u.s. space-based positioning, navigation, and timing (pnt) policy and modernization china executive...
Post on 28-Dec-2015
216 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
U.S. Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Policy and Modernization
China Executive Management Development Training (EMDT) MITRE, McLean, VA
25 July 2006
Michael ShawDirector
U.S. National Space-based PNT Coordination Office
2China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
Overview
• What is Space Based PNT and GPS
• How GPS and Its Augmentations Work
• GPS Performance
• Next-Generation GPS
• U.S. Policy
• International Cooperation
3China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
•Space Based PNT is GPS plus its augmentations
•GPS is a space-based radio-navigation system
– Satellites broadcast precise and synchronized time signals and data to allow users to estimate their position, velocity, and time
•Augmentations improve GPS performance
What is Space Based PNT and GPS?
4China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
The Global Positioning System
• Baseline 24 satellite constellation in medium earth orbit
• Global coverage, 24 hours a day, all weather conditions
• Satellites broadcast precise time and orbit information on L-band radio frequencies
• Two types of signals:– Standard (free of direct user fees)– Precise (U.S. and Allied military)
• Three segments: – Space– Ground control– User equipment
5China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
Operational Control Segment Facilities
Master Control StationMaster Control Station
FAIRBANKS
USNO WASH D.C.
NEW ZEALAND
ECUADOR
ARGENTINA
ENGLAND
BAHRAIN
SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH KOREA
COLORADO SPRINGS
VANDENBERG, AFB
HAWAII
GAITHERSBURG
CAPE CANAVERAL
ASCENSION
DIEGO GARCIA
KWAJALEIN
TAHITI
AUSTRALIA
Alternate Master Control Station (AMCS) Ground Antenna (GA)
Monitor Station (MS)National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) Tracking Station
Master Control Station (MCS) Backup Master Control Station (BUMCS)
6China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
U.S. Augmentations
Nationwide Differential GPS Wide Area Augmentation System
Local Area Augmentation SystemContinuously Operating Reference Stations
7China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
International Augmentations
Differential GPS Networks
International GNSS Service
Space-Based Augmentation Systems
Global Differential GPS System
8China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
Commercial GPS Applications Span
A Wide Range of Economic Activities
Commercial GPS Applications Span
A Wide Range of Economic Activities Satellite
OperationsSatellite
Operations
CommunicationsNetwork
Synchronization
CommunicationsNetwork
Synchronization
Surveying & MappingSurveying & Mapping
Fishing & BoatingFishing & BoatingOffshore
DrillingOffshore Drilling
RecreationRecreation
Trucking & ShippingTrucking & Shipping
Personal NavigationPersonal
Navigation
AviationAviation
RailroadsRailroads
Power GridManagementPower Grid
Management
9China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
―Navigation -- Aircraft, land
vehicles, ships, &
satellites)– Precise timing
– Surveying
– Map making – Science
– Hiking
– Driving
– Flying
– Cell phones (e.g. e 911 services)
– Farming
– Boating
– Fishing
– Tracking wildlife
– Atmospheric/Space weather
– Visually impaired
– Computer security
– Games
Example Applications
10China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
New Commercial Applications Are Developed Every Day
• Open pit mining• Child safety• Automatic snowplow
guidance• Spacecraft control• Power grid management• Wireless mobile
applications
11China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
GPS is a Global Public Service
• Free access to civilian signals– One-way broadcast, like FM radio
• Public domain documentation– Anyone can develop user equipment
• Worldwide utility providing consistent, predictable, dependable performance– Critical component of global information
infrastructure• Owned and operated by the U.S. Government
– Paid for by U.S. taxpayers– Guided at a national level as multi-use asset– Acquired and operated by Air Force on behalf of USG
Available Now—Empowering the FutureAvailable Now—Empowering the Future
12China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
Overview
• What is Space Based PNT and GPS
• How GPS and Its Augmentations
Work
• GPS Performance
• Next-Generation GPS
• U.S. Policy
• International Cooperation
13China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
GPS – How does it work?
