timeline visual effects, computer graphics, computer animation
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Timeline Visual Effects, Computer Graphics, Computer Animation
1642 Blaise Pascal: mechanical calculator
1670 Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz : binary principle
1760 Johann Heinrich Lambert: Lambert’s law of ideal diffuse reflection, the foundation of Lambert shading
1801 Joseph-Marie Jacquard: loom with punching cards
1834 Charles Babbage: punching cards, calculator (Analytical Engine)
1839 Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre: Daguerrotype
1843 Alexander Bain: fax machine
1850 Aimé Laussedat: photogrammetry
1854 George Boole: Boolean algebra
1878 Oberlin Smith: magnetic recording
1884 Eadweard Muybridge: still image series
1887 Etienne Jules Marey: chronophotography
1888 Thomas A. Edison: Kinetograph
1890 Herman Hollerith: punching strips
1895 Thomas A. Edison: stop trick, used in: The Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots
1895 Max and Emil Skladanowsky: film
1895 Auguste and Louis Lumière: film
1895 Louis Lumière: time manipulation, backwards running film, used in: Charcuterie mécanique
1897 G. A. Smith: double exposure, used in: The Corsican Brothers
1897 Georges Méliès: time lapse, used in: Carrefour de l’opera
1897 Albert E. Smith, J. Stuart Blackton: stop-motion animation, used in: Humpty Dumpty Circus
1898 Poulsen: magnetic recording
1899 Arthur Melbourne Cooper: animation, used in: Matches: An Appeal
1901 W. R. Booth: compositing, used in: The Hunted Curiosity Shop
1901 Georges Méliès: split screen, used in: L ‘Homme à la tête en caoutchouc
1902 Georges Méliès: stop trick
1902 Georges Méliès: slow motion
1© Barbara Flückiger, Professor, University of Zurich Switzerland, zauberklang@bluewin.ch, http://www.zauberklang.ch
Timeline Visual Effects, Computer Graphics, Computer Animation
1902 Edwin S. Porter: stop-motion animation, used in: Fun in a Bakery Shop
1903 Edwin S. Porter: in-camera compositing, used in: The Great Train Robbery
1906 J. Stuart Blackton: animation, used in: Humorous Phases of Funny Faces
1906 J. Stuart Blackton: stop-motion animation, used in: A Midwinter Night’s Dream
1907 Norman O. Dawn: Glasvorsatz, used in: California Missions
1907 Georges Méliès: Glasvorsatz, used in: 20 000 lieues sous les mers
1907 Richard Murphy: puppeteering, used in: The Eagle’s Nest
1907 J. Stuart Blackton: stop-motion animation, used in: The Haunted Hotel
1907 Biograph: stop-motion animation, used in: Dolls in Dreamland
1907 Edwin S. Porter: stop-motion animation, used in: The Teddy Bears
1908 Emile Cohl: animation, used in: Fantasmagorie
1908 Segundo de Chomón: stop-motion animation, used in: El hotel eléctrico
1908 Arthur Melbourne Cooper: stop-motion animation, used in: Dreams of Toyland
1910 Mack Sennett: physical effects, used in: Keystone Kops
1910 Ladislaw Alexandrowicz Starewicz: stop-motion animation of insects, used in: Lucanus Cervus
1911 Winsor McCay: animation, used in: Little Nemo
1912 Enrico Guazzoni: stunts, used in: Quo Vadis?
1912 Bell & Howell: register pin movement
1912 Georges Méliès: puppeteering, used in: A la conquête du pôle
1913 Norman O. Dawn: prospect
1914 Winsor McCay: live-action and animation, used in: Gertie the Dinosaur
1914 Paul Wegener: , used in: Der Golem
1914 James Brautigan (Edison): motion control, used in: The Flying Duchess
1915 Max Fleischer: rotoscope, patented in 1917
1916 D. W. Griffith: stunts, used in: Intolerance
1916 Frank Williams: travelling mattes via Williams process (black and white)
1923 Eugen Schüfftan: schufftan process (mirror trick, Schüfftan-Verfahren), travelling matte
2© Barbara Flückiger, Professor, University of Zurich Switzerland, zauberklang@bluewin.ch, http://www.zauberklang.ch
Timeline Visual Effects, Computer Graphics, Computer Animation
1924 Fritz Lang: puppeteering, used in: Nibelungen
1924 Ladislaw Alexandrowicz Starewicz: live-action animation, used in: La petite chanteuse
1925 Fred Niblo: miniatures, used in: Ben Hur
1925 Willis O’Brien: puppeteering, used in: The Lost World
1926 Eugen Schüfftan, Erich Kettelhut: rear projection, minatures, schufftan process, physical effects, stop motion, multiple exposures, used in: Metropolis
