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The Portuguese Empire
The Portuguese Empire
History 140
By Ryan Babers
History of PortugalHistory of Portugal Dates back to early Middle Ages Roman name- Portus Cale, and early settlement located at
the mouth of the Duro River
2000 B.C. Romans took the Iberian Peninsula from the Carthaginians during the 2nd Punic Wars. Renamed Portus Cale (Port of Cale)
The name would eventually evolve into Portugal
Almost all of the peninsula was annexed to the Roman Empire
The Carthaginians were expelled from their coastal colonies
Rome installed a colonial regime, and Lusitania Grew in prosperity and many of modern day Portugal’s cities were founded
15th & 16th century Portugal Ascended to world power status during European Age of Discovery
Military decline with battle of Alcacer Wuibir in Morocco 1578 and Spain’s aborted attempt to conquer England in 1588
Dates back to early Middle Ages Roman name- Portus Cale, and early settlement located at
the mouth of the Duro River
2000 B.C. Romans took the Iberian Peninsula from the Carthaginians during the 2nd Punic Wars. Renamed Portus Cale (Port of Cale)
The name would eventually evolve into Portugal
Almost all of the peninsula was annexed to the Roman Empire
The Carthaginians were expelled from their coastal colonies
Rome installed a colonial regime, and Lusitania Grew in prosperity and many of modern day Portugal’s cities were founded
15th & 16th century Portugal Ascended to world power status during European Age of Discovery
Military decline with battle of Alcacer Wuibir in Morocco 1578 and Spain’s aborted attempt to conquer England in 1588
Portuguese history cont.Portuguese history cont. Early 5th century Germanic tribes, the Suevi & Buri invaded
the Iberian peninsula and colonized Gallaecia (Modern Northern Portugal and Galicia)
The Buri settled in the region Terras de Boiro (Lands of the Buri)
In 711 A.D. the Islamic Moors (Berbers & Arabs) from North Africa invaded the peninsula and destroyed the Visigothic kingdom
War broke out after the Moors kicked the Goths out and they fought to reclaim land. Known as war of Reconquest
In 1065 Portugal gained it’s independence under rule of Garcia II due to Feudal power struggles, Portuguese and Garcian nobles rebelled
The country rejoined under Garcia II’s brother, Alfonso VI of Leon
On June 24, 1128, Portugal officially declares its national origin with the battle of Sao Mamede
Alfonso proclaimed himself first prince of Portugal and eventually first King of Portugal
In 1249 to 1250 the Algarve (Southernmost Region) was reconquered from the Moors
Portugal advanced in maritime, geographic, mathematical technology
Early 5th century Germanic tribes, the Suevi & Buri invaded the Iberian peninsula and colonized Gallaecia (Modern Northern Portugal and Galicia)
The Buri settled in the region Terras de Boiro (Lands of the Buri)
In 711 A.D. the Islamic Moors (Berbers & Arabs) from North Africa invaded the peninsula and destroyed the Visigothic kingdom
War broke out after the Moors kicked the Goths out and they fought to reclaim land. Known as war of Reconquest
In 1065 Portugal gained it’s independence under rule of Garcia II due to Feudal power struggles, Portuguese and Garcian nobles rebelled
The country rejoined under Garcia II’s brother, Alfonso VI of Leon
On June 24, 1128, Portugal officially declares its national origin with the battle of Sao Mamede
Alfonso proclaimed himself first prince of Portugal and eventually first King of Portugal
In 1249 to 1250 the Algarve (Southernmost Region) was reconquered from the Moors
Portugal advanced in maritime, geographic, mathematical technology
The Portuguese EmpireThe Portuguese Empire Also known as the Portuguese Overseas Empire or
Portuguese Colonial Empire
Was the first global empire in history
Longest-lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost 6 centuries
With recent gains in science and technology, Portuguese sailors started to explore the coast of Africa in 149 to find a sea route to the valuable Asian spice trade market
In 1500, Pedro Alvares accidentally discovers Brazil
A string of outposts or “padroes” were created along African, Middle Eastern, and Asian coastlines
Between 1580 & 1640 Portugal partnered with Spain but ruled separately
Portugal became subject of attacks by France, Britain, and the Netherlands due to new partnership with Spain which also began the decline for Portugal
Also known as the Portuguese Overseas Empire or Portuguese Colonial Empire
Was the first global empire in history
Longest-lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost 6 centuries