•GPS receiver uses signal from at least four satellites to “triangulate” its position in space
•Receiver knows several pieces of information:
– Location of satellites
– Time satellite sent data
– Time it received data
– Velocity data travels to receiver
•Using this information, the receiver calculates its distance from the satellite and ultimately its position on the Earth
China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
How GPS Works
ReceiverReceiverReceiverReceiver
1 ON 3menu
2
Rockwell
4 5 6
7 WPT
8 POS
9 NAV
CLRMARK
0 OFF
NUM LOCK
FIX FOM 1N 42* 01” 46.12”W 091* 38’ 54.36”EL + 00862 ft
ZEROIZE
Time & O
rbit
Position
Tim
e & O
rbit
Po
sition
Time & O
rbit
Position
Calculates 3-Dimensional Location and Time
Tim
e &
Orb
it
Po
siti
on
15China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
Location Determination3D example
Intersection of two spheres is a circle
16China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
Location Determination3D example
Intersection of three spheres is two pointsThe receiver dismisses the point located in space, leaving only one possible position on the earth
17China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
So Why Do We Need 4 Satellites?
4 sec.
6 sec.
5 sec.
5 sec.
7 sec.
6 sec. • With
receiver’s “inaccurate” clock—need 4
• If receiver had built in atomic clock—need 3
• 4th satellite measurement allows receiver to solve for 4th unknown (correction factor)
18China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
Overview
• What is Space Based PNT and GPS
• How GPS and Its Augmentations Work
• GPS Performance
• Next-Generation GPS
• U.S. Policy
• International Cooperation
19China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
Constellation Status
• 16 Block II/IIA satellites
• 12 Block IIR satellites– Modernizing 8 remaining Block IIR
satellites
• 1 Block IIR-M satellite– Transmitting new second civil signal
• Continuously assessing constellation health to determine launch need– Next launch: September 2006
29 Operational Satellites (Baseline Constellation: 24)
29 Operational Satellites (Baseline Constellation: 24)
20China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
GPS IIR-1120 Mar 04
50th GPS Satellite
Providing worldwide position, navigation & timing
GPS IIR-1223 Jun 04
GPS IIR-1306 Nov 04
Recent Launches
GPS IIR-14(M)25 Sep 05
1st Modernized GPS Satellite
21China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
Civil GPS Performance Standard
U.S. commitments to civil GPS performance are documented in the GPS Standard Positioning Service Performance Standard (2001)
In support of the service availability standard, 24 operational satellites must be available on orbit with 0.95 probability (averaged over any day). At least 21 satellites in the 24 nominal plane/slot positions must be set healthy and transmitting a navigation signal with 0.98 probability (yearly averaged).
Performance Standard
Representative Performance
Global Accuracy All-in-View Horizontal 95% All-in-View Vertical 95%
13 m 22 m
4 m 6 m
Worst Site Accuracy All-in-View Horizontal 95% All-in-View Vertical 95%
36 m 77 m
6 m 10 m
System accuracy far exceeds current standardSystem accuracy far exceeds current standard
22China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
Improving GPS Performance with Augmentations
Augmentations enhance GPS accuracy, monitor integrity– Sub-centimeter accuracy for geodesy, geology, etc.– 2-5 cm accuracy for real-time positioning, surveying, etc.– <3 m vertical accuracy with 6 second time to alarm for aviation
.
23China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
U.S. Federal Aviation Administration developed the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) to provide necessary accuracy, integrity, and availability to support flight operations during all phases of flight
Based on observations from January to March 2006. Results are valid when the Localizer Approach with Vertical Guidance (LPV) service is available. During this time frame, LPV was available 98% to 99% of the time.