1928 Fred Gabourie: physical effects, miniatures, used in: Steamboat Willy Jr.
1930 Bell Labs: magnetic recording
1931 John P. Fulton (Universal): make-up, face, used in: Frankenstein
1933 Willis O’Brien: stop-motion animation, puppeteering, used in: King Kong
1933 John P. Fulton, Frank Williams (Universal): optical tricks, in-camera effects, used in: Invisible Man
1936 James Basevi, Russell A. Cully,A. Arnold Gillespie, Loyal Griggs,
1936 (Seeburg): light gun in a computer game, used in: Ray-O-Lite
1937 Claude E. Shannon (MIT): binary switching
1937 George Stibitz: binary adding machine
1938 Konrad Zuse: binary calculator, “computer”
1939 Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences: Academy Award for Special Effects added
1941 Gregg Toland, Linwood Dunn: optical special effects, in-camera effects, camera movement, used in: Citizen Kane
1942 John Vincent Atanasoff (Iowa State University): first electronic binary computer (Atanasoff-Berry computer ABC)
1942 Eiji Tsuburaya: miniatures, used in: Kaigun Bakugeki-tai and Hawai-Marei Oki Kaisen
1943 John P. Fulton (Universal): transformation, morphing, used in: Son of Dracula
1945 Moore School of Engineering, University of Pennsylvania: computer (ENIAC)
1946 Parry Moon, Domina Eberle Spencer (MIT): radiosity
1947 (Association of computer Machinery ACM):
1947 (International Organzation for Standardization ISO): founded
1947 John Bardeen, Walter Brattain und William Shockley (Bell Laboratories): transistor
3© Barbara Flückiger, Professor, University of Zurich Switzerland, zauberklang@bluewin.ch, http://www.zauberklang.ch
Timeline Visual Effects, Computer Graphics, Computer Animation
1948 Gordon Jennings (Paramount), Technical Achievement Award 1951 (laut Rickitt) for: motion control, used in: The Big Clock, Samson and Delilah
1949 (MIT): computer (Whirlwind)
1949 Ray Harryhausen: stop-motion animation, used in: Mighty Joe Young
1950 Ben Laposky: oscillloscope art
1950 Norman McLaren: oscilloscope, used in: Around is Around
1950 O. L. Dupy (MGM): motion control, used in: An American in Paris
1951 (MIT): light gun
1951 MIT: vectorscope monitor
1953 Hy Hirsch: oszilloscope, computer film, used in: Eneri
1954 Eiji Tsuburaya: monster, miniatures, used in: Gojira
1954 Mary Ellen Bute: oscilloscope, computer film, used in: Abstronic
1955 Bert Sutherland (MIT): light pen
1956 John P. Fulton (Paramount): compositing, used in: The Ten Commandments
1956 Lawrence Livermore National Labs: computer graphics, film recording
1956 John McCarthy: coined the term Artificial Intelligence
1956 Gordon Jennings (Paramount): motion control, used in: Forbidden Planet
1957 Russel Kirsch (National Bureau of Standards): photo manipulation, scan
1957 (ARPA Advanced Research Project Agency): founded by the Defense Department
1957 John Whitney Sr.: motion control
1957 Tom Diamond: graphics tablet, man-machine interface
1958 Alfred Hitchcock: trombone shot, title animation, used in: Vertigo
1958 Steven Coons, Ivan Sutherland, Timothy Johnson (MIT): image processing
1958 Petro Vlahos: traveling matte (sodium vapor)
1959 Ray Harryhausen: stop-motion animation, used in: The 7th Voyage of Sinbad
1959 (General Dynamics): film recording (Stromberg Carlson 4020)
1959 (General Motors Research Laboratory, IBM): scanning, CAD (DAC-1)
4© Barbara Flückiger, Professor, University of Zurich Switzerland, zauberklang@bluewin.ch, http://www.zauberklang.ch
Timeline Visual Effects, Computer Graphics, Computer Animation
1960 John McCarthy: Artificial Intelligence (LISP)
1960 John Whitney Sr. (Motion Graphics, Inc.): title animation
1960 Herb Freeman: coined the term computer graphics
1960 Peter Kubelka: first digital film, used in: Arnulf Rainer
1960 JCR Licklider (MIT): man-machine interaction
1960 William Fetter (Boeing): coined the term computer graphics
1960 Manfred E. Clynes, Nathan S. Kline: term cyborg popularized
1961 John Whitney Sr.: slitscan, used in: Catalogue
1961 Lee Harrison III (computer Image Corporation): computer animation, motion capture (Animac)
1962 Slug Russell, Shag Graetz, Alan Kotok (MIT): computer game, joystick, used in: SpaceWar! (interaktives computer game)