With recent gains in science and technology, Portuguese sailors started to explore the coast of Africa in 149 to find a sea route to the valuable Asian spice trade market
In 1500, Pedro Alvares accidentally discovers Brazil
A string of outposts or “padroes” were created along African, Middle Eastern, and Asian coastlines
Between 1580 & 1640 Portugal partnered with Spain but ruled separately
Portugal became subject of attacks by France, Britain, and the Netherlands due to new partnership with Spain which also began the decline for Portugal
During the 17th century, Portuguese trade monopoly collapsed in the Indian Ocean with losses to the Dutch in Portuguese India and Southeast Asia
Brazil had become Portugal’s prized possession until Brazil broke away in 1822
Portuguese empire was reduced to colonies on the African coastline
During the 17th century, Portuguese trade monopoly collapsed in the Indian Ocean with losses to the Dutch in Portuguese India and Southeast Asia
Brazil had become Portugal’s prized possession until Brazil broke away in 1822
Portuguese empire was reduced to colonies on the African coastline
Colonial BrazilColonial Brazil In 1500 Pedro Alvares Carbal landed in Brazil and made
claim under King Manuel I of Portugal
Portuguese extracted brazil wood from the rainforest for it’s value and red dye
The Treaty of Tordesillas signed in 1494 created the Tordestillas Meridian, dividing the world between the Kings of Portugal & Castile (Spain)
All Land discovered or to be discovered east of the meridian was to be property of Portugal, west of it Spain
Treaty was most likely the most decisive event in Brazilian history
The Treaty of Madrid likewise mapped out Brazil’s coastline
In 1534, King John III divided land into 15 captavies of Brazil which were given to Portuguese noblemen
Only Pernambuco and San Vicente prospered
Most captaincies failed due to the resilience of indigenous peoples, shipwrecks, and internal disputes, between the colonies
City of Olinda prospered from sugarcane mills which sugar was very valuable to Europe empires at the time
In 1500 Pedro Alvares Carbal landed in Brazil and made claim under King Manuel I of Portugal
Portuguese extracted brazil wood from the rainforest for it’s value and red dye
The Treaty of Tordesillas signed in 1494 created the Tordestillas Meridian, dividing the world between the Kings of Portugal & Castile (Spain)
All Land discovered or to be discovered east of the meridian was to be property of Portugal, west of it Spain
Treaty was most likely the most decisive event in Brazilian history
The Treaty of Madrid likewise mapped out Brazil’s coastline
In 1534, King John III divided land into 15 captavies of Brazil which were given to Portuguese noblemen
Only Pernambuco and San Vicente prospered
Most captaincies failed due to the resilience of indigenous peoples, shipwrecks, and internal disputes, between the colonies
City of Olinda prospered from sugarcane mills which sugar was very valuable to Europe empires at the time
Colonial BrazilColonial Brazil Sao Vincente profited more traffic of indigenous slaves
A large fleet led by Tome de Sousa set sail to Brazil to establish a government in the colony
Tome became the first Governor-General of Brazil
He established the capital City, Sulvador da Bahia (Northeastern Brazil)
During the establishment of the government much of the inhabitants rebelled and resisted
In 1763, the capital was moved to Rio de Janeiro
Governor Tome brought over the first Jesuits who also helped in the founding of Rio de Janeiro
Most Jesuits were successful at converting the natives due to the understanding of their culture
During 1530-1700, Brazil profited from it’s sugarcane industry as well as its cotton and tobacco but declined with competition from the French and Dutch
Sao Vincente profited more traffic of indigenous slaves
A large fleet led by Tome de Sousa set sail to Brazil to establish a government in the colony
Tome became the first Governor-General of Brazil
He established the capital City, Sulvador da Bahia (Northeastern Brazil)
During the establishment of the government much of the inhabitants rebelled and resisted
In 1763, the capital was moved to Rio de Janeiro
Governor Tome brought over the first Jesuits who also helped in the founding of Rio de Janeiro
Most Jesuits were successful at converting the natives due to the understanding of their culture
During 1530-1700, Brazil profited from it’s sugarcane industry as well as its cotton and tobacco but declined with competition from the French and Dutch
The Spanish EmpireThe Spanish Empire
The History of SpainThe History of Spain Rome in the 4th century much like the Portuguese ruled
