the reformation 1500s martin luther john calvin henry viii
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The Reformation 1500s
Martin Luther
John Calvin
Henry VIII
Remember:
• The Church was incredibly powerful and influential-even over nobility
• They taught that they could not be wrong about anything.
• If you disagreed you could be excommunicated (or declared a heretic…death)
However:• New literacy (Gutenberg’s
printing press) led to new interpretation of Bible
• Scientific advances which contradicted the church
• The behavior of some priests during the Black Death gave people doubt
• Humanism led to new ideas about the importance of every individual
Lived in Germany, trained in law
Chooses life as a monk
Upset over local corruption
Priest Tetzel selling indulgences (tickets to heaven)
Collects ideas and writes 95 Theses
A list of things he thought were wrong (95 Complaints)-mailed to Pope
The Power of the Pope…all are equal in eyes of God
The Extreme Wealth of the Church
Indulgences (Catholic concept of salvation)
No celibacy, vernacular, faith alone!
Gutenberg’s printing press spread ideas
Gained support from people… especially peasants*
Criticism/negative reaction from Rome
The Diet of Worms (court trial)1520 Pope Leo X orders Luther to give up his beliefs (recant)Luther burned the order and was excommunicatedLuther went into hiding where he translated the New Testament into German – spreading his beliefs even further-equality in faith, mass in vernacular!
Some local German churches accepted Luther’s ideas
Lutheranism was formed
Supported by German princes* who issued a formal “protest” against the church for suppressing the reforms
The reformers came to be known as [PROTEST]ants - Protestants
Started in Switzerland – Calvinists
England = Puritans
Scotland = Presbyterians
Holland = Dutch Reform
France = Huguenots*
Germany = Reform Church
Anti-Catholic
Influenced by Martin Luther
Disagreed with Luther’s “salvation through faith alone.”
Believed theocracy best government
Created his own Protestant denomination in Switzerland
Purified approach to life:
No drinking, swearing, card playing, gambling etc..
“puritan work ethic”
Calvin believed in:
Predestination
At birth it is already decided if you will go to heaven or hell
“May little chickens dig out your eyes 100,000 times.”
- Calvin speaking to another reformer whose ideas he disagreed with
For what cause would you risk burning at the
stake?
1. German princes vs. Emperor Charles V
2. Charles V wins, but can’t force everyone back to Catholic Church3. 1555 Peace of Augsburg:
Official faith decided by local ruler
# of followers
Catholic Protestant (Lutheran, Anglican, etc.)
1500 A.D.1560 A.D.1600 A.D.
• The Catholic Church wants to stop the spread of Protestantism
• It was losing members which meant: losing money, land and authority
• They refocused and reformed a number of practices following the:
• Council of Trent (Catholic Reformation)
• Opened theology schools to counter Protestant experts (ex/ Jesuits)
The Council of Trent 1545-63
• Catholic bishops gathered to reform and counter Protestants
• No more indulgences • Church decides interpretation of
Bible• 7 sacraments not just bap/com• Pilgrimage/penance forgive sins
(good works + faith upheld)• Clerical celibacy upheld• Mass continue in Latin
PuritanHuguenots
Presbyterian
Mennonites/Amish
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