the contribution of research to social change
Post on 22-Feb-2016
37 Views
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
The Contribution of Research
to Social Change
Diane Ross, Associate ProfessorOtterbein University
Westerville, Ohio USA
Essential Questions for the week How does your interest in peace and social
justice move your areas of inquiry? How is this question situated in the field of
“Peace Research” as defined by Galtung and others?
How can we work in community to support each other’s areas of inquiry?
How does this question move your actions in creating a world that is more peaceful and just?
Assessments Before (pre-assessment)
Research survey and personal goals During (formative assessment)
Development of your personal question Butcher block paper- Gallery Walk
Action Research Plan (formative assessment) Appreciative Inquiry Protocol (formative assessment)
Post- assessment Research proposal Presentation Turn in a digital copy by email- before a grade is turned in Will support your research for up to 30 years
How we will get there.... Survey Previous Research Foundation- Monday Begin to formulate your own personal research agenda Introduce Research Paradigms Gallery Walk of Critical Feedback Introduce Peace Research/ Galtung theory of Peace Research
Introduce Action Research Paradigm- Tuesday Participate in a Action Research Activity
Introduce Appreciative Inquiry Paradigm- Wednesday Participate in Appreciative Inquiry Activity
Introduce structure of paper and research tools (including online databases)- Thursday
Participate in Critical Colleague Activity- Friday Share personal research protocol with the class/ Graded assignment
How do I situate myself as a peace researcher?MomTeacherResearcherScholarPeace ActivistYour Servant Leader this week
Area of Inquiry Dissertation: How do I understand my role in preparing teachers who teach for peace and social justice
Research Methodology- Heuristics; an autobiographical phenomenological method, to explore this issue.
Conclusions: Middle childhood teacher educators must spend their own lives acquiring dispositions to practice social justice and equity if the pre-service educators they instruct are to have any possibility of acquiring these dispositions themselves.
Acquiring Cultural Consciousness through Field Experiences in “Developing Countries”: A Case Study in Kampala, Uganda
Research Methodology- Qualitative Case Study- personal journals, student journals, interviews, observations
Ross, D. A. (2008), "Culturally competent and socio-politically conscious teaching: A teacher educator works to model the journey to critical cultural competence". International Journal of Multicultural Education, Vol 10, No 1.
Ross, D. A. & Wicks, M. (2007 winter) "Making authentic service learning alive in middle level classrooms". Ohio Middle School Association.
Ross, D.A. (2005, spring). "Project SAIL (Summer academy for integrated learning): A college/school partnership for middle school reform". Ohio Middle School Journal: Columbus, Ohio.
Ross, D. A., & Lehr, L. (2000, May). "Educators and the paradigmatic struggle in teaching and learning in a digital technology reality: An interpretive study" Research Center for Educational Technology (RCET). Kent, Ohio
HUMAN KNOTHow do you situate yourself as a researcher
INNER OUTER CIRCLE OF SHARING
WHAT IS RESEARCH?
What is research Inquiry collaborative Activity Stating a hypothesis Testing hypothesis Looking for patterns Developing relationships that illustrate behaviors Getting in contact with subject Lab Extension of your original thoughts Disprove the null
Research is an organized study with methodical investigation into a subject in order to discover facts, to establish or revise a theory, or to develop a plan of action based on the facts discovered
WHAT ARE YOUR EXPERIENCES WITH RESEARCH?
Research is a frame of mind….a perspective that people take toward objects and activities
(Bogdan and Biklen 1992: 223)
HAVE YOU FELT GOOD ABOUT YOUR EXPERIENCES?
FORMING PERSONAL RESEARCH QUESTIONS…
One of the most important things a change agent does it to articulate the questions…
WHAT ARE THE MOST PRESSING QUESTIONS THAT YOU HAVE AROUND THE ISSUES OF PEACE AND SOCIAL JUSTICE?
Because all change processes begin with framing an issue and collecting data, we become aware that in the very act of doing these preliminary activities, we are socially constructing our future through choices we make and dialogue we use.
WHAT ARE YOUR THREE TOP QUESTIONS OF INQUIRY?
1 2 3
It is through language that we create the world, because it is nothing until we describe it. And when we describe it, we create distinctions that govern our actions. To put it another way, we do not describe the world we see, but we see the world we describe…. Joseph Jaworski, Synchronicity
WHAT IS YOUR BIGGEST QUESTION OF INQUIRY CURRENTLY?