most of present day Spain in the Iberian Peninsula (known as Hispania)
After the Roman empire had collapsed from invading Germanic tribes, the Iberian Peninsula was controlled mostly by the Visigoths
Some of the late Roman empire’s influence remained with the Visigothic empire
With the arrival of the Moors in the 8th century, they had begun to control much of the Iberian Peninsula
The Battle of Covadonga had signified a Muslim defeat and under King Pelagrus of Asturias a monarchy was created being one of the first stages of the Reconquista
The spread of Christianity had rivaled Islam rule in the area and drove out many Muslims however, they had influence the peninsula with their technology, culture, and society
During the reconquista, new Christian kingdoms arose
The Kingdom of Castile and Kingdom of Aragon had become most important kingdoms
The Catholic monarchs, Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon married in 1469 laying down the foundation for the Kingdom of Spain
Rome in the 4th century much like the Portuguese ruled most of present day Spain in the Iberian Peninsula (known as Hispania)
After the Roman empire had collapsed from invading Germanic tribes, the Iberian Peninsula was controlled mostly by the Visigoths
Some of the late Roman empire’s influence remained with the Visigothic empire
With the arrival of the Moors in the 8th century, they had begun to control much of the Iberian Peninsula
The Battle of Covadonga had signified a Muslim defeat and under King Pelagrus of Asturias a monarchy was created being one of the first stages of the Reconquista
The spread of Christianity had rivaled Islam rule in the area and drove out many Muslims however, they had influence the peninsula with their technology, culture, and society
During the reconquista, new Christian kingdoms arose
The Kingdom of Castile and Kingdom of Aragon had become most important kingdoms
The Catholic monarchs, Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon married in 1469 laying down the foundation for the Kingdom of Spain
In 1492 Christopher Columbus had been authorized to explore the “New World” and was the first European to do so
Isabella had strategize for long-term political stability by arranging special marriages for her five children
A vast majority of Jews and Muslims from former Islam rule and Jewish settlement were given an ultimatum to convert to Christianity or face expulsion from Spain
Gypsies who also inhabited the area also shared the same fate or were ordered for execution
In 1492 Christopher Columbus had been authorized to explore the “New World” and was the first European to do so
Isabella had strategize for long-term political stability by arranging special marriages for her five children
A vast majority of Jews and Muslims from former Islam rule and Jewish settlement were given an ultimatum to convert to Christianity or face expulsion from Spain
Gypsies who also inhabited the area also shared the same fate or were ordered for execution
Habsburg SpainHabsburg Spain Hapsburg Spain is the history of Spain over 16th & 17th
centuries (1506-1700) where Spain was ruled by the major branch of the Hapsburg dynasty under Charles V and Philip II of Spain
Spain had reached its peak under Hapsburg rule and began to decline near the end of the 17th century
The Spanish Habsburg had created the first de facto unified state in the Iberian Peninsula with the inclusion of Portugal
Through several political changes, Spain eventually was united under a single ruler, Ferdinand II of Aragon
Before Ferdinand II’s rise to power a confederacy was in place if kingdoms: Aragon, Castile, Leon, and Navarre
In 1516m Ferdinand II died which led to the ascension of the young Charles to the throne as Charles I of castile and Aragon which founded the monarchy of Spain
Charles had inherited all of the new world claimed by Spain
With territorial Habsburg acquisitions, Charles eventually would become Emperor Charles V
Hapsburg Spain is the history of Spain over 16th & 17th centuries (1506-1700) where Spain was ruled by the major branch of the Hapsburg dynasty under Charles V and Philip II of Spain
Spain had reached its peak under Hapsburg rule and began to decline near the end of the 17th century
The Spanish Habsburg had created the first de facto unified state in the Iberian Peninsula with the inclusion of Portugal
Through several political changes, Spain eventually was united under a single ruler, Ferdinand II of Aragon
Before Ferdinand II’s rise to power a confederacy was in place if kingdoms: Aragon, Castile, Leon, and Navarre
In 1516m Ferdinand II died which led to the ascension of the young Charles to the throne as Charles I of castile and Aragon which founded the monarchy of Spain