1962 Lee Harrison III: Scanimate, motion capture, digital character, used in: Mr. computer Image ABC
1962 JCR Licklider (MIT): first memo proposing the Internet
1963 Ivan Sutherland (MIT): graphic input device, man-machine interface (Sketchpad)
1963 John Whitney Sr.: motion control
1963 William Fetter (Boeing): digital character
1963 Charles (Chuck) Csuri: image processing
1963 Ray Harryhausen: stop-motion animation, used in: Jason and the Argonauts
1963 Edward Zajac (Bell Laboratories): computer film, used in: a simulated trip around the globe based on satellite still photographs
1963 Lawrence Roberts (MIT): hidden line
1964 Thomas Kurtz, John Kemeny: programming language (BASIC)
1964 Ivan Sutherland: 3D, computer animation, Sketchpad
1964 Petro Vlahos, Sci-Tech Award for: color difference travelling mattes
1965 Michael Noll and Bela Julesz (Bell Laboratories): stereo computer animation
1965 NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory: image processing
1965 Charles (Chuck) Csuri (Ohio State University): CG program started
1965 (Technische Hochschule in Stuttgart): computer art: 1st computer art exhibition
1965 (Howard Wise Gallery NYC): computer art
5© Barbara Flückiger, Professor, University of Zurich Switzerland, zauberklang@bluewin.ch, http://www.zauberklang.ch
Timeline Visual Effects, Computer Graphics, Computer Animation
1966 James Whitney: computer film, used in: Lapis
1966 Ralph Baer: computer game, first consumer game, used in: Odyssey (computer game)
1966 Ivan Sutherland, Bob Sproull, Jim Clarke (Harvard University): virtual reality (The Sword of Damocles)
1966 John Whitney Sr.: computer film, used in: Permutations
1966 Ruth A. Weiss (IBM): hidden line
1967 Charles (Chuck) Csuri: computer animation, used in: Hummingbird
1967 Leslie Mezei (University of Toronto): morphing
1967 Philip Mittelman (MAGI): rendering, primitives, ray tracing (Synthavision)
1967 Kenneth E. Torrance, E. M. Sparrow (Cornell University): Torrance-Sparrow shading
1968 Douglas Trumbull: Slitscan, motion control, used in: 2001 A Space Odyssey
1968 Ivan Sutherland, Dave Evans (Evans & Sutherland): first computer graphics company
1968 Ivan Sutherland, Bob Sproull (Harvard): head mounted device HUD, virtual reality
1968 Doug C. Engelbart (Stanford Research Institute): mouse
1968 David Evans (University of Utah): Computer Graphics Department founded
1968 Tony Pritchett (Open University): computer animation, used in: Flexipede
1968 (Dicomed): body scans, medical image processing
1968 JCR Licklider (MIT): man-machine interaction
1968 Arthur Appel (IBM): ray tracing
1968 (London Institute of Contemporary Arts): computer art exhibition: Cybernetic Serendipity: The computer and the arts
1968 Aristid Lindenmayer (University of Utrecht): L-systems
1969 (Bell Labs): 3-bit frame buffer
1969 (UCLA, Stanford, Utah, University of California in Santa Barbara): Internet (ARPANET)
1969 Alan Kay (Xerox PARC): GUI
1969 (MAGI): 1st use of CGI for commercials - MAGI for IBM, used in: IBM (Commercial)
1970 Gary Watkins (University of Utah): scanline hidden surface removal
1970 (IMAX): premiere at Expo 1970 in Osaka
1970 (Evans & Sutherland): flight simulator
6© Barbara Flückiger, Professor, University of Zurich Switzerland, zauberklang@bluewin.ch, http://www.zauberklang.ch
Timeline Visual Effects, Computer Graphics, Computer Animation
1970 Pierre Bézier (Renault): Bézier splines
1970 (Kunstverein Munich): computer art exhibition in Munich (computer art – On the Eye of Tomorrow)
1970 Myron Krueger: virtual reality, used in: Videoplace
1970 (Bell Laboratories): CCD
1971 Fred I. Parke (University of Utah): face animation, used in: Animated Faces
1971 Charles (Chuck) Csuri (Ohio State University): CGRG computer Graphics Research Group founded
1971 (CMX Systems): non-linear editing (CMX-600)
1971 Henri Gouraud: Gouraud shading
1971 Nestor Burtnyk, Marceli Wein (National Research Council of Canada), Sci-tech Award 1996 for: keyframe animation, used in: Metadata
1972 (Atari): computer game, used in: Pong
1972 Martin Newell (University of Utah): depth sort hidden surface removal
1972 Xerox PARC: 8-bit frame buffer
1973 John Whitney Jr. (Triple-I), Nomination Oscar for: raster graphics, used in: Westworld
