review of electric vehicles

Electric and HybridVehicles

The Need for Alternative Fuel Vehicles

Transportation65%

Electrical Generation4%

Buildings7%

Industry24%

Distribution of Oil Use

Oil Use by Transportationand Oil Production

0

5

10

15

2019

70

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

2030

Oil

(m

illi

ons

of b

arre

ls /

day)

Oil Use

Oil ProductionPetroleum Gap

World Oil Production Forecast

0

5

10

15

20

25

3018

40

1860

1880

1900

1920

1940

1960

1980

2000

2020

2040

An

nual

Wor

ld O

il P

rodu

ctio

n(B

illi

ons

of B

arre

ls)

Percent of Total PollutionCaused by Transportation

CO = carbon monoxide NOx = oxides of nitrogenVOCs = volatile organic compounds CO2 = carbon dioxide

2CO

Particulates

VOCs

xNO

CO

Source: EPA, 1997

77%

49%

40%

24%

31%

Number of People in Counties with Unacceptable Air Quality in 1997

9.1

2.4

47.9

7.9

52.6

101.6

9.7

107

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

CO

Pb

NO2

O3

PM-10

PM-2.5

SO2

Any NAQS

Revised Standards

Older Standards

CO Emissions by Source in 1997

57%19%

11%6% 4% 3%

On-Road Vehicles

Metal Processing

Fuel Combustion - OtherAll OtherMiscellaneous

Non-Road Enginesand Vehicles

Nitrogen Oxide (Nox) Emissionsby Source in 1997

30%

26%

14%6% 5%

19%

On-Road Vehicles

Fuel Combustion:Other

All Other Non-Road Enginesand Vehicles

Fuel Combustion:Industrial

Fuel Combustion :Utility

Volatile Organic Compound Emissionsby Source in 1997

27%34%

7% 19%

13%

On-Road Vehicles

Storage and TransportAll Other

Non-Road Enginesand Vehicles

Solvent Utilization

Particulate Matter Emissionsby Source in 1997

24%

9%10%24%

16%

17% On-Road and Non-RoadEngines and Vehicles

OtherIndustrialProcesses

Fuel Combustion:Other

All Other Fuel Combustion:Industrial

Fuel Combustion :Utility

Ozone Non-Attainment Areas

Benefits of

Electric Vehicles

Energy Sources for Generation of Electricity

Coal56%

Petroleum2%

Natural Gas9%

Hydroelectric11%

Nuclear22%

Alternative Fuel Emission Comparisona

Grams/mile

Vehicle Volatile Organic Gases CO Nox

Exhaust Evaporative Total

Gas 0.35 0.04 0.39 1.40 0.66

Methanol 0.25 0.09 0.34 1.00 0.45

LPG 0.20 0 0.20 1.40 0.27

CNG 0.19 0 0.19 0.10 0.44

Electricity* 0.006 0 0.006 0.008 0.07

aSource--CARB Report, May 1989*Estimate of power plant emissions from Los Angeles Basin electricity generation

Comparison of Emissions

12

10

8

6

4

2

OperatingCost

¢/mile

Gasolinevehicle

Electricvehicle

Operating Costs

Benefits of Electric Vehicles

• Fuel costs up to 50% lower

• Lower maintenance costs

• Increased rider comfort

• Higher initial torque provides acceleration

• Exemption from emission inspections

• Convenience of home refueling

• Evs are “green” vehicles.

Electric VehicleTechnology

Diagram of a Gasoline Car

Starter

Gas Tank

WaterPump

Exhaust System

Engine

SmogControls

GasPump

OilPump

Generator

Carburetor

Diagram of an Electric Vehicle

ControllerMotor

Battery

Battery ManagementSystem

Charger

Electric Vehicle Battery Pack

Characteristics of an Electric Vehicle Battery

Battery PerformanceCharacteristic

Energy density

Power density

Life of the battery

Battery cost

How Measured

Whrs/Kg

W/Kg

CyclesYears

$/KWhr

What Is Affected

Driving range

Acceleration and hill climbing

Battery replacement period and life cycle cost

Vehicle purchase priceBattery replacement cost

Comparison of Electric Motors

AC Motor

Single speed transmission

Light weight

Less expensive

95% efficiency at full load

More expensive controller

Motor/controller/inverter is more expensive

DC Motor

Multi-speed transmission

Heavier for same power

Higher cost

85-89% efficiency at full load

Simple controller

Motor/controller - lower cost

Diagram of Home Refueling

Vehicle EV SupplyEquipment

Wiring ingarage orcarport

Electricalservice

A Conductive Refueling Connector

An Inductive Refueling Connector

Conductive ChargerInductive Charger

Level 1 Inductive and Conductive Charging

Level 2 Charging

Level 3 Charger

Comparison of Charging Times at the 3 Levels

H ou rs to F u lly C h arge B attery1 61 41 21 0 8 6 4 2 0

L ev el 1 L eve l 2 L ev el 3

N o te : C h a rg e tim e s c a n v a ry d e p e n d in g u p o n th e ty p e o f b a tte ry, a ir te m p e ra tu re , a n d v a r io u s fa c to rs .