Inquiry and change are not separate, but are simultaneous. Inquiry is intervention. The seeds of change – the things people think and talk about, discover and learn, and that inform dialogue and inspire images of the future- are implicit in the very first questions that we ask.
WHY ARE YOU INTERESTED IN THIS QUESTION
We come to know ourselves by bringing to consciousness the process by which our view points are formed…
WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW ABOUT THIS QUESTION
You will learn what you already know. You need to learn how to generalize significantly what you know.
WRITE ONE QUESTION OF INQUIRY THAT YOU CURRENTLY HAVE ON BUTCHER BLOCK PAPER AND HANG THIS ON THE WALL
We can undress our souls with the pen…..
Critical Colleagues
Pose one question under each research question
Social Research disciplines….
anthropology archaeology comparative musicology communication studies cultural studies Demography Economics History human geography international development
international relations linguistics, media
studies, philology political science psychology (at least in
part) social work social policy sociology
Epistemologies and OntologiesHow we see the world and how we come to know….
Participant Observer
PositivismQuantitative
Rationalism ScienceStableConsistentCoherent
Outsider/ Observer
No single realityKnowledge is conjectural
The knower and the known cannot be separated
Post-PositivismConstructiveQualitative
Gap between rich and poor
Interpretation
Perspective
Rising Nuclear Age Global threat
to the environment
Ex. Adapting visual methods: Action Research with Kampala Street Children
Ex, Quantitative Research Provides Compelling Evidence for Success of Participatory Development Programme in Uganda
Research Processes
Scientific ResearchPositivist“Hard Sciences”
Social ResearchPositivist and/or Post-positivist“Soft Sciences”
MathematicsBiologyChemistry Anthropology Psychology Cultural Studies
Ex: Alcohol Consumption in Uganda
Ex: Psychosocial Vulnerability and Resilience Measures For National-Level Monitoring of Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children
Research Process:Systematic Interaction Between Theories and Data
Quantitative MethodsWhat/ Where/ When
Qualitative MethodsWhy/ How
Attempts to quantify social phenomena
Collects and analyzes numerical data
Smaller number of attributes across many cases
Personal Experiences
Interpretation over quantification
Concerned with understanding the meaning of social phenomena
Survey
Questionnaire Structured Observation
Content Analysis
StructuredInterview
SecondaryAnalysis
Larger number of attributes across relatively few cases
Focus Groups
Participantobservation
JournalsDiaries
Semi/Un structuredInterviews
Text -Based Data
Research
Positivist
Feminist
Phenomenology
Social Sciences
Post-Positivist
Critical
Value orientation
Qualitative
Ethnography
Constructivist
Action Research Appreciative Inquiry
Constructivist with a Value Orientation for
Peace Peace
Research
To move towards social justice, one must be in a constant state of social research.
GALLERY WALK….
What questions can you ask to help move this person forward and to help clarify their question….?
Peace Research
Peace research how would you define it Networking using technology Spreading data information in order to inform and empower Finding a balance between theory and reality Applying different methods in research Doing, interdisciplinary, inter ideological, international thinking, civilization, dialogic Dynamic and active Insighting change contextual Questions assumptions Dangerous to repeat prior views Promoting universal access to information Understanding the world to facilitate change Analyzing the topic and the self Having an end goal which is an avoidance of violence Build upon the old to build the new
Social Justice and Research….Basic premise for the class… Social justice is not static or timeless. The
theory of justice is understood as an attempt to understand what a society’s actions, practices, and norms mean and to elucidate what a community’s shared understandings are so that they are agreed upon principles of social justice.
Elements of Peace Research Dialogic Explicit value Inter-disciplinary…..Intra….Trans-disciplinary Inter-national….Intra…..Trans-national….
HolisticGlobal
Peace studies are……..Johan Galtung (2005, Peace: A Ten Point Primer) Empirical Critical Constructive
(I would say… focused on change…)
Paradigm of Praxis Transformative Emancipatory
Empirical dependent on evidence or consequences
that are observable by the senses. scientific statements are subject to and
derived from our experiences or observations Construct hypotheses Compare data and hypotheses
Critical Ethical Politically empowering Compare data with values related to peace Data must be explicit Comparison carried out with rigor Human behavior critics
Constructive studies Do not shy away from making
recommendations Adequate reasoning Value premises Adequate data Explicit values Well tested theories
…rejects the notion of researcher neutrality, understanding that the most active researcher is often one who has most at stake in resolving a problematic situation.
