skull and vertebrae

SKULL AND VERTEBRAE

ROLL NO :21-25BPth 1

AXIAL SKELETON

WHAT IS THE

SKULL?

The skull is a bony structure in the head of most vertebrates (in particular, craniates) that supports the structures of the face and forms a protective cavity for the brain.

Adult human skull

SKULL

NEUROCRANIUM VISCEROCRANIUM(brainy case) (facial skeleton)

SUPPORTMOVEMENTPROTECTION

FUNCTIONS

CRANIAL BONES 8 IN NUMBER.

FACIAL BONES

14 IN NUMBER.2. BACKSIDE OF THE

HEAD.

3. ALL IMMOVABLE JOINTS.

2. FORMS THE FACE.

3. MAXILLA MOVABLE.

Encloses the brain in the cavity.

Provide sites of attachment for head and neck muscles.

Provides support.

FUNCTIONS OF CRANIAL BONES

Frontal bone Parietal bones(2) Occipital bone Temporal bone(2) Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone

CRANIAL BONES

Frontal bone Parietal bones(2) Occipital bone Temporal bone(2) Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone

CRANIAL BONES

Frontal bone Parietal bones(2) Occipital bone Temporal bone(2) Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone

CRANIAL BONES

Frontal bone Parietal bones(2) Occipital bone Temporal bone(2) Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone

CRANIAL BONES

Frontal bone Parietal bones(2) Occipital bone Temporal bone(2) Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone

CRANIAL BONES

Frontal bone Parietal bones(2) Occipital bone Temporal bone(2) Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone

CRANIAL BONES

Ethimoid

Sutures are immovable interlocking joints that join skull bones together.

FONTANELLES: Soft regions of connective tissue holding bones

together at birth Permits brain growth and entry into birth canal Normally replaced by bone by about 1 year of age.

SUTURES

CORONAL SUTURE SQUAMOUSAL SUTURE LAMBOIDAL SUTURE SAGITTAL SUTURE

SUTURES

Forms the framework of face Cavities for special sense organs

of sight, taste and smell Openings for air and food

passage Sites of attachment for teeth and

muscles of facial expression

FUNCTION OF FACIAL BONES

Mandible Maxillary bones (maxillae) (2) Zygomatic bones(2) Nasal bones(2) Lacrimal bones(2) Palatine bones(2) Vomer Inferior nasal conchae(2)

FACIAL BONES

Mandible Maxillary bones (maxillae) (2) Zygomatic bones(2) Nasal bones(2) Lacrimal bones(2) Palatine bones(2) Vomer Inferior nasal conchae(2)

FACIAL BONES

Mandible Maxillary bones (maxillae) (2) Zygomatic bones(2) Nasal bones(2) Lacrimal bones(2) Palatine bones(2) Vomer Inferior nasal conchae(2)

FACIAL BONES

Mandible Maxillary bones (maxillae) (2) Zygomatic bones(2) Nasal bones(2) Lacrimal bones(2) Palatine bones(2) Vomer Inferior nasal conchae(2)

FACIAL BONES

Mandible Maxillary bones (maxillae) (2) Zygomatic bones(2) Nasal bones(2) Lacrimal bones(2) Palatine bones(2) Vomer Inferior nasal conchae(2)

FACIAL BONES

Mandible Maxillary bones (maxillae) (2) Zygomatic bones(2) Nasal bones(2) Lacrimal bones(2) Palatine bones(2) Vomer Inferior nasal conchae(2)

FACIAL BONES

Mandible Maxillary bones (maxillae) (2) Zygomatic bones(2) Nasal bones(2) Lacrimal bones(2) Palatine bones(2) Vomer Inferior nasal conchae(2)

FACIAL BONES

Mandible Maxillary bones (maxillae) (2) Zygomatic bones(2) Nasal bones(2) Lacrimal bones(2) Palatine bones(2) Vomer Inferior nasal conchae(2)

FACIAL BONES

EAR OSSICLES – MALLEUS, INCUS AND THE STAPES.

STAPES THE SMALLEST BONE AIDES IN HEARING ALL MOVABLE CONDUCTS VIBRATION

• Mucus lined, hollow, air-filled portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity

• Mucoase of sinus help to warm and humidify inspired air

PARANASAL SINUSES

The only bone that does not articulate with another bone

Anchored by narrow stylohyoid ligaments to syloid process of temporal bone.

Serves as a moveable base for the tongue

HYOID BONE

VERTEBRA[ COLUMN

The human vertebral column is the backbone or spine, consisting of twenty-four articulating vertebrae, and nine fused vertebrae in the sacrum and the coccyx. The vertebrae in the column are separated from each other by inter vertebral discs. It houses and protects the spinal cord in its spinal canal.

The human vertebral column has a double ‘s’ shaped curvature to provide shape and support to the body.

DEFINATION

CERVICAL

COCCYGEAL

THORACIC SACRAL

LUMBAR

Types of vertebrae

A TYPICAL VERTEBRAE

 Numbered top-to-bottom from C1-C7, atlas (C1) and axis (C2), are the vertebrae that allow the neck and head so much movement.

The atlanto-occipital joint allows the head to nod up and down on the vertebral column. Hence the yes joint.

 the atlanto-axial jointallows the upper neck to twist left and right. Hence the no joint.

ATLAS AND AXIS

Clinical significance includes a lot of diseases which are:

1. Spondylolisthesis

2. Kyphosis

3. Lordosis

4. Scoliosis

Cervical headaces which can be effectively treated by PHYSIOTHERAPY…

Clinical significance

Spondylolisthesis is the forward displacement of a vertebra, especially the fifth lumbar vertebra, most commonly occurring after a break or fracture. Backward displacement is referred to as retrolisthesis

SPOndylolisthesis

Kyphosis is an exaggerated kyphotic (concave) curvature in the thoracic region, also called hyperkyphosis.This produces the so-called "humpback" or "dowager's hump", a condition commonly resulting from osteoporosis.

kyphosis

The term lordosis refers to the normal inward curvature of the lumbar and cervical regions of the spine.Excessive or hyperlordosis can happen and lumbar hyperlordosis is commonly referred to as swayback or saddle back, a term that originates from the similar condition that

arises in some horses. 

lordosis

Scoliosis, lateral curvature, is the most common abnormal curvature, occurring in 0.5% of the population. It is more common among females and may result from unequal growth of the two sides of one or more vertebrae, so that they do not fuse properly.

scoliosis

An interesting innovation..!!• In March 2013, for the first time in history, researchers replaced 75 percent of an injured patient's skull with a precision 3D-printed polymer replacement implant.

• In March 2014, it was announced that a similar skull replacement had been performed successfully on a Dutch woman three months ago.

How do the Forensic Doctors Reconstruct a face using a skull?????????????????Phrenology

Use of metric and non-metric traits to estimate what the bearer of the skull looked like..

Remoulding the face with the help of the skull bones.

By…

NIDA SHAIKH

VIPASHA MEHTA

HASTI VOHRA

MEGHNA BIYANI SUSAN JOSE