1973 Quantel: analogue-digital conversion, telecine
1973 Robert Abel & Associates: raster images for TV commercials
1973 Bob Metcalfe: (Ethernet)
1974 SIGGRAPH: first conference with 600 participants
1974 Ed Catmull (University of Utah): hidden surface removal
1974 Ed Catmull (University of Utah): Z-buffer
1974 Ed Catmull (University of Utah): texture mapping
1974 Phong Bui-Tuong (University of Utah): Phong shading
1974 Peter Foldes (National Research Council of Canada): in-betweening, morphing, used in: Hunger
1974 Gary Whisenhunt and Ray Wood (Southern Illinois University): computer game, MUD, used in: Dungeons and Dragons (computer game)
1974 A. N. Garroway, P. K. Grannell and P. Mansfield: 3D scan
1974 Alex Schure (NYIT): Computer Graphics Laboratory founded
1975 Benoît Mandelbrot: fractals
1975 Yoichiro Kawaguchi (University of Tokyo): procedural modelling (Growth)
7© Barbara Flückiger, Professor, University of Zurich Switzerland, zauberklang@bluewin.ch, http://www.zauberklang.ch
Timeline Visual Effects, Computer Graphics, Computer Animation
1975 : animatronic, used in: Jaws
1975 Richard Shoup (Xerox Palo Alto Research Group): paint program, Paint (SuperPaint)
1975 Martin Newell (University of Utah): Utah Teapot
1976 Gary Demos, John Whitney Jr. (Triple-I): digital human face, used in: Futureworld
1976 Steve Wozniak (Apple): computer Apple I
1976 Alvy Ray Smith (New York Institute of Technology): paint program (Paint)
1976 James F. Blinn, Martin E. Newell (University of Utah): reflection mapping
1976 Petro Vlahos (Ultimatte Corp.): real-time compositing (Ultimatte)
1976 Seymour Cray (Cray): computer (Cray-1)
1977 James F. Blinn (NASA Jet Propulsion Lab): computer simulation, used in: Voyager
1977 Xerox PARC: laser printer
1977 Bo Gehring Associates: computer displays, computer graphics in a feature film, used in: Demon Seed
1977 Ed Catmull, Alvy Ray Smith (NYIT): alpha channel
1977 John Dykstra: motion control (Dykstraflex)
1977 Nicodemus et al.: Bidrectional Reflectance Distribution Function BRDF
1977 James Blinn: Torrance-Sparrow shading
1978 Ed Catmull, Jim Clarke (University of Utah): subdivision surfaces
1978 James F. Blinn (University of Utah): bump mapping
1979 John Hughes (Robert Abel & Associates): title animation, black hole simulation, used in: The Black Hole
1980 Loren Carpenter (Boeing): fractals, used in: Vol Libre, Genesis-Demo Star Trek II: Wrath of Khan
1980 Turner Whitted (Bell Laboratories): ray tracing
1980 Namco: computer game, used in: Pac Man
1980 Frank Van der Veer, Barry Nolan: electronic compositing, used in: Flash Gordon
1980 David DiFrancesco, Bala S. Manian, Thomas L. Noggle, Sci-Tech Award 1998 for: laser scanner and film recording
1980 James F. Blinn: blobbies, used in: Cosmos (TV-Series)
1981 Richard Taylor (Triple-I): digital character, 3D scan, used in: Looker
1981 Quantel: paint program (Paintbox)
8© Barbara Flückiger, Professor, University of Zurich Switzerland, zauberklang@bluewin.ch, http://www.zauberklang.ch
Timeline Visual Effects, Computer Graphics, Computer Animation
1981 MTV: music video broadcasting
1981 Denis Muren, Ken Ralston, Phil Tippett (ILM): go-motion, used in: Dragonslayer
1981 Russell Noftsker (Symbolics Graphics Division): hardware
1981 Triple-I: digital character Adam Powers, the Juggler, used in: Triple-I Demo Reel
1981 Cook, Torrance: Cook-Torrance shading
1982 Ed Catmull, Alvy Ray Smith and others (Lucasfilm Computer Graphics Division): first full CGI shot in a feature film, used in: Star Trek II Genesis Effekt
1982 Geoffrey Gardner (Grumman Data Systems): clouds and smog, volumetric simulation
1982 (Japan Computer Graphics Lab JCGL): computer animation, full CGI, used in: The Yearling (TV)
1982 Tom Brigham (NYIT): morphing
1982 MAGI, Triple-I, Robert Abel & Associates, Digital Effects: first feature film with a higher percentage of CGI, used in: Tron
1982 Douglas Trumbull: , used in: Blade Runner
1982 NYIT: computer animation, used in: The Works (1979–1986, never finished)
1982 John Walker, Dan Drake (Autodesk Inc.): CAD (AutoCAD)
1982 (Cyberware): 3D scanning
1982 Tom Calvert, Chapman, J. , Patla, A (Simon Fraser University): motion capture
1983 William T. Reeves (Lucasfilm): particle animation, used in: Star Trek II: Wrath of Khan