Response to class…..dross@otterbein.edu What caused you to “show up” today? What new learnings did you acquire today? What questions do you have after today? What hopes do you have for this class time
together? This time together will be successful if…
READINGS TONIGHTAction Research definition and examples:
NEW GAME ACTIVITY
GALLERY WALK
Good Research Questions Is my research question compelling?
Is it important to you? Is it important to a larger community? Is it authentically engaged?
Is my research broad enough to support multiple perspectives? Does my research avoid dichotomies?
Is my research question researchable? Are primary and secondary resources are available
Is my research manageable in the allotted time? Who are the people involved in my research? Where is the place I will focus for my research? What is the point in time I am researching? What is the point of view behind this issue?
Important Questions to consider What are the important research questions in my field What areas need further exploration? Could my study fill a gap? Has a great deal of study already been conducted on this topic? Has this study been done before? If so, is there area for
improvement? Is the timing right for this topic to be explored? Is this a hot topic?, or is it becoming obsolete? Would funding sources be available? Is the target community interested? Will my study have a significant impact on the field?
CRITICAL COLLEAGUE
Questions from yesterday How will we be graded?
Maria Lucia Why is it important to understand research methodology? What is happening the rest of the week
Wed. Appreciative Inquiry
Thurs. Research tools Literature Review Critical Colleague Review
Friday Small group presentations Party....
You and your group decide what you want to make and I will buy the food I shared with you...now you share with me....
Qualitative Research Methods
Credibility, Reliability, Validity, Ethics Reliability- consistent over time and accurate
Qualitative generating understanding Internal audit Dependability trustworthiness
Validity- does the research measure what it is intended to measure Qualitative
Quality Rigor Trustworthiness Confidence in the findings Truths transferrability
Tools Well established research methods Embedding yourself in the culture of the population Triangulation Rich description Random sampling Ensuring honesty in “participants”- right to refusal Iterative questioning Negative case analysis Frequent debriefing Peer review/ critical colleague Reflective commentary from researcher Member checks Catalytic Educative
Ethnographical Research
Immersing an individual researcher or research team in the everyday activities of an organization or society, usually for a prolonged period of time, very naturalistic, impossible to gather from laboratory or "clean room" observational studies. An ethnographic study of rural community literacy
practices in Bweyale and their implications for adult literacy education in Uganda
Phenomenological research Observation of an experience From it the essential features of
experiences and the essence of what we experience. Hannah Arendt: Eichmann in Jerusalem (1963),
"the banality of evil“
Feminist research all research is essentially value-driven always results in some kind of new action or practice is `driven' by the interests of the women / the oppressed collaborative design and conduct of the research; questions, and otherwise disrupts the reproduction and perpetuation of
power relationships that subordinate “women” `subjects' as objects respects and values women's experiences and their accounts of them
Troubling the Angels, Patti Lather..
Critical theory Research is an ethical and political
act Paulo Friere
Auto-ethnography Writing about the Self Analytically
Hunger of Memory: The Education of Richard Rodriguez: An Autobiography. By Richard Rodriguez. Boston, MA: D.R. Godine, 1982.
Social blindness: An autoethnographic study of the interplay of language, cognition, and genetics in a family with an autistic child.
Heuristics Internal search through which one discovers the
nature and meaning of experience and develops methods and procedures for further investigation and analysis.
Knowledge derived is attained through tacit, intuitive or observed phenomena, is deepened through indwelling, focusing, self-searching or dialogue with others, and always needs a medium or base - its frame of reference Loneliness, Moustakas, Clark
Action Research
What is it? Brainstorm with your Critical Colleague
Action research The roots of action research can be
found in anthropology, social-psychology, and education. Research that produces nothing but books will not suffice (Dewey, 1916, Goodenough, 1963, Lewin, 1946).