Charles had inherited all of the new world claimed by Spain
With territorial Habsburg acquisitions, Charles eventually would become Emperor Charles V
Hapsburg SpainHapsburg Spain France facing being surrounded by Habsburg territories
invaded Spain’s territories mostly in Italy and Navarre (2nd Franco-Spanish conflict)
France was easily defeated and forced to abandon Milan again
After the death of Charles in 1558, Philip II came to power and repelled the French once more
Spain relied heavily on it’s assets overseas
It’s most important colonial city establishment in the new world was Mexico city in 1524 which served as an administrative HQ in the region
France facing being surrounded by Habsburg territories invaded Spain’s territories mostly in Italy and Navarre (2nd Franco-Spanish conflict)
France was easily defeated and forced to abandon Milan again
After the death of Charles in 1558, Philip II came to power and repelled the French once more
Spain relied heavily on it’s assets overseas
It’s most important colonial city establishment in the new world was Mexico city in 1524 which served as an administrative HQ in the region
The Spanish EmpireThe Spanish Empire The Spanish empire was one of the first modern global empires
and one of the largest in world history
Religion played a very strong role in the spread of the Spanish empire
The ideology that Spain could bring Christianity to the new world played a strong role in the expansion of Spain’s empire
Spanish sea exploration and expansion opened up trade routes across the Atlantic to the Americas and across the Pacific between East Asia and Mexico through the Philippines
After arrival, Spanish conquistadors had disintegrated the Aztec, Inca, and Mayan governments
Spain was dominating the seas and hit a cultural golden age in the 16th & 17th centuries
Disease had wiped out much of the natives in Spain’s new territories who were seen as potential growth to their economy
Spain experienced a golden age in the 17th century which was a period of arts and letter in the Spanish empire coinciding with the political decline and fall of the Habsburgs
A Greek artist El Greco settled in Spain and infused Spanish art with Italian renaissance styles and helped create a unique Spanish style of painting
Spanish literature was also in the spotlight that showcased the famous work of Miguel de Cervantes and Lope de Vega
The Spanish empire was one of the first modern global empires and one of the largest in world history
Religion played a very strong role in the spread of the Spanish empire
The ideology that Spain could bring Christianity to the new world played a strong role in the expansion of Spain’s empire
Spanish sea exploration and expansion opened up trade routes across the Atlantic to the Americas and across the Pacific between East Asia and Mexico through the Philippines
After arrival, Spanish conquistadors had disintegrated the Aztec, Inca, and Mayan governments
Spain was dominating the seas and hit a cultural golden age in the 16th & 17th centuries
Disease had wiped out much of the natives in Spain’s new territories who were seen as potential growth to their economy
Spain experienced a golden age in the 17th century which was a period of arts and letter in the Spanish empire coinciding with the political decline and fall of the Habsburgs
A Greek artist El Greco settled in Spain and infused Spanish art with Italian renaissance styles and helped create a unique Spanish style of painting
Spanish literature was also in the spotlight that showcased the famous work of Miguel de Cervantes and Lope de Vega
Hernan Cortez had achieved Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire in 1519-521
The new territory would become Viceroyalty of New Spain or present day Mexico
The conquest of the Incas by Francisco Pizarro was of equal significance as well (Viceroyalty of Peru)
In the Pacific (1565), the Spanish made its first Spanish settlement in the Philippines founded by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and the service of Manila galleons was instituted
The galleons shipped goods from all over Asia across the Pacific to the Mexican coast
Goods would then be shipped to Spanish treasure fleets for shipment to Spain
The Spanish post of Manila was established for trade in 1572
The islands of Guam, Mariana Islands, Caroline Islands, and Palau followed
Hernan Cortez had achieved Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire in 1519-521
The new territory would become Viceroyalty of New Spain or present day Mexico
The conquest of the Incas by Francisco Pizarro was of equal significance as well (Viceroyalty of Peru)