IW C S ta n d a rd C h a rg in g L ev e ls

12

10

8

6

4

2

Fuelcost

¢/mile

Gasolinevehicle

Electricvehicle

Fuel Costs

Switch Mode Charger

A CIn pu t

60 H z

R ec tifier/F ilterO u tpu t

R ec tifier/F ilter

H igh -F requencyIn ve rte r

D C

D C toB a tte ryP ack

C o n tro lC ircu it

15 K H z-1M H z15 K H z-1M H z

C o m m unica tion s L ine

Inductive Charger

Conductive Charger

Fundamentals ofHybrid Electric

Vehicles

An Electric Car

Transmission

Power Unit(motor/controller)

Fuel (batteries)

Regenerative Brakes(energy returns to batteries)

A Gasoline Car

Transmission

Power Unit(internal combustion engine)

Fuel (gasoline)

Series Hybrid Electric Car

Transmission

Power Unit(motor/controller)

Fuel(batteries)

AuxiliaryUnit Fuel

AuxiliaryPower Unit

Regenerative Brakes

Generator

Parallel Hybrid Electric Car

Transmission

Power Unit(motor/controller)

Fuel(batteries)

AuxiliaryUnit Fuel Auxiliary

Power Unit

Regenerative Brakes

Combination Hybrid Car

Transmission

Power Unit(motor/controller/generator)

Fuel(batteries)

AuxiliaryUnit Fuel Auxiliary

Power Unit

Regenerative Brakes

Generator

Characteristics of HEVs

• Series HEV– Electric motor powers the vehicle.– Engine runs at constant speed and charges the battery

pack.– Location of the APU motor/generator is flexible.

• Parallel HEV– APU engine and electric motor are connected to the drive

system--improves efficiency.– Greater power is available using the APU engine and

electric motor simultaneously.– No generator is needed.

• Combination HEV– Characteristics of both series and hybrid HEVs.– More components and a more complex control system is

needed.

Advantages of HybridElectric Vehicles

• Range is greater than an EV.

• Emissions are reduced.

• Gas mileage is improved.

• There is a potential for zero harmful emissions.

Energy Losses of ICE Vehicle

Energy Losses of an HEV

Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Availabilityof

Electric Vehicles

General Motors EV1

• Standard Equipment– Dual air bags– Anti-locking braking system– Low rolling resistance tires– Aluminum wheels– AM-FM/cassette/CD– Electriclear windshield

– Solar glass– Dual power outside mirrors– Cruise control– Power door locks– Power windows– Heat pump A/C

General Motors EV1

• Performance– Range 65-95 miles (Lead acid); 75-140 miles

(NiMH)– Top speed 80 mph (governed)– Motor 137 Hp AC– Battery type Lead acid, NiMH (optional)– Acceleration 0-60 mph in 8.5 sec.– Nominal system voltage 312 volts– Charger 6.6 kw inductive– Charging time 2-3 hours– Price Lease only for $399 to $574

Chevrolet S-10

• Standard Equipment– battery thermal management

system– power steering– regenerative braking– driver’s side air bag– daytime running lamps– air conditioning

– fuel fired cabin heater--assists cabin heat pump

– cruise control– four wheel, anti-lock brakes– AM/FM radio– tilt steering wheel– intermittent windshield wipers

Ford Ranger

• Standard Equipment– Dual air bags– 4 wheel ABS– Power steering– Electric resistance heater– Aluminum wheels– Low rolling resistance tires

Honda EV Plus

• Standard Equipment– Dual air bags– Power brakes– Anti-locking braking system– Heat pump climate control system– AM-FM radio / CD

Honda EV Plus

• Performance– Range 125 miles– Motor 66 Hp DC– Battery type Sealed NiMH– Acceleration 0-60 mph in 17.7

sec.– Nominal system voltage 288volts– Payload 700 lbs.– Charger 4.2 kw inductive– Charging time 8 hours

Toyota RAV4-EV

• Standard Equipment– Dual air bags– Heat pump A/C– Power windows and door locks– AM-FM/cassette– Heated seats– Heated windshield– Rear window defogger and wiper– Low rolling resistance tires

Bombadier Neighborhood Vehicle

• Performance– Maximum Speed 25 mph– Range 30 miles.– Acceleration 0-20 in 6 sec.– Batteries Six 12 volt, sealed lead acid– Charge Time 8 hours– Cost Starting at $6199

Electric Bicycles

• Zap Electricruizer– Price $699-$824

• Zap PowerBike with 18 speed index shifting– Price $899

Electric Bicycles

• Zap Patrol Bike– Price $1250-$2000

• Smith-Wesson Bike

Electric Cycles

• Electricycle– Speed 25 mph– Range 20 miles.– Acceleration 0-18 in 6

sec.– Motor 24 volt DC– Batteries Two 12 volt– Weight 176 lbs.– Cost $2000

• Electric Scooter– Speed 13 mph/level ground– Range 8 miles– Weight 37 lbs.– Cost $650

Electric Buses

• Electric Vehicle International Electric Transit Bus

– Range 40-60 miles

• Blue Bird Electric Transit Bus– Range 80 miles

Electric Buses

• Thomas Built Electric Bus– Range 70-75

miles– Seating capacity 63

• Electric Powered Trolley– Range 40-70

miles

Electric Fork Lift Trucks

Features– Standard three wheel– 2000-3000 lb. capacity– 24 volts– 5.6-6.7 mph max. speed

• Features– Sit down four wheel– 7000-12,000 lb.

capacity– 36-48 volts– 6-8.9 mph max. speed

• Features– Sit down three wheel– 3000-4000 lb. capacity– 36-48 volts– 7.5-10 mph max. speed

Solectria Citivan

• Performance– Speed 45 mph– Range 40 miles– Payload 3500 lbs.– Motor 70 KW– System voltage 312 volts

Tram and Utility Vehicles

• Cushman Utility Vehicle– Speed 20 mph– Capacity 1200

lbs.– Battery 48 volts

• Electric Vehicles International Tram– Seating 78 people– Range 40-70 miles

• Cushman Utility Vehicle– Speed 12 mph– Capacity 1400

lbs.– Battery 36 volts

Toyota PriusHybrid Electric Vehicle

Honda InsightHybrid Electric Car