solar thermal 050210

Low–Temperature Solar Thermal Systems Course for Installers

1. Introduction

• Energy System• Environmental Considerations• Economic and Market Aspects

Energy Routes

1-1Introduction

World Primary Energy Reserves

1-2Introduction

World Energy System

1-3Introduction

Energy Consumption

1-4Introduction

Solar–Thermal Facilities

1-5Introduction

2. Solar Resources – Solar Radiation

• The Sun as an Energy Source• Sun-Earth Geometry• Interaction Between Solar Radiation and Earth

Atmosphere• Solar Radiation Measurements• Solar Radiation Calculations• Charts and Tables

The Sun as an Energy Source

2-1Solar Resources - Solar Radiation

Sun–Earth Geometry

2-2Solar Resources - Solar Radiation

Solar Trajectory

2-3Solar Resources - Solar Radiation

Angular Denomination

2-4Solar Resources - Solar Radiation

Diagram of Solar Altitude with Silhouette of Obstacle

2-5Solar Resources - Solar Radiation

Interaction Between Solar Radiation and Earth Atmosphere

2-6Solar Resources - Solar Radiation

Solar Radiation on the Surface of the Earth

2-7Solar Resources - Solar Radiation

Measurement of Solar Radiation

2-8Solar Resources - Solar Radiation

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Solar Radiation as a Function of the Weather

2-9Solar Resources - Solar Radiation

Solar Radiation Calculations

2-10Solar Resources - Solar Radiation

Daily Average Radiation per Month (kWh/m² d)City: London

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Annual radiation

2-11Solar Resources - Solar Radiation

3. Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

• Components of Solar Thermal Systems• Collectors• Storage Plan• Heat Exchangers• Expansion Chambers• Other Components• Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installations

Typical Solar Installations With Main Components – Forced Circulation

3-1Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Typical Solar Installations with Main Components – Thermosiphon Type

3-2Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Components of a Solar Thermal Installation – Forced Circulation

3-3Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Components of a Solar Thermal Installation – Thermosiphon Type

3-4Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Flat–Plate Solar Collector

3-5Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Flat–Plate Solar Thermal Collector – Cutaway View

3-6Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Vacuum Tube Collectors

3-7Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Vacuum Tube Collectors

3-8Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Principle of Solar Thermal Collection

3-9Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Transmissive Selectivity (Greenhouse Effect)

3-10Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Absorption – Emission Selectivity

3-11Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Efficiency of Solar Thermal Collector

3-12Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Efficiency Curves of Collectors and Application Areas

3-13Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Efficiency Curve of Solar Thermal Collector

3-14Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Collector Without Transparent Cover

3-15Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

"Normal" Solar–Thermal Collector

3-16Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Special Plate–Type Collectors

3-17Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

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Definition of Flat Collector Surfaces

3-18Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Most Common Forms of Absorber Plates

3-19Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Thermal Insulation of Collectors

3-20Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

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Storage Tanks

3-21Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Classification of Storage Tanks

3-22Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Technical Details of Storage Tanks

3-23Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

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Temperature Stratification

3-24Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Importance of Storage Tanks Insulation

3-25Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Twin–Wall Heat Exchangers

3-26Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Coil-Type Heat Exchangers

3-27Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Outdoor Heat Exchangers

3-28Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Expansion Chambers

3-29Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Operation of Expansion Chamber

3-30Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Piping

3-31Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Copper Tubing

3-32Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Thermal Insulation

3-33Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Circulation Pumps

3-34Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Valves: Definitions and Classification

3-35Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Check Valves

3-36Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Safety Valves

3-37Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Air Purge Valve

3-38Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Position of Purge Valves

3-39Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Prefabricated Units of Components

3-40Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Sensors

3-41Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Other Components of Installations

3-42Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

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Subsystems

3-43Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Collection

3-44Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Circulation

3-45Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Storage

3-46Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Back-up

3-47Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Thermosiphon Control

3-48Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Control - Forced Circulation

3-49Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

Control Operating Principle

3-50Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation

4. Solar Thermal Installations

• Classification• Basic Configurations• Back–up System

Solar Thermal Installations

4-1Solar Thermal Installations

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Prefabricated Solar Systems

4-2Solar Thermal Installations

Custom–Built Solar Systems

4-3Solar Thermal Installations

Solar–Thermal Installations

4-4Solar Thermal Installations

Solar–Thermal Installations

4-5Solar Thermal Installations

Configuration No. 1: Indirect, with Thermosiphon and Heat Exchanger Jacketing Solar Tank

4-6Solar Thermal Installations

Configuration No. 2: Indirect, with Forced Circulation, with Heat Exchanger Incorporated into Solar Tank

4-7Solar Thermal Installations

Configuration No. 3: Indirect with Forced Circulation with External Heat Exchanger