In the Pacific (1565), the Spanish made its first Spanish settlement in the Philippines founded by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and the service of Manila galleons was instituted
The galleons shipped goods from all over Asia across the Pacific to the Mexican coast
Goods would then be shipped to Spanish treasure fleets for shipment to Spain
The Spanish post of Manila was established for trade in 1572
The islands of Guam, Mariana Islands, Caroline Islands, and Palau followed
Struggle & Survival in Colonial America: The people of the Portuguese and Spanish Colonies
in America
Struggle & Survival in Colonial America: The people of the Portuguese and Spanish Colonies
in America
(Por) Damiana da Cunha(Por) Damiana da Cunha (Female) , Tribal group: Caiapo Origin: Goias, Brazil
Luis da Cunha is the godfather of Damiana
Damiana is the Indian heroine of Goias- granddaughter of Angrai-oxa
Was a teacher, missionary, mediator, frontierswoman, and expedition leader
Was baptized and given the Christian name, Damiana in honor of her godfather
In her teenage years she went to live in the new village of Maria Primera as a hostage in the governor’s household to be raised in European fashion as an ambassador of (Caiapo)
She may have possibly attended a domestic school in spinning cotton and weaving on wooden looms where she had received extensive training from non-white women
Her 1st husband from Portugal left but she remarried to a Brazilian Manuel Pereira da Cruz, a civilian, former militia corporal, and poor Mulatto peasant
(Female) , Tribal group: Caiapo Origin: Goias, Brazil
Luis da Cunha is the godfather of Damiana
Damiana is the Indian heroine of Goias- granddaughter of Angrai-oxa
Was a teacher, missionary, mediator, frontierswoman, and expedition leader
Was baptized and given the Christian name, Damiana in honor of her godfather
In her teenage years she went to live in the new village of Maria Primera as a hostage in the governor’s household to be raised in European fashion as an ambassador of (Caiapo)
She may have possibly attended a domestic school in spinning cotton and weaving on wooden looms where she had received extensive training from non-white women
Her 1st husband from Portugal left but she remarried to a Brazilian Manuel Pereira da Cruz, a civilian, former militia corporal, and poor Mulatto peasantPresent day Goias, Brazil
Damiana continuedDamiana continued Damiana lived in the context of the late colonial aldeia, the
secular descendant of the old frontier mission-station of earlier times
Her ideals regarding the conditions of Indian life were developed there
She had distinguished herself as a communal leader
Supporter of the church and mediator between inhabitants and colonial and Brazilian state
Principal Indian leader of the community
She Died in 1831
Damiana lived in the context of the late colonial aldeia, the secular descendant of the old frontier mission-station of earlier times
Her ideals regarding the conditions of Indian life were developed there
She had distinguished herself as a communal leader
Supporter of the church and mediator between inhabitants and colonial and Brazilian state
Principal Indian leader of the community
She Died in 1831
(Por) Catarina de Monte Sinay(Por) Catarina de Monte Sinay
Female, Nun and Entrepreneur Desterro Convent of Bahia Brazil
Became Madre Catarina de Monte Sinay (Nun) Vowed to God, the Virgin, Saint Francis, and Saint
Clare she would forever honor her sacred promise to live in poverty, chastity, and obedience
Signified a spiritual wedding; “Bride of Christ”
For 6 years she lived as a pupil and secular ward of the nuns
Bahia was the leading sugar producer but lost it’s edge to British, French, and Dutch Islands emerging as sugar producers in the Caribbean and pacific
Bahia was left in a state of depression
Female, Nun and Entrepreneur Desterro Convent of Bahia Brazil
Became Madre Catarina de Monte Sinay (Nun) Vowed to God, the Virgin, Saint Francis, and Saint
Clare she would forever honor her sacred promise to live in poverty, chastity, and obedience
Signified a spiritual wedding; “Bride of Christ”
For 6 years she lived as a pupil and secular ward of the nuns
Bahia was the leading sugar producer but lost it’s edge to British, French, and Dutch Islands emerging as sugar producers in the Caribbean and pacific
Bahia was left in a state of depression
Catarina continuedCatarina continued The church had been so well integrated with the natural
order in Bahia which was known as the Bay of All Saints and All Sinners
Catarina felt her relationship with God was direct and immediate because of her passion for the lord
