towards 'resilient cities' - harmonisation of spatial planning information as one step...
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Towards ‘Resilient Cities’
Harmonisation of Spatial Planning Information as One Step Along the Way
CTP 2011, Santander, Spain
Manfred Schrenk, Julia Neuschmid, Daniela PattiCentral European Institute of Technology
Institute of Urbanism, Transport, Environment and Information Society
Grand ChallengesBy 2050 two-thirds of the world’s population will live in urban areas (UN Habitat, 2006)
What about...world‘s resources…climate change…energy…pressure on cities…land use…?
The Role of Spatial Planning
Gives geographical expression to the economic, social, cultural and ecological policies of society.
is at the same time a scientific discipline, an administrative technique and a policy developed as an interdisciplinary and comprehensive approach
directed towards a balanced regional development and the physical organisation of space according to an overall strategy.
strongly influences society on all levels as
it addresses the environment where people live and work, the location of social and economic activities and the way in which processed resources are exploited.
(Council of Europe, 1983)
To improve• quality of life,• sustainability,• resilience• competitiveness,• happiness and
contentedness
To reduce• environmental stress,• waste of resources,• inequities
Supporting the management of Cities and Regions,PUBLIC INTERESTfair distribution of chances/opportunities and burdens/impacts.
Purpose of Planning?
• 2 opposed interests• each with 16 actors (limited possib.)• exactly defined rules• clear agenda• closed system
• Numerous diverging interests• numerous (in)dependent actors• numerous, unforeseeable possibilities• hidden agendas • open system
Complexity of Planning
1 winner, 1 loser„The winner takes it all!“
Balance in short-,mid- and long-term
Challenge: Goal Definition
© Ric Stephens, www.stephensplanning.com
Resilient Cities
can ADAPT to changes, grand challenges and can balance ecosystem and human functions.
Resilience is “the capacity of a system to survive, adapt, and grow in the face of unforeseen changes, even catastrophic incidents” (Holling, 2001).
Resilience in cities is a DYNAMIC PROCESS covering implementation and constant evaluation over time.
© Ric Stephens, www.stephensplanning.com
Resilient Cities Among requirements for resilience are innovation, foresight,
adaptive multi-layered governance, effective partnership and networks among all actors involved in spatial planning processes AND
data infrastructures
INITIAL SITUATION
PLANNING PROCESS
PLANNING RESULT
„Perfect World“
THE SPATIAL PLANNING RECIPE?
Is spatial planning a technical science where each step can be exactly described so that different planners confronted with the same problem generate the same result?
Planning: an easy task?
INITIAL SITUATION
PLANNING PROCESS
PLANNING RESULT
„Perfect World“
THE SPATIAL PLANNING RECIPE?
Planning: an easy task?
Planning processes and their outputs are highly diverse across Europe and the world.
Plans are taylor-made attempts to improve given situations
The results of planning depends highly on the PLANNING PROCESS
There are very different approaches and understandings of urban and spatial planning(design driven, technically/legally driven, real-estate-driven, participatory approach …)
Harmonisation of Planning?
economy
polit
ics
human behaviour
other
envi
ronm
ent
PlannersPolitics Public administrationEconomyCitizensMediaInvestorsInterest groupsCitizensResearchersGIS Experts…
Dynamic World
….
……
…
PLANNING CYCLE
ACTORS
Land coverLand useAgricultural and aquacultural facilitiesProduction and industrial facilitiesArea management/ restriction/ regulation zones and reporting units Utility and Government servicesNatural Risk Zones………
Technical project or (also) a unique, creative, dynamic, process with unpredictable outcomes?
INFORMATION/ DATA
Planning cycle
© Ric Stephens, www.stephensplanning.com
What is more important in planning processes? The process itself with the involvement of stakeholders that generates certain dynamics or just the final results, "the plan"?
Is spatial planning a technical science where each step can be exactly described and confronted with the same problem different planners generate the same result?
Unique, creative process with unpredictable outcomes?
Spatial planning is never finished ("planning cycle“)
Always one key question: How/where to get reliable data / information?
Characteristics of planning processes
The past years have led to the development of spatial data infrastructures and more harmonised spatial data which can positively effect spatial planning processes.
