, the requirement of intuitive use has been fulfilled
Chapter 4| Results
Questionnaire
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100
1
2
3
4
5
6
Person 1 Person 2 Person 3 question
resp
onse
75
70%
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Chapter 5 | Summary
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the paper described the conceptual structure of an AR-based PNS and the validation based on eye-tracking technology
the validation of the prototype confirms the hypothesis that the use of Augmented Reality for pedestrian navigation is possible and is also accepted by the user group
the evaluation of an eye-tracking pilot study proved that the use of AR favors the selection of prominent objects in the environment
Outlook a key role in the success of future developments is located
in the precision and quality of the hardware devices and especially to the accuracy of the built-in sensor components
a meaningful evaluation of the prototype requires a quantitative evaluation over a longer period and a repetition and expansion of the presented eye-tracking pilot test
Summary
Chapter 5| Summary
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Thank You for your attention!
Mario Kluge & Hartmut Asche
University of Potsdam
Department of Geography
mario.kluge@uni-potsdam.de
hartmut.asche@uni-potsdam.de
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