She had been drawn to the faith by the procession, the colors, the rhythm of movement and sound
She also felt purified by performing such rituals and believed the convent life was satisfying. She had participated in elaborate rituals
The convent life provided her with companionship of her sister and other friends
Catarina felt the humility within taking much interest in her intelligence and skill at business and financial dealings
She had accumulated an immense amount of wealth from her father and herself which she had made profits from making sweets
Most of her wealth she had given away
The church had been so well integrated with the natural order in Bahia which was known as the Bay of All Saints and All Sinners
Catarina felt her relationship with God was direct and immediate because of her passion for the lord
She had been drawn to the faith by the procession, the colors, the rhythm of movement and sound
She also felt purified by performing such rituals and believed the convent life was satisfying. She had participated in elaborate rituals
The convent life provided her with companionship of her sister and other friends
Catarina felt the humility within taking much interest in her intelligence and skill at business and financial dealings
She had accumulated an immense amount of wealth from her father and herself which she had made profits from making sweets
Most of her wealth she had given away
(Esp.) Diego Vasicuio(Esp.) Diego Vasicuio Male, Native priest of Peru
Mission was to convert Indians of Peru into sincere, observant Catholics
He and others were influential member(s) of Indian communities, and worked through individual, informal contacts with their neighbors to hand down Gods and gospels from one generation of believers to another
Was taught to recite proper prayers and perform the specific ceremonies of the cult
Diego and other had been key elements to converting the Indians of Peru
He had defended the Sormina Cult from a parish priest who wanted to eradicate them
Diego was over 90 years at the time he had testified to the parish priest
He had left his home to serve in the militia or to find a praying job to meet tribute obligations
Male, Native priest of Peru
Mission was to convert Indians of Peru into sincere, observant Catholics
He and others were influential member(s) of Indian communities, and worked through individual, informal contacts with their neighbors to hand down Gods and gospels from one generation of believers to another
Was taught to recite proper prayers and perform the specific ceremonies of the cult
Diego and other had been key elements to converting the Indians of Peru
He had defended the Sormina Cult from a parish priest who wanted to eradicate them
Diego was over 90 years at the time he had testified to the parish priest
He had left his home to serve in the militia or to find a praying job to meet tribute obligations
Diego continuedDiego continued Due to heavy deaths in the mita mines, he
had to serve in the mita more frequently than hoped
The working conditions had been brutal for many Indians who made up majority of the workers
The mid 17th century saw the cult flourishing again
Due to heavy deaths in the mita mines, he had to serve in the mita more frequently than hoped
The working conditions had been brutal for many Indians who made up majority of the workers
The mid 17th century saw the cult flourishing again
(Esp.) Isabel Moctezuma(Esp.) Isabel Moctezuma Aztec female, Mexico-New Spain
(Donas Isabel (Tecuichpo Ixcaxochitzin)- daughter of Moctezuma II
Daughter of Emperor and Cathololic queen of Spain
Devout Catholic and Hispanicized woman who bridged the worlds of Spanish and Indian together
Was a symbol of great legal and sociological importance to the Hispanization and Christianization of Mexico
Awarded encomienda of Tacuba by Hernan Cortes
Encomienda would provide her with a suitable dowry for marriage which was seem as a signifier to the evangelization of Mexico
Mix of races in New Spain was to be founded on principle of the legitimate grounds of holy matrimony, providing a solid matrix for a new society
Isabel was thought to hasten evangelization of the country
Had become wife of Cortes (as mistress)
Aztec female, Mexico-New Spain
(Donas Isabel (Tecuichpo Ixcaxochitzin)- daughter of Moctezuma II
Daughter of Emperor and Cathololic queen of Spain
Devout Catholic and Hispanicized woman who bridged the worlds of Spanish and Indian together
Was a symbol of great legal and sociological importance to the Hispanization and Christianization of Mexico
Awarded encomienda of Tacuba by Hernan Cortes