1983 (Commodore): computer C 64
1983 Yoichiro Kawaguchi: computer animation, used in: Growth: Mysterious Galaxy
1983 ILM: videomatics (previs), used in: Return of the Jedi
1983 Lance Williams (NYIT): MIP mapping
1983 Carol M. Ginsberg, Delle Maxwell (MIT): motion capture
1983 (R. Greenberg Associates): digital compositing, used in: Zelig
1984 Cindy M. Goral, Kenneth E. Torrance, Donald P. Greenberg, Bennett Battaile (Cornell University): radiosity
1984 Hiroshima University: light, rain, heaven, used in: Still Life Etude
1984 Steven Jobs (Apple): computer, GUI (Macintosh)
1984 Abel & Associates: character animation, used in: Brilliance (Commercial)
9© Barbara Flückiger, Professor, University of Zurich Switzerland, zauberklang@bluewin.ch, http://www.zauberklang.ch
Timeline Visual Effects, Computer Graphics, Computer Animation
1984 Nick Castel (Digital Productions): (Cray 1), used in: The Last Starfighter
1984 (MAGI): compositing, virtual environment, used in: Where the Wild Things Are (TV)
1984 Lucasfilm: non-linear editing (EditDroid)
1984 Alvy Ray Smith (Lucasfilm): computer animation, used in: The Adventures of André & Wally B. (Kurzfilm)
1984 Gary Demos, John Whitney Jr. (Digital Productions Incorporated), Sci-Tech Award 1984 for: CGI
1984 Richard Bolt (MIT): man-machine interface
1984 Robert L. Cook (Cornell University): displacement maps
1985 Susan Amkraut (Ohio State University): flocking, used in: Eurhythmy
1985 Quantel: non-linear editing, compositing (Harry)
1985 : character animation, film recording, used in: Young Sherlock Holmes
1985 (Alias Research): animation software (Alias/1)
1985 Larry Cuba: computer film, used in: Calculated Movements
1985 Jaron Lanier, Jean-Jacques Grimaud (VPL): virtual reality
1985 (International Standard Organization ISO): CD-ROM
1986 Craig Reynolds (Symbolics, Inc.): flocking, Artificial Life (Boids), used in: Stanley and Stella in Breaking the Ice
1986 Al Barr (CalTech): soft body dynamics
1986 Jim Kajiya (CalTech): rendering equation
1986 Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz (University of Calgary): L-systems
1986 John Lasseter (Pixar), Prix Ars Electronica for: computer animation, used in: Luxo Jr.
1986 Daniel Langlois (Softimage): animation software
1986 Vertigo Software: consumer animation software (Vertigo)
1986 (Walt Disney Animation Studios / Pixar): animation (Computer Animation Production System (CAPS))
1986 Jerry Weil: cloth simulation
1986 Pat Hanrahan (Pixar): rendering, patented in 1988 (RenderMan)
1986 (ILM): cyberscan, transformation, used in: Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home
1986 Brad deGraf, Bill Kroyer, Kevin Rafferty: digital character, used in: Hard Woman (Musikvideo)
1986 (Omnibus Computer Graphics): morphing, used in: Flight of the Navigator
10© Barbara Flückiger, Professor, University of Zurich Switzerland, zauberklang@bluewin.ch, http://www.zauberklang.ch
Timeline Visual Effects, Computer Graphics, Computer Animation
1986 (ILM): wire removal, used in: Howard the Duck
1986 (Lucasfilm): computer game, MUD, avatar, used in: Habitat
1986 Ken Ralston (ILM): transformation, camera shakes, used in: The Golden Child
1986 Rebecca Allen (NYIT): digital character, used in: Musique Non Stop (Musikvideo)
1986 The National Library of Medicine: medical visualization, used in: The Visible Human Project (database)
1986 Stephen Regelous (Massive Software), Sci-Tech Award 2003 for: crowd animation (Massive)
1987 David Haumann (Ohio State University): soft body dynamics, used in: Flexible Dynamics
1987 Demetri Terzopoulos, Andrew Witkin, Michael Kass , 2001 computer Graphics Achievement Award for: soft body dynamics
1987 Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann, Daniel Thalmann: digital character (University of Montreal), used in: Rendez-vous à Montreal
1987 Stéphane Singier, Thierry Prieur, Maurice Benayoun (Z-A Production): virtual reality
1987 Tomoyuki Nishita, Yasuhiro Miyawaki and Eihachiro Nakamae (Hiroshima University): atmosphere, volumtric effects
1988 Dennis Muren, Doug Smythe (ILM): first application of morphing in a feature film, used in: Willow
1988 Karl Sims (Whitney/Demos): particle system, used in: Leonardo’s Deluge
