psychometric and psychological testing
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Most often associated with IQ tests,
PSYCHOMETRICS is a field of study th
with the theory and application of psycholo
measurement.
PSYCHOMETRICSis concerned with themeasurement of a variety of things, includin
intelligence, attitude, emotions, and person
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Psychometrics is the field of study concern
the theory and technique of psychological
measurement, which includes the measurem
knowledge, abilities, attitudes, and persona
The field is primarily concerned with the st
differences between individuals.
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It involves tow major research tasks:
(1) the construction of instruments and proc
measurement
(2) the development and refinement of theo
approaches to measurement
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Origins and Background: Much of the
theoretical and applied work in psychometr
undertaken in an attempt to measure intellig
The origin of psychometrics has connec
the related field of psychophysics.
Testing for proficiency dates back to 22
when the Chinese emperor used grueling te
assess fitness for office
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About Psychometrics:
The basis for psychometrics was formed in
19thcentury scientists and psychologists wh
developed new ways to measure human int
Others began to use psychometrics to measnumber of other psychological traits throug
20thcentury.
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Today, psychometrics is employed in a vari
fields and is used to assess a range of huma
aptitudes.
Psychometrics has probably been most app
academic setting, but it is increasingly used
professional world to test the personalities apsychological strengths of employees.
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Modern Psychometric: dates to Sir Francis
(1822-1911), Charles Darwins cousin
>Interested in individual differen
their distribution
>1884-1890: Tested 17,000 indiv
height, weight, sizes, of accessi
parts, + behavior: hand strength, visual acuetc.
>Demonstrated that objectives te
provide meaning scores
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Modern Psychometric: James Cattell (stud
Wundt & Galton) first used the term ment
1890
> His tests were in the bras
instruments tradition of
Galton
>Founded Psychological R(1897)
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Clark Wissler (Cattells student) did the firs
validational research, examining the relatio
the old mental test scores and academic
achievement
>His results were largely
discouraging
>He had only bright collegein his sample
>Wissler became an anthrop
with a strong environmen
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Goodenough (1949): The Galtonian appro
like inferring the nature of genius from th
stupidity or the qualities of waterfrom those of ..hydrogen and oxygen
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Alfred Binet (1905) introd
first modern intelligence te
directly tested higher psyc
processes (real abilities &
judgments) i.e., picture nam
rhyme production, weight
question answering, word
Also motivated IQ (Stern, 1914): mental
divided by chronological age
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The rise of psychometrics:
>Lewis Terman (1916) produced a major re
Binetsscale
>Robert Yerkes (1919) convinced the US
government to test 1.75 million army recrui
>Post WWI: Factor analysis emerged, mak
aptitude and personality test possible
i
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Psychometric test: A test is a standardized pfor sampling behavior and describing it using sc
categories
>most tests are predictive of some non-test behainterest
>most tests are norm-referenced= they describe
behavior in terms of norms, test results gatheredlarge group of subjects (the standardization sam
>some tests are criterion-referenced=the objecti
if the subject can attain some pre-specified crite
P h i
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Psychometric test:
Aim to measure aspects of mental ability
or personality
Used as part of the recruitment or selecti
process
Provide employers with a method of sele
most suitable job applicants or candidatepromotion
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Fi F t M d l B i f M T t U
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Five Factors Model: Basis of Many TestsU
personality traits
Openness to experience
Conscientiousness Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Th i t f t t
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The main types of tests
Intelligence tests: assess intelligence
Aptitude tests: assess capability
Achievement tests: assess degree of accomp Creativity test: assess capacity for novelty
Personality tests: assess traits
Interest inventories: assess preferences for a
Behavior tests: measure behavior and their
antecents/consequences
Neuropsychological tests: measure cognitive
perceptual, or motor functions Most commonly used tests
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Most commonly used tests
1. FIRO-B: fundamental interpersonal relatio
orientation-behavior
Devised by American Psychologist, Willthe 1950s
Helps people to understand themselves a
relationships with others
Based on a 2-hour, 54-question questionn
Describes interpersonal behavior in term
primary dimensions: need for inclusion,
affection Most commonly used tests
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Most commonly used tests
1. FIRO-B: used for
Team building & development
Individual development & executive coa Conflict resolution
Selection & placement
Management & leadership development
Relationship
counselling
Most commonly used tests
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Most commonly used tests
2. MBTI- M?YERS-BRIGGS type of indicato
Based on theories of Gustav Jung
Most widely-used questionnaire based te Uses for bi-polar dimensions: sensing-in
(SN), thinking-feeling (TF), Extraversion
Introversion (E-I), Judging-Perceiving (J
create 16 personality types
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Most commonly used tests
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Most commonly used tests
3. DISC Personality Model: (Direct, Influenci
& Compliant behaviors)
Developed in 1920s to understand why pwhat they do
Simple questionnaire based
Uses four categories of human behavior
D dominance-Drive-Direct
I for Influence
SforSteadiness or Stability
C for compliant, conscientious, or ca
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DISC is used for :
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DISC is used for :
1. As a learning tool
2. For career development
3. Training, coaching & mentoring4. Organizational development & performan
Most commonly used tests
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Most commonly used tests
4. 16 personality Factor Model (16PF)
Developed in the 1940s and refined in the 6
Attempts to define the basic underlying per
Questionnaire based
Analysis using 16 personality factors
Used for: selection, development, executive c
teambuilding
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Most commonly used tests
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Most commonly used tests
5. Johari Window
Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham in 1955
Used to help people better understand theirinterpersonal communication and relationsh
Subject chooses 5 or 6 is out of a list of 55
Peers of the subject are then pick 5 or 6 adj
which they think describe the subject
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Most commonly used tests
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Most commonly used tests
6. Belbin Team Role Inventory
used to place individuals in their most eff
team roles Categories team roles under three orientatio
(action-oriented roles, people-oriented role
roles)
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Belbin team profiling is used to:
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e b tea p o g s used to:
1. Create balanced working teams:
1. One co-coordinator or shaper (not both)
2. A plant to stimulate ideas3. A monitor/evaluator to maintain honesty
clarity
4. One or more implementer, team worker,
investigator or completer/finisher to mak
happen
Dr. Meredith Belbin: Nobody is perfect- b
can be Most commonly used tests
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y
7. Aptitude and Ability Tests
Designed to assess ones logical reasoning or
performance Usually consist of multiple choice questions,
administered under exam conditions
Typical test might allow 30 minutes for 30 or
questions
At least 5000 aptitude and ability tests on the
On-line testing increasingly popular
References:
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Anastasi, A.Psychological Testing.New Y
Macmillan, 1982.
Goldstein, G., and M. Hersen, eds.HandboPsychologicalAssessment.2nd ed. New York: P
Press, 1990.
Mitchell, J.An Introduction to the Logic of
Psychological Measurement.Hillsdale, NJ: Erlb
1990.
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