Kurt Lewin then a professor at MIT, first coined the term
“action research” in about 1944, research leading to social action” that uses “a
spiral of steps, each of which is composed of a circle of planning, action, and fact-finding about the result of the action
Stringer • It is democratic, enabling the participation of all
people. • It is equitable, acknowledging people’s equality of
worth. • It is liberating, providing freedom from oppressive,
debilitating conditions. • It is life enhancing, enabling the expression of
people’s full human potential. (Stringer 1999: 9-10)
Knowledge is derived from practice Practice is informed by knowledge, It is an ongoing process
Action Research is…. Cycle of reflective practice Collaborative Made Public
Action ResearchCycle of Reflective Practice Act Observe Reflect
Act to improve practice by Implementing a plan of action Evaluating the action Planning a report
Action ResearchCycle of Reflective Practice… Observe the consequences of one’s
action Collecting data Describing what is there
Action ResearchCycle of Reflective Practice Reflect on the situation, one’s self, and the
research process exploring: Exploring: What is happening here Interpreting and explaining: How/why are things
as they are Reconsidering: In what ways can I make the
research process better
Key Elements Degree of empowerment given to all voices Unrestrained dialogue between researcher
and participants Role of reflection (reflection in action)
Action Research in Peace Studies STAYING TRUE IN NEPAL:
Understanding Community Mediation through Action Research Silence(ing
), voice(s) and gross violations of human rights: constituting and performing subjectivities through PhotoPAR.
Everyday understandings of peace and non-peace: peacekeeping and peacebuilding at a US Midwestern high school.
Examples: Analysis of the method What is the research question
How did the researcher enter the field? Is the researcher an “insider” or an “outsider”
Description of the problem Who defined the problem?
Was it collaborative? Was it democratic?
Action What actions were taken?
How was the effect of the action recorded? Data collection tools?
What were the findings? What tools were used to ensure reliability and validity?
Action Research
Pros Multiple voices Collaborative Flexible Adaptable Vested interest inclusive
Cons Funding sources-
research question in advance Kickstart
Vested interest Truth-what does
collaborative
Appreciative Inquiry
What is it???
What is it???
Appreciate…verb…1. valuing; the act of recognizing the best in people or the world around us; affirming past and present strengths, successes, and potentials; to perceive those things that give life (health, vitality, excellence) to living systems. 2. to increase in value
Synonyms – VALUING, PRIZING, ESTEEMING, and HONORING
Inquire- verb 1. the act of exploration and discovery. 2. To ask questions; to be open to seeing new potentials and possibilities.
Synonyms: DISCOVERY, SEARCH, SYSTEMATIC EXPLORATION, and STUDY
Appreciative Inquiry is…. particular way of asking questions and envisioning
the future that fosters positive relationships and builds on the basic goodness in a person, a situation, or an organization. In so doing, it enhances a system's capacity for collaboration and change
Appreciative Inquiry Organizational development
process or philosophy Engages individuals within an
organizational system Utilizes a 4-stage process
Stages of Appreciative Inquiry DISCOVER:
The identification of organizational processes that work well.
DREAM: The envisioning of processes that would work well in the
future. DESIGN:
Planning and prioritizing processes that would work well. DESTINY (or DELIVER):
The implementation (execution) of the proposed design.
Appreciative Inquiry 4- D Cycle
DISCOVERYWhat gives
life?Appreciating
DREAMWhat is the world calling
for?Envisioning
Results
DESIGNWhat should be
—the ideal?Co-
constructing
DESTINYHow to
empower, learn, adjust, improvise?Sustaining
Affirmative Topic Choice
Generative process Organic process (all parts are defined by the
whole….cannot take an organization apart to study pieces
What do we do well?
Build organizations around what works, rather than trying to fix what doesn't... It can be enjoyable and natural to many managers, who are often sociable people
The approach acknowledges the contribution of individuals, in order to increase trust and organizational alignment
Aims to create meaning by drawing from stories of concrete successes
Lends itself to cross-industrial social activities
Used extensively to foster change in businesses (a variety of sectors), health care systems, social profit organizations, educational institutions, communities, local governments, and religious institutions.
What is the role of assumptions in change?
Assumptions
Statements and rules that explain what a group generally believes
Explain the context of the group’s choices and behaviors
Are usually not visible to or verbalized by the participants/members; rather than develop and exist
Must be made visible and discussed before anyone can be sure of the group beliefs
Assumptions of Appreciative Inquiry In every society, organization, or group,
something works What we focus on becomes our reality Reality is created in the moment, and there
are multiple realities The act of asking questions of an
organization or a group influences the group in some way
People have more confidence and comfort to journey to the future (the unknown) when they carry forward parts of the past (the known)
If we carry parts of the past forward, they should be what is best about the past
It is important to value difference The language we use creates our reality.