1988 Karl Sims (Whitney/Demos): particle system, used in: Particle Dreams
1988 James Hahn (Ohio State University): rigid body dynamics, used in: Rigid Body Dynamics
1988 Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann, E. Primeau, and D. Thalmann: human face animation
1988 John Lasseter (Pixar), Prix Ars Electronica for: computer animation, used in: Red’s Dream
1988 John Lasseter (Pixar): , used in: Tin Toy
1988 Nintendo: computer game Tetris (Game Boy)
1988 Brad deGraf, Michael Wahrman: character animation, digital character, motion capture, used in: Mike the Talking Head
1988 Loren Carpenter, Rob Cook, Ed Catmull, Tom Porter, Pat Hanrahan, Tony Apodaca, Darwyn Peachey (Pixar), Sci-Tech Award 1992 for: rendering (RenderMan)
1988 Jim Henson Productions: motion capture
1989 (Maxis): computer game SimCity
1989 Jeff Kleiser and Diana Walczak (Kleiser-Walczak Construction Company): motion capture, digital character, first synthespian Dozo, used in: Don’t Touch Me
1989 John Knoll (ILM): reflection, refraction, digital compositing, face scan, used in: The Abyss
1989 Doug Smythe (IML): morphing, digital compositing, used in: Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade
11© Barbara Flückiger, Professor, University of Zurich Switzerland, zauberklang@bluewin.ch, http://www.zauberklang.ch
Timeline Visual Effects, Computer Graphics, Computer Animation
1989 Alias Research: animation software (PowerAnimator), used in: Abyss
1989 Avid Technology Inc.: non-linear editing
1989 John Lasseter (Pixar): computer animation, used in: Knick Knack
1990 Demetri Terzopoulos, Keith Waters (University of Toronto): human face
1990 Michael Kass, Imagina Grand Prix for: fluid dynamics, used in: Splash Dance
1990 Tim Berners-Lee (CERN): (HTML)
1990 John Knoll, Thomas Knoll: image processing (Photoshop)
1990 (Walt Disney Animation Studios / Pixar): animation (CAPS), used in: The Rescuers Down Under
1990 (IML): dry for wet, particle animation, used in: The Hunt for Red October
1990 Bruce Walters (ILM): Matte Painting, CCD Scanner (Photoshop), used in: Die Hard 2: Die Harder
1990 Eric Brevig (Dream Quest Images, ILM): first attempt to use motion capture for a feature film, finally replaced by rotoscoping, used in: Total Recall
1990 (Autodesk): animation software (3D Studio Max)
1991 Paul Debevec: image-based modeling
1991 Karl Sims, Prix Ars Electronica for: procedural modeling, used in: Panspermia
1991 Peter Greenaway: HDTV, used in: Prospero’s Book
1991 (Apple): (QuickTime)
1991 (R. Greenberg Associates): compositing, used in: Diet Coke Commercial
1991 Ray Feeney, Richard Keeney, Richard Lundell, Sci-Tech Award 1991 for: film recording CRT (Solitair)
1991 Randy Cartwright, David B. Coons, Lem Davis, Thomas Hahn, James Houston, Mark Kimball, Dylan W. Kohler, Peter Nye, Michael Shantzis, David H. Wolf (Walt Disney), Sci-Tech Award 1991 for: animation (CAPS)
1992 : motion capture, used in: Lawnmower Man
1992 Craig Reynolds: flocking, used in: Batman Returns
1992 Michael Kass, Andrew Witkin (Schlumberger), Prix Ars Electronica for: , used in: Reaction Diffusion Texture Buttons
1992 Karl Sims, Prix Ars Electronica for: , used in: Liquid Selves / Primordial Dance
1992 David Baraff, Andrew Wilkin (Carnegie Mellon University): flexible body dynamics
1992 (Kroyer Films): edge-detection for 2D animation, used in: Ferngully
1992 (Walt Disney Animation Studios): character animation, digital character, used in: Aladdin
12© Barbara Flückiger, Professor, University of Zurich Switzerland, zauberklang@bluewin.ch, http://www.zauberklang.ch
Timeline Visual Effects, Computer Graphics, Computer Animation
1992 (Ampex): data storage system (DST)
1992 Jim Hourihan (Alias|Wavefront): particle animation (Dynamation)
1992 Tom Brigham, Douglas Smythe (ILM), Sci-Tech Award 1992 for: morphing
1993 Pascal Roulin, Prix Ars Electronica for: , used in: Lakmé
1993 (Cyan Worlds): computer game Myst
1993 George Romero (Id Software): computer game, used in: Doom
1993 Larry Yeager: Artificial Life, used in: Artificial Life
1993 Mark Leather, Les Dittert, Douglas Smythe, George Joblove, Sci-Tech Award 1993 for: wire removal
