strategic improvement of municipal solid waste …① municipal solid waste industrial waste ③...
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Inaugural Meeting of the Regional 3R Forum in AsiaInaugural Meeting of the Regional 3R Forum in AsiaMeguro Meguro GajoenGajoen, Tokyo, Japan, Tokyo, JapanUNCRD and UNCRD and Ministry of EnvironmentMinistry of Environment--JapanJapan、、11, Nov. 2009 (Wednesday)11, Nov. 2009 (Wednesday)
田中田中 勝勝
Masaru Tanaka, Ph.D.Masaru Tanaka, Ph.D.Director, Sustainability Research InstituteDirector, Sustainability Research Institute
Tottori University of Environmental Studies, JapanTottori University of Environmental Studies, Japan
Strategic Improvement of Strategic Improvement of
Municipal Solid Waste ManagementMunicipal Solid Waste Management
in Asia Region in Asia Region
Municipal Solid Waste Management in Asia Region
(1)China
Efficient Collection and Transportation
Energy Recovery from Solid Waste
(2)Singapore Recognition for Supporters
Siting Disposal Site in Ocean
Landfill Disposal Facility in Ocean
(3)Republic of KoreaLandfill Disposal in Coastal Area
and Gas Recovery
Landfill Disposal Site Utilization
ごみ、下水汚泥からメタンガスを回収する資源化施設 (韓国プサン市)
Biomass UtilizationGas Recovery from Organic Waste
(4)Philippines
Recycling by Informal Sector
Open Dumping and Smoky Mountain
CDM Program for Low Carbon Society
(5)Thailand
EPR (Extended Producer’s Responsibility):Take Back Program by Producer
Modern Industrial Solid Waste Management in Thailand
BPEC in Thailand Operates High Tech Incineration Plant
ESBEC Operates Advanced Landfill Disposal Facilities
(6)Indonesia
Safe Equipments for Collection and Transportation
Manifest for Secure Management
Facility for Storage and Sorting
Leachate Control by Capping
Waste Management in Asia Region
• Waste Quantity is less but increasing dramatically• Still many people is not receiving waste
management services• Most of waste is disposed of by open dumping• Disposal cost is so cheap and modern technology
like incineration is not adapted• Regulation is not likely enforced.• Not enough experts.• Recycling is done by informal sectors.
① Municipal Solid Waste Industrial Waste
③ Waste from Household
Wastes from Business Activities
② Designed Disposal Quantity
Self Disposal Q
uantit
Recovery of Recyclable Itemby V
oluntary Citizen Grou
④Waste Collected by Municipality
WasteBrought byGenerators
Self D
isposal
Recycle
Recycle
Processing
FinalDisposal
Recycle
Processing
FinalDisposal
Disposed by Municipality Disposed by Private Company
Wastes from Industrial Sector
500
Waste Generation Increases as GDP Increases
Waste Generation
(g/cap/day)
1,000
(GDP/cap/yr)
4,000 10,0000
0
Mun
icip
al S
olid
Was
te G
ener
atio
n (k
g/ca
p/ye
ar)
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000GDP (US$/cap./year)
■High generation group : y=100.72x0.1878
R=0.7518 ●Middle generation group : y=36.73x0.2589
R=0.8462
▲Low generation group : y=27.544x0.2585
R=0.8852
Solid Waste Generation in the World until 2050Solid Waste Generation in the World until 2050
Solid Waste Generation in the World 2000-2050 (t/year)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
億/年
ASIA Europe Northern America Latin America and the Caribbean Africa Ocea
2015: 17 billion ton
2025; 19 billion ton
2050 ; 27 billion ton
billion ton/ year
2000 ; 12.7 billion ton
Quantity and Disposal Level of MSW
•2000 1600million tons in world (980million tons(60%) in level 1)
790million tons (49%)in Asia (680million tons(86%) in level 1)
•2050 3200million tons in world (1400million tons(44%) in level 1)
1700million(53%) tons in Asia (890million(64%) tons in level 1)
Strategic Improvement of Municipal Solid Waste
Management
Improvement
To achieve the objectives
Current
Solid
Waste Management
Future
GapGap??
Unsanitary Condition, Low public Health LevelBy Open Dumping, Open Burning and Scattered Waste
Better Quality of LifeInput
resources・
energy
Output
wasteEnviron mentalimpact
Circulative Use of Resources
3RReduce
ReuseRecycle
Water Pollution Control
Air Pollution Control
Environmental Policy
Processing and Disposal of Solid Waste Sludge Dust
Sustainable Society and Waste ManagementSustainable Society and Waste ManagementSustainable Society and Waste Management
Waste Manag ement
Promotion of a regional 3RSociety in collaboration of the local governments and NGOs/NPOs
Promotion of a regional 3RSociety in collaboration of the Promotion of a regional 3RSociety in collaboration of the local governments and NGOs/local governments and NGOs/NPOsNPOs
○
Local governments support activities to collect used papers, used magazines, used clothing, etc. by citizens’ groups, NGOs/NPOs, etc. (group collection )
○ ¥1~4/kg of collected recyclables are subsidized.○
About 3,000 tons/year of solid waste are recycled through this group collection
2,638.0
9.069.0
55.0
53.0 3.0 2.0
紙類
金属類
ガラス類
ペットボトル
プラスチック類
布類
その他
[Details of waste by group collection in Japan (thousand tons)]
Group collection of recyclable waste
PapersMetalsGlassPET bottlesPlasticsFabricsOthers
Reduce
Recycle
ReuseProducers (Design for Environment)
Discharge/Classification
Municipality (Material and Energy Recovery)
Basic Principle of Waste ManagementBasic Principle of Waste Management (3R Principles)(3R Principles)
Consumers (Sustainable Life Style)
Proper Disposal
Collection by Voluntary Group
Objectives of MSW Management
• Improvement of Public Health Level• Protection of Living Environment
↓
Benefit provided by waste management should be maximized.