APPRECIATIVE INQUIRY PROTOCOL
Appreciative Inquiry and Peace Appreciative Inquiry and Public Dialogue:An Approach to Community Change Appreciative Inquiry for Peace Building: A Ca
se Study of Constitution Making Process in Nepal
Transforming Educational Practice for Peace in Northern Ireland: The Power of Narrative Dialogue.
Examples: Analysis of the method What is the research question
How did the researcher enter the field? Is the researcher an “insider” or an “outsider”
Description of the problem Who defined the problem?
Was it collaborative? Was it democratic?
Action What actions were taken?
How was the effect of the action recorded? Data collection tools?
What were the findings? What tools were used to ensure reliability and validity?
Tools for research Literature Review (secondary resources) Data Collection: Raw data (primary
resources) Data analysis
Good literature review… It is written by an authority on the topic. It contains accurate information. It is relevant to your assignment. It has a clear purpose (to persuade, inform,
sell something etc). The information it contains has been
reviewed prior to publication.
Using the InternetWhile researching on the Internet:
1. Always question why the information is being distributed on the Internet.2. Always notice the domain name (example: .gov or .org are generally more trustworthy than .com sites).3. Unless otherwise directed, there are better sites to use than Wikipedia.
Internet sites according to suffix
.edu- An educational establishment runs the website. This does not mean that the information you find is academic, many schools provide students with their own web pages, which contain personal opinions and information that might not be correct.
.gov- Governmental Agencies .net- Network provider .com- Commercial establishments, companies such as
Converse and Amazon have the .com suffix attached to their sites.
.org- Organizational web site. They are often nonprofit, i.e. .American Sociological Association or PETA. The intent is to influence public opinion about a particular cause or issue.
Electronic Sources and the Internet
Databases indispensable tools for performing research.
A database is an electronic or computerized list of books, articles, and other publications.
Transcend Media http://www.transcend.org/tms/index.phpTranscend Peace links http://www.transcend.org/tms/links.phpPeace media clearinghouse http://peacemedia.usip.org/teachingguides
Swiss Peace http://www.swisspeace.ch/typo3/en/publicatio
ns/index.html$
UNESCO http://www.unesco.orgConflict analysis and http://library.gmu.edu/resources/socsci/conflic
t.html
Journal of Religion Conflict, and Peace http://www.plowsharesproject.org/journal/s-to
olsUnited States Institute for Peace http://www.usip.org/resources-tools http://www.usip.org/resources/online-journalsConciliation Resources http://www.c-r.org/index.php
Journal of Humanitarian Assistance http://jha.ac/Journal for the Study of Peace and Conflict http://jspc.library.wisc.edu/index2.htmlPeace and Conflict Studies http://www.gmu.edu/programs/icar/pcs/Peace Conflict Development http://www.peacestudiesjournal.org.uk/
Formatting and style guide http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ http://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/everyday_writer3e/d
ocsource/2d.html http://www.noodletools.com/noodlebib/express.php http://library.duke.edu/research/citing/workscited/ http://citationmachine.net/index.php
III. Methodology& Data Collection Tools
Data collection tools….ObservingExperiencing through our senses
InterviewingInquiring into the experience and thoughts of others
Studying the Materials Prepared by OthersExamining documents and Artifacts
Shadow studyAnecdotal RecordLesson ProfileLog, Diary, JournalChecklistRating ScalesRunning Records
QuestionnaireAttitude ScaleChecklist, Rating ScaleCritical Incident InterviewSociogramInformal InterviewFocus Group Interview
Personal Experience MethodAudio-recordingPhotographsVideo- recording
Data analysis
Data Interpretation…Step 2 Analyze
Categorize Sort (use colors, numbers, cut/paste) Label Define
Find Patterns Synthesize
Create concept map, chart, table… NVIVO Socio-gram Digital Voice Recording Inspiration
Data Interpretation….Step #1 Describe
Use rich, accurate detail
Data interpretation… Step #3 Interpret/ Explain
What do I make of all of this? How does this fit into a larger framework?
Critical Colleagues Find one critical colleague Sit down with that person Face that person Listen to that person without giving any
advice Ask questions to help the researcher clarify
their research questions (use research protocol)
Student Presentations of Research
Protocol
Return to group…..
top related