1993 Eric Chen Shenchang, Lance Williams (NYIT), View interpolation for image synthesis. SIGGRAPH 1993: 279-288 for: image-based rendering
1994 Demetri Terzopoulos (University of Toronto): Artificial Life
1994 Karl Sims: Artificial Life
1994 Midori Kitagawa (Ohio State University): procedural modelling and animation (BOGAS)
1994 (Sony): (Playstation)
1994 Paul Debevec (UC Berkeley): image-based rmodeling, rendering, and lighting, used in: Immersion
1994 Ken Perlin (NYU): digital character, Virtual Actors, Artificial Intelligence
1994 Gary Demos, Dan Cameron (Triple-I), Sci-Tech Award 1994 for: scanning
1994 Gary Starkweather (Pixar), Sci-Tech Award 1994 for: scanning
1994 Scott Squires (ILM), Sci-Tech Award 1994 for: scanning
1994 Lincoln Hu, Michael Mackenzie, Glenn Kennel, Mike Davis (ILM, Kodak), Sci-Tech Award 1994 for: scanning (linear array CCD)
1994 Ray Feeney, Will McCown, Bill Bishop, Les Dittert (RFX inc., PDI), Sci-Tech Award 1994 for: scanning (area array CCD)
1994 Mike Boudry (Computer Film Company), Sci-Tech Award 1994 for: scanning
1994 David Addleman, Lloyd A. Addleman, Sci-Tech Award 1994 for: 3D scanning (Cyberware)
1994 Petro Vlahos, Paul Vlahos, Sci-Tech Award 1994 for: compositing, keying (Ultimatte)
1994 George Sauve, Bill Bishop, Arpag Dadourian, Ray Feeney, Richard Patterson, Sci-Tech Award 1994 for: compositing,keying (Cinefusion)
1994 Michael Oren and Shree K. Nayar (Columbia University): Oren-Nayar shading
1995 John Lasseter (Pixar Animation Studios / Walt Disney): first fully computer animated movie, used in: Toy Story
1995 Alvy Ray Smith, Ed Catmull, Thomas Porter, Tom Duff, Sci-Tech Award 1995 for: compositing, Alpha
13© Barbara Flückiger, Professor, University of Zurich Switzerland, zauberklang@bluewin.ch, http://www.zauberklang.ch
Timeline Visual Effects, Computer Graphics, Computer Animation
1995 Douglas Smythe, Lincoln Hu, Douglas S. Kay (ILM), Sci-Tech Award 1995 for: compositing
1995 Computer Film Company CFC, Sci-Tech Award 1995 for: compositing
1995 Gary Demos, David Ruhoff, Dan Cameron, Michelle Feraud (Digital Productions), Sci-Tech Award 1995 for: compositing
1996 Ken Perlin (NYU), Academy Award for Technical Achievement 1996 for: noise and turbulence procedural texturing
1996 Paul Debevec (UC Berkeley): Image-based modeling and rendering, used in: The Campanile Movie (1997)
1996 Brian Knep, Craig Hayes, Rick Sayre, Thomas Williams, Sci-Tech Award 1996 for: direct input device
1996 Perry Kivolowitz, Garth A. Dickie, Sci-Tech Award 1996 for: morphing (Elastic Reality)
1996 John Schlag, Brian Knep, Zoran Kacic-Alesic, Thomas Williams (ILM), Sci-Tech Award 1996 for: texturing (ViewPaint)
1996 William (Bill) Reeves, Sci-Tech Award 1996 for: particle animation
1996 Jim Hourihan, Sci-Tech Award 1996 for: particle animation (Dynamation)
1996 James Kajiya, Timothy Kay, Sci-Tech Award 1996 for: hair and fur
1996 Jeffery Yost, Christian Rouet, David Benson, Florian Kainz, Sci-Tech Award 1996 for: hair and fur
1996 Areté: water simulation
1997 George Borshukov (University of California at Berkeley): image-based modelling
1997 Jan Pinkawa: subdivision surfaces, used in: Geri’s Game
1997 Bill Kovacs, Roy Hall (Wavefront), Sci-Tech Award 1997 for: animation software (Advanced Visualizer)
1997 James J. Keating, Michael Wahrman, Richard Hollander (Wavefront), Sci-Tech Award 1997 for: animation software
1997 Greg Hermanovic, Kim Davidson, Mark Elendt, Paul H. Breslin (Side Effects), Sci-Tech Award 1997 for: procedural animation (Prisms)
1997 Craig Reynolds, Sci-Tech Award 1997 for: animation
1997 Eben Ostby, William Reeves, Samuel J. Leffler, Tom Duff, Sci-Tech Award 1997 for: animation (Marionette), used in: Toy Story
1997 Dominique Boisvert, Rejean Gagne, Daniel Langlois, Richard Laperrière (Softimage), Sci-Tech Award 1997 for: animation (Actor)
1997 Richard Chuang, Glenn Entis, Carl Rosendahl (PDI), Sci-Tech Award 1997 for: procedural animation
1997 Cary Phillips (ILM), Sci-Tech Award 1997 for: face animation (Caricature)
1997 Richard Shoup, Alvy Ray Smith, Thomas Porter, Sci-Tech Award 1997 for: paint systems
1997 John Gibson, Rob Krieger, Milan Novacek, Glen Ozymok, Dave Springer (Alias), Sci-Tech Award 1997 for: animation (PowerAnimator)