4-8Solar Thermal Installations

Back–up System – Instant, in Series

4-9Solar Thermal Installations

Back-up SystemStorage Tank in Series

4-10Solar Thermal Installations

Back-up System – Electrical Resistance

4-11Solar Thermal Installations

5. Applications

• Hot Household Water• Pool Heating• Back–up System for Heating and Air–Conditioning• Other Applications

Solar Thermal Systems– Hot Water

5-1Applications

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Hot Household Water

5-2Applications

Pool Heating

5-3Applications

Pool Heating

5-4Applications

Hot Household Water and Pool Heating

5-5Applications

Solar Radiation, Solar Demand and Supply

5-6Applications

Backup for Heating – Heated Floor

5-7Applications

Backup for Heating Using Two Tanks

5-8Applications

Backup for Air–Conditioning and Heating

5-9Applications

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Process Heat

5-10Applications

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Installation Examples

5-11Applications

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Installation Examples

5-12Applications

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Installation Examples

5-13Applications

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6. Design and Sizing

• Design Criteria• Sizing

Planning of an Installation

6-1Design and Sizing

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Project Construction Process or Installation Memo

6-2Design and Sizing

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Hot Household Water Consumption

6-3Design and Sizing

Meteorological Data

6-4Design and Sizing

Daily Average Radiation per Month (kWh/m² d)City: London

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Criteria: Collector Orientation and Inclination

6-5Design and Sizing

Site Inspection

6-6Design and Sizing

Initial Sizing of Installations

6-7Design and Sizing

Sizing of Collector

6-8Design and Sizing

Sizing of Storage Tank

6-9Design and Sizing

Shade

6-10Design and Sizing

Sizing of Installations

6-11Design and Sizing

Solar Coverage

6-12Design and Sizing

Changes in Solar Coverage Over the Year

6-13Design and Sizing

Place: London, United Kingdom

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Connection Types of Collector Bank and Flow Rate

6-14Design and Sizing

Pressure Loss in Collectors

6-15Design and Sizing

Pressure Loss in Piping

6-16Design and Sizing

Pressure Loss in Heat Exchangers (in This Case Coil Type)

6-17Design and Sizing

Pressure Loss Due to Accessoriesand Other Components

6-18Design and Sizing

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Sizing of Pumps

6-19Design and Sizing

Sizing of Heat Exchangers

6-20Design and Sizing

Sizing of Expansion Chamber

6-21Design and Sizing

Final Design

6-22Design and Sizing

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7. Assembly of Installations

General Considerations

7-1

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Assembly of Installations

Safety during Assembly

7-2Assembly of Installations

Assembly on Level Roofs

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Assembly of Installations

Collector Assembly on Flat Roofs

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Assembly of Installations

Recommended Clearancebetween Collector Banks

7-5Assembly of Installations

Assembly of Collectors

7-6

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Assembly of Installations

Support Structure

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Assembly of Installations

Storage Tank

7-8

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Assembly of Installations

Connection of a Tank Groupin Series and in Parallel

7-9Assembly of Installations

Piping

7-10Assembly of Installations

Thermal Expansion

7-11Assembly of Installations

Jointing copper tubes

7-12

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Assembly of Installations

Electrochemical Series

7-13Assembly of Installations

Expansion Chamber

7-14Assembly of Installations

Connection of Cold Waterto All Components

7-15Assembly of Installations

Assembly of other Components

7-16Assembly of Installations

Assembly of Sensors

7-17Assembly of Installations

Positioning of Sensors in Collector Bank

7-18Assembly of Installations

Positioning of Radiation Sensors

7-19

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Assembly of Installations

Positioning of Connections – Compact System

7-20Assembly of Installations

Positioning of Connection – Forced Circulation System

7-21Assembly of Installations

Appearance and "Final" Comments

7-22

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Assembly of Installations

8. Operation and Maintenance

• Entry into Operation• Defects and Possible Causes• Maintenance

Entry into Operation

8-1Operation and Maintenance

Characteristics of Anti–Freeze Fluid

8-2Operation and Maintenance

Boiling Temperature of Water–Glycol Mix

8-3Operation and Maintenance

Defects and Possible Causes

8-4Operation and Maintenance

Maintenance

8-5Operation and Maintenance

Electrical Cabinet

8-6Operation and Maintenance

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Air Purging

8-7Operation and Maintenance

Low–Temperature Solar Thermal Systems Course for Installers

Publisher: Solarpraxis AGwww.solarpraxis.de

In association with: European Copper Institutewww.eurocopper.org

Authors: Marcial Serrano, Valeriano Ruiz, Germán Lopez, Karl-Heinz Remmers, Michaela Fischbach, Falk Antony, Richard Schlicht, www.energiebuero-berlin.de

Layout: Solarpraxis AG Translation: pro-diction Copy editor: Nicholas Hay

Copper Development Associationwww.cda.org.uk

 ISBN: 3-934595-35-9 Copyright © 2005 Solarpraxis AG