GPS Performance with WAAS
Augmented GPS fulfills rigorous user needs todayAugmented GPS fulfills rigorous user needs today
Performance Standard
Representative Performance
Best Site Accuracy Horizontal 95% Vertical 95%
2.5 m 2.5 m
.677 m .914 m
Worst Site Accuracy Horizontal 95% Vertical 95%
2.5 m 2.5 m
1.078 m 1.574 m
24China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
Overview
• What is Space Based PNT and GPS
• How GPS and Its Augmentations Work
• GPS Performance
• GPS Modernization
• U.S. Policy
• International Cooperation
25China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
Benefits of GPS Modernization
• For all users– System-wide improvements in accuracy, availability,
integrity, and reliability– Backward compatibility
• For civil users– Higher standalone accuracy– Robustness against interference– Improved indoor, mobile, and urban use– Interoperability with other GNSS constellations
• For military– Enhances navigation warfare
• Maintains international competitiveness
26China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
Block IIA/IIR Block IIIBlock IIR-M, IIF•Backward compatibility
•4th civil signal (L1C)•Increased accuracy•Increased anti-jam power
•Assured availability•Navigation surety•Controlled integrity•Increased security•System survivability
IIR-M: IIA/IIR capabilities plus
•2nd civil signal (L2C)•M-Code (L1M & L2M)
IIF: IIR-M capability plus•3rd civil signal (L5)•Anti-jam flex power
Basic GPS•Standard Service– Single frequency (L1)– Coarse acquisition
(C/A) code navigation•Precise Service– Y-Code (L1Y & L2Y)– Y-Code navigation
Increasing System Capabilities Increasing Defense / Civil Benefit
GPS Modernization Program
27China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
Second Civil Signal
• Designed to meet commercial needs
• Freely available since Dec 2005– Currently on 1 satellite– Will be on all future satellites
• Expected to generate over $5 billion in user productivity benefits
Increases accuracyfor consumers
Benefits existing professional receivers
Supports miniaturization, possible indoor use
28China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
Third Civil Signal
• Designed to meet demanding requirements for transport safety
• May also enable global, centimeter-level accuracy using new techniques
• Opportunity for international interoperability
29China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
Fourth Civil Signal
• Designed with international partners for interoperability
• Modernized civil signal at L1 frequency– Original signal retained for
backward compatibility
• More robust navigation across a broad range of user applications
• Improved performance in challenged tracking environments
Under trees
Inside cities
30China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
GPS III
• Next-generation satellites are needed to accommodate increasing capabilities
• Civil benefits– Provides operational capability for L2C and L5
• In combination with GPS IIR-M and IIF satellites
– Delivers L1C for interoperability with Galileo, QZSS
– Significant increase in system accuracy
– Improved availability of accuracy with integrity
• Revised acquisition strategy– Spiral development approach to reduce risk, increase
flexibility
– Separate contracts for space and ground segments to ensure best technology and most efficient implementation
31China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
GPS III Proposed Accuracy
• Draft System Specifications
• Includes the effects of receivers– Threshold = low-cost/low-performance receiver– Objective = high-cost/high-performance receiver
ACCURACY (95%) THRESHOLD OBJECTIVE
Horizontal 2.5 m 0.5 m
Vertical 4.5 m 1.1 m
Timing 5.7 ns 1.3 ns
32China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
Overview
• What is Space Based PNT and GPS
• How GPS and Its Augmentations Work
• GPS Performance
• Next-Generation GPS
• U.S. Policy
• International Cooperation
33China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
U.S. Policy History
• 1983: President Reagan offers free civilian access to GPS
• 1996: GPS declared a dual-use system under joint civil/military management
• 1997: Congress passes law requiring civil GPS to be provided free of direct user fees
• 2004: President Bush issues new U.S. policy on space-based PNT
34China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
Policy Objectives
• Provide space-based civil PNT services free of direct user fees on a continuous, worldwide basis
• Open, free access to information needed to use civil GPS and its augmentations
• Improve performance of GPS and its augmentations - improving global services– Ensure civil services exceed, or are at least equivalent
to, those of other international civil space-based PNT services
– Improve resistance to interference for civil, commercial, homeland security, and scientific users
• Seek to ensure that international PNT systems are interoperable with GPS and its augmentations– Or, at a minimum, are compatible
35China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
Organizational Structure
WHITE HOUSEWHITE HOUSE
NATIONALSPACE-BASED PNT
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
Co-Chairs: Defense, Transportation
NATIONALSPACE-BASED PNT
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