1998 Andrew Witkin, David Baraff (Carnegie Mellon): cloth simulation, used in: Stuart Little, Monsters Inc.
1998 Robert Legato (Digital Domain), Prix Ars Electronica for: crowd animation, motion capture, used in: Titanic
14© Barbara Flückiger, Professor, University of Zurich Switzerland, zauberklang@bluewin.ch, http://www.zauberklang.ch
Timeline Visual Effects, Computer Graphics, Computer Animation
1998 Gary Tregaski, Dominique Boisvert, Philippe Panzini, André Leblanc (Discreet), Sci-Tech Award 1998 for: compositing software (Flame, Inferno)
1998 Douglas R. Roble (Digital Domain), Sci-Tech Award 1998 for: tracking (TRACK)
1998 Thaddeus Beier (Hammerhead), Sci-Tech Award 1998 for: tracking (ras_track)
1998 Nick Foster, Sci-Tech Award 1998 for: fluid dynamics
1998 Gary Tregaskis, Dominique Boisvert, Philippe Panzini und André Leblanc (Discreet Logic), Sci-Tech Award 1998 for: tracking, compositing (Flame)
1999 Paul Debevec: Image-based lighting, used in: Fiat Lux
1999 Christian Volckman, Prix Ars Electronica 2000 for: bluescreen, virtual environment, used in: Maaz
2000 Rob Cook, Loren Carpenter, Ed Catmull (Pixar), Sci-Tech Award 2000 for: rendering (RenderMan)
2000 Venkat Krishnamurthy, Sci-Tech Award 2000 for: modeling (Paraform)
2000 George Borshukov, Kim Liberi, Dan Pipponi (Manex), Sci-Tech Award 2000 for: image-based modeling
2001 Lance Williams, Sci-Tech Award 2001 for: CGI
2001 Garland Stern, Sci-Tech Award 2001 for: cel paint
2001 Bill Spitzak, Paul Van Camp, Jonathan Egstad, Price Pethel (D2 Software), Sci-Tech Award 2001 for: compositing (Nuke)
2001 Steve Sullivan, Eric L. Schafer (ILM), Sci-Tech Award 2001 for: tracking (MARS)
2001 Uwe Sassenberg, Rolf Schneider (3-D Effects), Sci-Tech Award 2001 for: tracking (3-D Equalizer)
2001 John R. Anderson, Jim Hourihan, Cary Phillips, Sebastian Marino (ILM), Sci-Tech Award 2000 for: hair, cloth, skin, muscle simulation
2002 (Alias|Wavefront), Sci-Tech Award 2002 for: animation software (Maya)
2002 Greg Hermanovic, Kim Davidson, Mark Elendt, Paul H. Breslin (Side Effects), Sci-Tech Award 2002 for: procedural animation (Houdini)
2002 Dick Walsh (PDI/Dreamworks), Sci-Tech Award 2001 for: face animation, used in: Shrek
2002 Thomas Driemeyer (mental images), Sci-Tech Award 2002 for: rendering (mental ray)
2002 Eric Daniels, George Katanics, Tasso Lappas, Chris Springfield, Sci-Tech Award 2002 for: rendering (Deep Canvas)
2005 Ron Fedkiw, ACM Siggraph Significant New Researcher Award 2005 for: fluid dynamics
2009 Joe Letteri (Weta Digital): facial performance capture, used in: Avatar
15© Barbara Flückiger, Professor, University of Zurich Switzerland, zauberklang@bluewin.ch, http://www.zauberklang.ch
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