Encomienda would provide her with a suitable dowry for marriage which was seem as a signifier to the evangelization of Mexico
Mix of races in New Spain was to be founded on principle of the legitimate grounds of holy matrimony, providing a solid matrix for a new society
Isabel was thought to hasten evangelization of the country
Had become wife of Cortes (as mistress)
Isabel continuedIsabel continued
(Esp.) Miguel Hernandez(Esp.) Miguel Hernandez Male, free mulatto (mixed black/white ancestry)
Born in Mexico city
Lived a good, full life in the 16th century
Married with kids, his wife a Mexican Indian (Aztec)
Miguel faced racism, at the time life was difficult for people of mixed blood
Very average man who wasn’t spiritual or adventurous
Has a distinct signature, was literate, and wrote out worlds
Unusual for mulattos, blacks, and Indians
Legitimate son of Pedro & Ana Hernandez
2nd generation Mexican
Male, free mulatto (mixed black/white ancestry)
Born in Mexico city
Lived a good, full life in the 16th century
Married with kids, his wife a Mexican Indian (Aztec)
Miguel faced racism, at the time life was difficult for people of mixed blood
Very average man who wasn’t spiritual or adventurous
Has a distinct signature, was literate, and wrote out worlds
Unusual for mulattos, blacks, and Indians
Legitimate son of Pedro & Ana Hernandez
2nd generation Mexican
Miguel continuedMiguel continued Was a muleteer- A person who drives mules
Moved to the provinces for opportunities to avoid harsh racism in city
The town of Queretaro promoted economic growth that generated social opportunities
Miguel became one of the leading mulatto citizens (due to his skills and traits)
He had become friends with commoners and higher class citizens, whites
Defied stereotypes
Constructed own freighting business
Many of his friends had lived next to him
Was a muleteer- A person who drives mules
Moved to the provinces for opportunities to avoid harsh racism in city
The town of Queretaro promoted economic growth that generated social opportunities
Miguel became one of the leading mulatto citizens (due to his skills and traits)
He had become friends with commoners and higher class citizens, whites
Defied stereotypes
Constructed own freighting business
Many of his friends had lived next to him
(Esp.) Micaeia Angela Carrillo(Esp.) Micaeia Angela Carrillo
Female, Mexico-New Spain
Labored fields, manufactured pulque, a intoxicating drink, proded, rode horseback
Her daughter Maria Antonia also participated in same work
Prior to her death Micaeia provided her kids with property and training in a craft
Lived in Nuestra Senora de Asucron Amozoque, a predominantly Indian village near Puebla de los Angeles
Puebla was in a good location for commercial trade between the colonial capital and its principal port
Female, Mexico-New Spain
Labored fields, manufactured pulque, a intoxicating drink, proded, rode horseback
Her daughter Maria Antonia also participated in same work
Prior to her death Micaeia provided her kids with property and training in a craft
Lived in Nuestra Senora de Asucron Amozoque, a predominantly Indian village near Puebla de los Angeles
Puebla was in a good location for commercial trade between the colonial capital and its principal port
Micaeia continuedMicaeia continued Puebla was in a good location for commercial trade
between the colonial capital and its principal port
Amozoque was comprised of Spaniards, mestizos, and malattoes, and also some local Indians
Dona Micaela and her family rented and owned lands within Indian Amozoque
Micaela had purchased land worth more than 1000 pesos
She married a cacique, Juan Tapia y Luna and increased her nobility in the town
They occupied a halfway position between Indian and Spanish society. They embraced the privileges of the Indian nobility
Her husband died in 1730 and had begun to rent maguey plants on other people’s land
The plants sap had helped Micaeia raise her kids and supported her with wealth
Puebla was in a good location for commercial trade between the colonial capital and its principal port
Amozoque was comprised of Spaniards, mestizos, and malattoes, and also some local Indians
Dona Micaela and her family rented and owned lands within Indian Amozoque
Micaela had purchased land worth more than 1000 pesos
She married a cacique, Juan Tapia y Luna and increased her nobility in the town
They occupied a halfway position between Indian and Spanish society. They embraced the privileges of the Indian nobility
Her husband died in 1730 and had begun to rent maguey plants on other people’s land
The plants sap had helped Micaeia raise her kids and supported her with wealth
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