review of electric vehicles
TRANSCRIPT
Electric and HybridVehicles
The Need for Alternative Fuel Vehicles
Transportation65%
Electrical Generation4%
Buildings7%
Industry24%
Distribution of Oil Use
Oil Use by Transportationand Oil Production
0
5
10
15
2019
70
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
Oil
(m
illi
ons
of b
arre
ls /
day)
Oil Use
Oil ProductionPetroleum Gap
World Oil Production Forecast
0
5
10
15
20
25
3018
40
1860
1880
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
2020
2040
An
nual
Wor
ld O
il P
rodu
ctio
n(B
illi
ons
of B
arre
ls)
Percent of Total PollutionCaused by Transportation
CO = carbon monoxide NOx = oxides of nitrogenVOCs = volatile organic compounds CO2 = carbon dioxide
2CO
Particulates
VOCs
xNO
CO
Source: EPA, 1997
77%
49%
40%
24%
31%
Number of People in Counties with Unacceptable Air Quality in 1997
9.1
2.4
47.9
7.9
52.6
101.6
9.7
107
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
CO
Pb
NO2
O3
PM-10
PM-2.5
SO2
Any NAQS
Revised Standards
Older Standards
CO Emissions by Source in 1997
57%19%
11%6% 4% 3%
On-Road Vehicles
Metal Processing
Fuel Combustion - OtherAll OtherMiscellaneous
Non-Road Enginesand Vehicles
Nitrogen Oxide (Nox) Emissionsby Source in 1997
30%
26%
14%6% 5%
19%
On-Road Vehicles
Fuel Combustion:Other
All Other Non-Road Enginesand Vehicles
Fuel Combustion:Industrial
Fuel Combustion :Utility
Volatile Organic Compound Emissionsby Source in 1997
27%34%
7% 19%
13%
On-Road Vehicles
Storage and TransportAll Other
Non-Road Enginesand Vehicles
Solvent Utilization
Particulate Matter Emissionsby Source in 1997
24%
9%10%24%
16%
17% On-Road and Non-RoadEngines and Vehicles
OtherIndustrialProcesses
Fuel Combustion:Other
All Other Fuel Combustion:Industrial
Fuel Combustion :Utility
Ozone Non-Attainment Areas
Benefits of
Electric Vehicles
Energy Sources for Generation of Electricity
Coal56%
Petroleum2%
Natural Gas9%
Hydroelectric11%
Nuclear22%
Alternative Fuel Emission Comparisona
Grams/mile
Vehicle Volatile Organic Gases CO Nox
Exhaust Evaporative Total
Gas 0.35 0.04 0.39 1.40 0.66
Methanol 0.25 0.09 0.34 1.00 0.45
LPG 0.20 0 0.20 1.40 0.27
CNG 0.19 0 0.19 0.10 0.44
Electricity* 0.006 0 0.006 0.008 0.07
aSource--CARB Report, May 1989*Estimate of power plant emissions from Los Angeles Basin electricity generation
Comparison of Emissions
12
10
8
6
4
2
OperatingCost
¢/mile
Gasolinevehicle
Electricvehicle
Operating Costs
Benefits of Electric Vehicles
• Fuel costs up to 50% lower
• Lower maintenance costs
• Increased rider comfort
• Higher initial torque provides acceleration
• Exemption from emission inspections
• Convenience of home refueling
• Evs are “green” vehicles.
Electric VehicleTechnology
Diagram of a Gasoline Car
Starter
Gas Tank
WaterPump
Exhaust System
Engine
SmogControls
GasPump
OilPump
Generator
Carburetor
Diagram of an Electric Vehicle
ControllerMotor
Battery
Battery ManagementSystem
Charger
Electric Vehicle Battery Pack
Characteristics of an Electric Vehicle Battery
Battery PerformanceCharacteristic
Energy density
Power density
Life of the battery
Battery cost
How Measured
Whrs/Kg
W/Kg
CyclesYears
$/KWhr
What Is Affected
Driving range
Acceleration and hill climbing
Battery replacement period and life cycle cost
Vehicle purchase priceBattery replacement cost
Comparison of Electric Motors
AC Motor
Single speed transmission
Light weight
Less expensive
95% efficiency at full load
More expensive controller
Motor/controller/inverter is more expensive
DC Motor
Multi-speed transmission
Heavier for same power
Higher cost
85-89% efficiency at full load
Simple controller
Motor/controller - lower cost
Diagram of Home Refueling
Vehicle EV SupplyEquipment
Wiring ingarage orcarport
Electricalservice
A Conductive Refueling Connector
An Inductive Refueling Connector
Conductive ChargerInductive Charger
Level 1 Inductive and Conductive Charging
Level 2 Charging
Level 3 Charger
Comparison of Charging Times at the 3 Levels
H ou rs to F u lly C h arge B attery1 61 41 21 0 8 6 4 2 0
L ev el 1 L eve l 2 L ev el 3
N o te : C h a rg e tim e s c a n v a ry d e p e n d in g u p o n th e ty p e o f b a tte ry, a ir te m p e ra tu re , a n d v a r io u s fa c to rs .
