post civil war chapter 5. post war migration: – settlers came in by the millions. –...
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POST CIVIL WAR
Chapter 5
• Post War Migration:– Settlers came in by the
millions.– Anglo-Americans– Over 2 million between
1870-1890– Europe
• Scandinavia, Germany, Ireland, Russia, Czechoslovakia.– Came for Gold and
Silver– Farm and Grazing
lands– Railroad
MIGRATION FROM THE EAST
• Homestead Act 1862- create new markets and new outposts for commercial agriculture.– Help growing economies
• Timber Culture Act 1873- permitted homesteaders to receive grants of 160 additional acres if they planted trees on them.
• Desert Land Act 1877- people could buy 640 acres at 1.25 an acre.
• Timber and Stone Act 1878- applied non-arable land and sold land at 2.50 an acre.
LAND POLICIES
• Made it possible to acquire 1,280 acres of land at little
cost.• Enterprising people got
much more.• Fraud was rampant• Lumber and mining companied employed
dummy restraints and other illegal devices to seize
millions of acres of public land.
• 1860’s- territorial governments were in
operation, and statehood rapidly followed.
LAND POLICIES
• Farmers, Ranchers, and miners recruited for a paid
labor force.• Labor shortage- rose wages
for workers.• Working conditions were
tough• Chinese Immigrants– Willing to work for lower
wages.– Work force was divided
along racial lines.
LABOR IN THE WEST
• 3 major industries in the late 19th century were mining, ranching, and commercial farming.– Mining
• Began in 1860• Mineral strike in 1858• Possibility of finding gold
attracted 50,000 prospectors.
• Cities would appear and disappear when the gold ran out.
WESTERN INDUSTRIES
• Comstock Lode– Discovered in
Nevada 1859.– Silver miners came
by the thousands.• 1874- Gold was found in
the Black Hills– Prospectors flooded
in the area.
WESTERN INDUSTRIES
• Hectic tempo• Attracted outlaws• Formed vigilante committees
when the town became intolerable.
• Did not always use the legal system to bring them to justice.
• Men outnumbered women• Those who came for gold,
stayed and worked as wage laborers in mines.
• Workers- die d of heatstroke, cave-ins, or explosions.
• One in every eighty was killed.
LIFE IN THE BOOMTOWNS
• Vast grasslands (Open Range)• Great Plains area
– Provided free of charge areas to raise their cattle.
– Railroads- gave birth to the cattle industry, by giving it access to markets in the Eastern U.S.
– End of Civil war• 5 million cattle roamed the
Texas ranges.• Getting cattle from the range
to the market was difficult.• Long Drives- cattle could be
driven to distant markets.– Explosive growth of the cattle
industry.
CATTLE RANCHING
• Established in Abilene, Kansas• Cattle Kingdom for many years.• Mid 1870’s railroads pushed
west, and became overstocked .– Not enough grass to support
the herds.– Two severe winters
1886/1887– One Scorching summer
• Killed hundreds and thousands of cattle.
– Streams and grass dried up and long drive cattle kingdom ended.
MARKET FACULTIES
DISPERSAL OF INDIAN TRIBES
• Traditional Policy– Regard the tribes as independent
nations and wards of the president at the same time.
• 1851- – Each tribe was assigned to its own
reservation.– Divided the tribes– Left the most desirable land for the
whites.• 1867
– Established an Indian Peace Commission.• Composed of soldiers and civilians.• Move all the Plains Indians onto
two large reservations.• One in Oklahoma and Dakotas.
WHITE TRIBAL POLICIES
• Fighting occuring all of the time.• Indian Warriors in traveling parties
attacking wagon trains, stagecoaches, and ranches.– Retaliation for earlier attacks on
whites.• 1864
– Araphao and Cheyenne Indians camped near Sand Creek Colorado
– Led by Black Kettle– No hostility against the whites– Volunteer militia cam and
massacred 133 Indians, 105 were women and children.
– Black Kettle escaped and was killed four years later by custer!
THE INDIAN WARS
• Sioux left their reseveration in protest– Miners in the black hills– White officials ordered them back– Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull
gathered.– Army- sent to find them and order
them back.• Led by George A. Custer• Battle of Little Bighorn• Surprised Custer and killed 264
of his troops• 2500 Indians gathered- the
largest in history• The Army will return the Indians to their
reservations due to the Indians not staying united.
NORTHERN PLAINS
• Nez Perce Indians were a small and peaceful band.
• Younger(Drunk)indians killed four white settlers in Oregon.
• Nez Perce Leader= Chief Joseph– Told the tribe to flee to
Canada.– Indians covered 1321 miles
in 75 days. – Caught just short of the
border• “I will fight now more forever”
IDAHO- 1877
• Paiute Indian named Wovoka– Inspiried a spiritual awakening– Emphasized the coming of the
Messiah– Ghost Dances– Government Agents watched the
dances in confusion and fear.– Dec 29, 1890-
• 7th Calvary rounded up a group of 350 cold and starving Sioux at Wounded Knee, South Dakota.
– Fighting broke out• 40 soldiers and 200 Indians died
• Soldiers turned the machine guns on the Indians and mowed them down in the snow.
NEVADA 1890’S
• Congress forces the Indians to become landowners and farmers in 1887.
• Dawes Act- gave 160 of land to the head of the family, and 80 acres to a single adult or orphan, and 40 acres to each dependent child.
• Adult owners were given citizenship but could not gain full title to their property for 25 years.
• Applied to the Western Tribes
THE DAWES ACT
• Tried to move families on to their own plots of land.
• Took Indian children away from their families and sent them to boarding schools- ran by whites.
• Schools were trying to educated them.– Abandon their tribal ways– Few Indians were prepared
for the change.– Eventually the government
will abandon this idea.
BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS
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