Spatial planning / Stakeholders can use interoperable information that is provided through spatial data infrastructures to
monitor ongoing developments, to integrate different stakeholders and themes, and to make decision processes more transparent. SDI helps spatial planning to receive more up-to-date information than ever. As a consequence spatial planning can detect new developments and
changes, analyse them according to existing plans and visions, and is able to steer the spatial order to better improve resilient cities.
Planning & SDI?
Planning and SDI?
To face climate change, urbanisation, energy supply etc. cities need to be resilient
CITIES are complex
so is PLANNING!
Spatial data is a key input for planning processes because it helps to understand better the complex world and to fulfil planning‘s purpose
Therefore planning has great hopes in recently developed spatial data infrastructures (SDI)
SDI: A Pan-European Matter
European Environment Agency (EEA) provides sound, independent information on the environment
Air pollution Biodiversity
Land use Water
Climate change
cross-border &accessible
http://www.eea.europa.eu
SDI: A Pan-European Matter
Interoperable, cross-boder geodataInfrastructure for the CENTROPE region
Project: CentropeMAP
2222
Project: CentropeMAP
Plan4all
Harmonisation of spatial planning data according to the INSPIRE directive based on the existing best practises in EU regions and municipalities and the results of current research projects
www.plan4all.eu
Project: Plan4all
co-funded by the Community programme
eContentplus
Project: Plan4all
Harmonisation of Land Use and Land Cover Databases for the creation of
value added services
www.hlandata.eu
Common Data Sharing Infrastructure:Common Web services allowing to visualise, overlay information from different sources
PILOT 1:
LU/LC data analysis system
PILOT 2:
nationalland
informationsystem
PILOT 3:
Waste dumpsstratification
Project: HLanData
INSPIRE – Infrastructure for Spatial Informationin the European Community
Best Practice Plan4all Data harmonisation and access to planning-related data in Europehttp://www.plan4all.eu/
Best Practice HLanData
Harmonisation of Land Use and Land Cover Data
www.hlandata.eu
Best Practice CentropeMAP
Cross-border geodata infrastructure for the CENTROPE region (HU, AT, CZ, SK)
User-generated content, OPEN SOURCE DATA(Open Street Map, …)
SDI: A Pan-European Matter
DATA and INFORMATION are key inputs into planning processes
Best practice projects try to harmonize data and to make it accessible and shareable
Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI) try to provide better access to data and information
Accessibility to new DATA better allows planning To monitor and to detect changes To be able to act and react on changes To make planning processes and decisions more transparent To try to better fulfill planning’s purpose
SDI & Planning?
BETTER ACCESSto data and information
BETTER CONNECTINGthemes and actors
SDI & Planning?
BETTER INTEGRATING different planning levels
SDI & Planning?
SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURESProviding NEW DATA & INFORMATION & KNOWLEDGE for planning processes
SDI & Planning?
SDI / Knowledge INFRASTRUCTURESWiser decisions for better Cities
Categories of spatial data according their „spatial clearness“
Geometrically/mathematically clearly defined
Not clearly definded phenomena
Continuously changing
Spatial phenomens that can notclearly be described in spatial terms
A matter of view-point:
If the only toy you have is a hammer …
every problem looks like a nail …
(Abraham Maslow)
To improve• quality of life,• sustainability,• resilience• competitiveness,• happiness and
contentedness
To reduce• environmental stress,• waste of resources,• inequities
Supporting the management of Cities and Regions,PUBLIC INTERESTfair distribution of chances/opportunities and burdens/impacts.
Purpose of Planning?
Infrastructure?!?
© Ric Stephens, www.stephensplanning.com
Infrastructure?!?
© Ric Stephens, www.stephensplanning.com
Infrastructure?!?
© Ric Stephens, www.stephensplanning.com
CEIT ALANOVACentral European Institute of Technology
Department for Urbanism, Transport, Environment & Information Society
Schwechat / Austriawww.ceit.at
Manfred Schrenk, Julia Neuschmid, Daniela Pattim.schrenk@ceit.at, j.neuschmid@ceit.at, d.patti@ceit.at
Thank you!
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