IW C S ta n d a rd C h a rg in g L ev e ls
12
10
8
6
4
2
Fuelcost
¢/mile
Gasolinevehicle
Electricvehicle
Fuel Costs
Switch Mode Charger
A CIn pu t
60 H z
R ec tifier/F ilterO u tpu t
R ec tifier/F ilter
H igh -F requencyIn ve rte r
D C
D C toB a tte ryP ack
C o n tro lC ircu it
15 K H z-1M H z15 K H z-1M H z
C o m m unica tion s L ine
Inductive Charger
Conductive Charger
Fundamentals ofHybrid Electric
Vehicles
An Electric Car
Transmission
Power Unit(motor/controller)
Fuel (batteries)
Regenerative Brakes(energy returns to batteries)
A Gasoline Car
Transmission
Power Unit(internal combustion engine)
Fuel (gasoline)
Series Hybrid Electric Car
Transmission
Power Unit(motor/controller)
Fuel(batteries)
AuxiliaryUnit Fuel
AuxiliaryPower Unit
Regenerative Brakes
Generator
Parallel Hybrid Electric Car
Transmission
Power Unit(motor/controller)
Fuel(batteries)
AuxiliaryUnit Fuel Auxiliary
Power Unit
Regenerative Brakes
Combination Hybrid Car
Transmission
Power Unit(motor/controller/generator)
Fuel(batteries)
AuxiliaryUnit Fuel Auxiliary
Power Unit
Regenerative Brakes
Generator
Characteristics of HEVs
• Series HEV– Electric motor powers the vehicle.– Engine runs at constant speed and charges the battery
pack.– Location of the APU motor/generator is flexible.
• Parallel HEV– APU engine and electric motor are connected to the drive
system--improves efficiency.– Greater power is available using the APU engine and
electric motor simultaneously.– No generator is needed.
• Combination HEV– Characteristics of both series and hybrid HEVs.– More components and a more complex control system is
needed.
Advantages of HybridElectric Vehicles
• Range is greater than an EV.
• Emissions are reduced.
• Gas mileage is improved.
• There is a potential for zero harmful emissions.
Energy Losses of ICE Vehicle
Energy Losses of an HEV
Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Availabilityof
Electric Vehicles
General Motors EV1
• Standard Equipment– Dual air bags– Anti-locking braking system– Low rolling resistance tires– Aluminum wheels– AM-FM/cassette/CD– Electriclear windshield
– Solar glass– Dual power outside mirrors– Cruise control– Power door locks– Power windows– Heat pump A/C
General Motors EV1
• Performance– Range 65-95 miles (Lead acid); 75-140 miles
(NiMH)– Top speed 80 mph (governed)– Motor 137 Hp AC– Battery type Lead acid, NiMH (optional)– Acceleration 0-60 mph in 8.5 sec.– Nominal system voltage 312 volts– Charger 6.6 kw inductive– Charging time 2-3 hours– Price Lease only for $399 to $574
Chevrolet S-10
• Standard Equipment– battery thermal management
system– power steering– regenerative braking– driver’s side air bag– daytime running lamps– air conditioning
– fuel fired cabin heater--assists cabin heat pump
– cruise control– four wheel, anti-lock brakes– AM/FM radio– tilt steering wheel– intermittent windshield wipers
Ford Ranger
• Standard Equipment– Dual air bags– 4 wheel ABS– Power steering– Electric resistance heater– Aluminum wheels– Low rolling resistance tires
Honda EV Plus
• Standard Equipment– Dual air bags– Power brakes– Anti-locking braking system– Heat pump climate control system– AM-FM radio / CD
Honda EV Plus
• Performance– Range 125 miles– Motor 66 Hp DC– Battery type Sealed NiMH– Acceleration 0-60 mph in 17.7
sec.– Nominal system voltage 288volts– Payload 700 lbs.– Charger 4.2 kw inductive– Charging time 8 hours
Toyota RAV4-EV
• Standard Equipment– Dual air bags– Heat pump A/C– Power windows and door locks– AM-FM/cassette– Heated seats– Heated windshield– Rear window defogger and wiper– Low rolling resistance tires
Bombadier Neighborhood Vehicle
• Performance– Maximum Speed 25 mph– Range 30 miles.– Acceleration 0-20 in 6 sec.– Batteries Six 12 volt, sealed lead acid– Charge Time 8 hours– Cost Starting at $6199
Electric Bicycles
• Zap Electricruizer– Price $699-$824
• Zap PowerBike with 18 speed index shifting– Price $899
Electric Bicycles
• Zap Patrol Bike– Price $1250-$2000
• Smith-Wesson Bike
Electric Cycles
• Electricycle– Speed 25 mph– Range 20 miles.– Acceleration 0-18 in 6
sec.– Motor 24 volt DC– Batteries Two 12 volt– Weight 176 lbs.– Cost $2000
• Electric Scooter– Speed 13 mph/level ground– Range 8 miles– Weight 37 lbs.– Cost $650
Electric Buses
• Electric Vehicle International Electric Transit Bus
– Range 40-60 miles
• Blue Bird Electric Transit Bus– Range 80 miles
Electric Buses
• Thomas Built Electric Bus– Range 70-75
miles– Seating capacity 63
• Electric Powered Trolley– Range 40-70
miles
Electric Fork Lift Trucks
Features– Standard three wheel– 2000-3000 lb. capacity– 24 volts– 5.6-6.7 mph max. speed
• Features– Sit down four wheel– 7000-12,000 lb.
capacity– 36-48 volts– 6-8.9 mph max. speed
• Features– Sit down three wheel– 3000-4000 lb. capacity– 36-48 volts– 7.5-10 mph max. speed
Solectria Citivan
• Performance– Speed 45 mph– Range 40 miles– Payload 3500 lbs.– Motor 70 KW– System voltage 312 volts
Tram and Utility Vehicles
• Cushman Utility Vehicle– Speed 20 mph– Capacity 1200
lbs.– Battery 48 volts
• Electric Vehicles International Tram– Seating 78 people– Range 40-70 miles
• Cushman Utility Vehicle– Speed 12 mph– Capacity 1400
lbs.– Battery 36 volts
Toyota PriusHybrid Electric Vehicle
Honda InsightHybrid Electric Car