Co-Chairs: Defense, Transportation
ADVISORYBOARD
Sponsor: NASA
ADVISORYBOARD
Sponsor: NASA
DefenseDefense
TransportationTransportation
StateState
CommerceCommerce
Homeland SecurityHomeland Security
NASANASA
Joint Chiefs of StaffJoint Chiefs of StaffCOORDINATION
OFFICE
Host: Commerce
COORDINATIONOFFICE
Host: Commerce
36China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
Overview
• What is Space Based PNT and GPS
• How GPS and Its Augmentations Work
• GPS Performance
• Next-Generation GPS
• U.S. Policy
• International Cooperation
37China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
Global Navigation Satellite Services (GNSS) Expanding
• Sep 2005 – 2nd civil GPS signal
• Dec 2005 –first Galileo test satellite
• Dec 2005 –3 GLONASS satellites
• This year – European EGNOS operational
• Japan preparing for MSAS ops in 2007 and QZSS
• India moving forward with GAGAN and IRNS
• China Beidou, CompassInteroperability key to seamless global operationsInteroperability key to seamless global operations
38China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
U.S. Cooperation Strategy
• Provide civil GPS and augmentation services free of direct user fees on a continuous, worldwide basis
• Provide open, free access to information needed to develop equipment
• Improve performance of civil GPS and augmentations to meet or exceed that of international systems
• Encourage international development of PNT systems based on GPS
• Seek to ensure international systems are interoperable with civil GPS and augmentations– Or at a minimum, are
compatible
• Address mutual security concerns with international providers to prevent hostile use
Outlined in 2004 Presidential policy on space-based positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT)
39China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
U.S. GPS Cooperation
• Ongoing cooperation with Europe, Japan, Russia– Compatibility and interoperability
– National security
– Level playing field in global markets
• Seeking formal relations with Australia, India, Brazil
• Multilateral cooperation– U.N. International Committee on
GNSS
– ICAO, IMO, NATO
40China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
Europe
• In 2004, United States and European Community signed historic agreement on GPS-Galileo cooperation– Recognizes importance of compatibility/interoperability for all
parties
• Agreed to spectrally separate signals for military, civilian, and public regulated services
• Agreed to implement a common, open, civil signal on both Galileo and GPS III, free of direct user fees
• Working groups establishedto continue dialogue:– Compatibility & Interoperability– Trade & Commercial Applications– Next-Generation GNSS– Security Issues
June 26, 2004, press conference at U.S.-EU Summit in Ireland (U.S. Sec. of State Colin Powell, Irish Foreign Minister Brian Cowen, EU Vice-President Loyola De Palacio)
41China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
Japan
• World’s largest consumer of GPS technology
• U.S.-Japan cooperation began in 1998– Initially focused on interoperability with MSAS,
Japan’s GEO-based augmentation system– Promotes common principles such as free market
access– Annual plenary meetings, technical working
groups
• Current focus is on Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS)– Regional system to complement, augment GPS
over Japan– Will improve performance in urban canyons and
mountains– Will freely broadcast GPS L1C, L2C, L5 signals– GPS-QZSS interoperability achieved
MT-SAT used for MSAS
42China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
Russia
• Cooperation started in 2004
• Working groups are pursuing GPS-GLONASS interoperability– Enhanced PNT through combined
service
– Combined search and rescue capabilities
• Currently pursuing formal cooperation agreement
GLONASS satellite
43China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
International Committee on GNSS
• Multilateral group chartered through United Nations– First meeting: December 2005
• Purpose: Promote use of GNSS to improve efficiency and security of transport, search & rescue, geodesy, etc., particularly in developing countries– Coordination among providers to improve compatibility and
interoperability
– Assistance to developing countries in integration of PNT services
– Focal point for international information exchange
– Forum for addressing future user needs
44China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
Summary
• U.S. policy encourages and promotes worldwide use of civil GPS and augmentations
• GPS performance is better than ever and will continue to improve– Augmentations enable high performance today
– New GPS signal now available
– Many additional upgrades in the future
• International cooperation is a priority– Compatibility and interoperability are critical
– Opportunity for partnership with all nations
45China Executive Management Development Training25 July 2006
Contact Information
Michael E. Shaw, DirectorNational Space-Based PNT Coordination Office
Herbert C. Hoover Building, Room 6822 1401 Constitution Avenue, NWWashington, D.C. 20230 USA
Ph: (202) 482-5809Fax: (202) 482-4429Michael.Shaw@PNT.gov
Presentation and other GPS information available:
www.pnt.gov
top related