1960s
Improvement of waste managementImprovement of waste managementImprovement of waste management
• Introduction of continuous-operational furnaces in waste incineration facilities contributed to reducing gas emission
• Liner sheet and effluent treatment facilities are utilized in sanitary landfill sites
1970s Present
Present
Waste Management and Environmental Risk Management Input
Collection/ transportation
Incineration
Vent gas treatment• Dioxins• Soot and dust• HCl, NOx, SOx
Wastewater treatment• Dioxins• Heavy metals
Leachate treatment• Dioxins• Heavy metals• BOD/COD
Environmental
Risk Management
Waste managementWaste management
Output
Resources/ energy
Solid waste
Circular use of resources
•Reduce•Reuse•Recycling
Landfill
Refuse Collection Coverage
OOppeenn DDuummppiinngg SSaanniittaarryy LLaannddffiillll
IInncciinneerraattiioonn RRaattee ffoorr CCoommbbuussttiibbllee WWaassttee
LLaann dd ffii ll ll DDiisspp oossaa ll RRaattee
RReeccyyccll ii nn gg RRaattee
WW aass ttee GGeenneerraa ttiioo nn RRaattee
Improvement toward Better Waste ManagementImprovement toward Better Waste Management
Constraints• Limited Budget ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・(Efficiency)• Limited Man Power• Limited Equipment • Limited Facilities• Limited Landfill Space・・ ・ ・ ・(Volume Reduction)• No Environmental Impact ・・・(Risk Management)• No Health Impact• Natural Resource Conservation・・ ・ ・ ・(Recycling)
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Public Health
Living Environment
Public Health
Living Environment
△△BenefitBenefit
△△CostCost
+
‐
Now Future
Cost and Benefit Before and After
Cost or Benefit
(yen/ton)
⊿β/⊿c≧1.0?
now Future (Improvement)0
C0Cost
β0Environmental Conservation
Public Health
C0
β0
⊿β
⊿C
Cost-Benefit AnalysisCostBudget =C+ΔC・Waste Management Budget↑For Human resource developmentAnd to buy Advanced facilities
ΔCΔB1+ΔB2
BenefitPublic Health=B1+ΔB1
Living Environment=B2+Δ B2
>=1
Benefit provided by waste service should not be
underestimated
Financial Mechanisms
• Solid waste may generate financial resources• Regional management to recover material and
energy and to dispose of solid waste may be better.• Central government should finance to built
essential waste management facilities with the help of international financing banks to improve public health and environmental.
• PPP (Polluter pay principle ) apply for waste management basically.
1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s
Decade (period)
Level of risk arisingfrom landfill site
Risk arising from stable type landfill sites
Hig
h
Low
Acceptable risk:Level of risk the society can accept(tolerable risk level)
Land
fill o
f slu
dge
Landfill of shredderdust and plas ter board
Land
fill o
f slu
dge
Landfill of shredderdust and plaster board
About the cost:Tolerable risk level has come down with time.The cost of responding to the contemporaryacceptable level of risks (to satisfy the desiredlevel of appropriate treatment) goes up,accordingly.
Highcost
Lowcost
Desired level of“appropriatetreatment”
Disposal Cost goes up as GDP increases
Disposal Cost
($/ton)
GDP/cap/yr
1,000 10,0000
0
Cost payer of MSW Management
•Collection•Transfer•Recycle•Incineration•Land fill
•Separation/Stock
•Containers and Packaging Recycling•Home Electronics Recycling• Automobile Recycling
Consum
er
Mun
icipality
Prod
ucer
Tax
Fee
Capacity Development• Constant improvement of solid waste management is
required.• Create section of 3Rs and/or solid waste
management in local and central governments.• Workers in MSW should be trained and educated
always and respected and treated as professional staffs. Then efficiency of waste management will be improved.
• Experts conducts Cost/Benefit analysis for service of solid waste management.
• Experts can develop capacity of human resources, institutions, and science and technology.
Man Power for Solid Waste Management
Man Power for SWM (person/
1000pop)
GDP ($/cap/yr)
1,000 10,0000.0
0 100,000
1.0
2.0
3.0
• Society of Solid Waste Management Experts in Asia & Pacific Islands (SWAPI)
Basic Data、Biomass Utilization, Hazardous Waste Management are to pics to study
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