please don't do these acts: being late i like from you all: respectful

Please don't do these acts:

being late

I like from you all:

respectful

456PHG 456PHG

Wellcome every body

The beginning of the semester

The end of the semester

Evaluation of vegetable drugs

Lab(1)

Evaluation of vegetable drugs

1)Identification

2)Quality

3)Purity

EvaLuation of vegetable drugs

A)Entire:

Occurrence of drug in the market:

1)Seed

2)Leave

3)Flower

4)Fruit

5)Underground (non arial part as root and rhizome)

Occurrence of drug in the market:A)Entire:

1-Seed: 2-Leave:

3-Flower:

4-Fruit: 5-Underground D:

EvaLuation of vegetable drugs

B) Cut or sliced:1)Cinnamon (bark)

2)Squill (bulb leaf)

C) Powder:(unorganized

D)D) Exudate:E) Galenical

preparation:1)Extraction 2)Tincture 3)Infusion

Cont.

Occurrence of drug in the market:

Occurrence of drug in the market:B) Cut or Sliced:

1-Cinnamon: 2-Squill:

1-Opium:

D) Exudate:

EvaLuation of vegetable drugs

Identification of D in the lap:1)Organoleptic.

2)Microscopical.

EvaLuation of vegetable drugs

How we can identify the D microscopically?

Key elements:I) Types of stomata

II)Types of Ca Oxalate

III)Types of hair

IV)Types of pollen grain

EvaLuation of vegetable drugs

How we can identify the D microscopically?

Key elements:I)Types of stomata:

1) Paracytic stomata

2) Diacytic stomata

3) Anisocytic stomata

4) Anomocytic stomata

I)Types of Stomata:

1-Paracytic Stomata: 2- Diacytic Stomata:

3-Aisocytic Stomata:

How we can identify the D microscopically?

4-Anomocytic Stomata:

EvaLuation of vegetable drugs

How we can identify the D microscopically?Key elements:

II)Types of Ca oxalate:

1) Prism (Quillaia)

2) Raphides (squill)

3) Crystal sheeth (senna,liqurice)

4) Cluster of Ca oxalate (Rhubarb)

Cont.

EvaLuation of vegetable drugs

How we can identify the D microscopically?Key elements:

II)Types of Ca oxalate:

5) Cluster layer (Datura Strammonium)

6) Microsphenoidal Crystal “sandy crystal”: (Atropa Belladonna)

7) Twin prism (Hyoscymus)

Cont.

EvaLuation of vegetable drugs

III)Types of Hair

a)Non glandular hair

1)Simple hair

2)Multicellular hair

b)Glandular hair

1)Unicellular stalk,unicellular head

2)Unicellular stalk,multicellular head

3)Multicellular head multicellular stalk

4)Branched hair

EvaLuation of vegetable drugs

How we can identify the D microscopically?Key elements:

III)Types of Hair:

A) Non glanduler hair:

1) Simple hair:

* Covering Trichoma (senna)

* Cystolithic hair (Cannabis)

EvaLuation of vegetable drugs

How we can identify the D microscopically?Key elements:

III)Types of Hair:

A) Non glanduler hair:

2) Multicellular:

Uniseriate:

* Conical shaped hair (Datura Strammonium)

* T-shape hair (Pyrethrium)

* Collapsed hair (Digitalis)

EvaLuation of vegetable drugs

How we can identify the D microscopically?Key elements:

III)Types of Hair:

A) Non glanduler hair:

2) Multicellular:

Biseriate:

Pluriseriate “Shaggy hair”: (Cumin)

EvaLuation of vegetable drugs

How we can identify the D microscopically?

Key elements:III)Types of Hair:

B) Glanduler hair:

1) Unicellular stalk,Unicellular head (Digitalis)

2) Unicellular stalk,Multicellular head

Digitalis

Digitalis & Datura Strammonium

Mentha”Labiaceous hair”

Cont.

EvaLuation of vegetable drugs

How we can identify the D microscopically?

Key elements:III)Types of Hair:

B) Glanduler hair:

3) Multicellular stalk,Multicellular head”Shagy hair” (Cannabis)

Cont.

4) Branched hair (Hyocymus)

EvaLuation of vegetable drugs

How we can identify the D microscopically?

Key elements:

IV)Types of Pollen grain:

1) Spiny pollen grain: (Pyrethrium)

2) Triangular pollen grain: (Clove)

EvaLuation of vegetable drugs

How we can identify the D microscopically?

Types of mount:

1) Starch + Iodine Blue

2) Volatile oil or fixed oil+SudanIII oil droplet red color

3) Protein + picric a`

4) Mucilage + Rhuthenium red Red

yellowyellow

EvaLuation of vegetable drugs

How we can identify the D microscopically?

Types of mount:

. For Stomata,hair,pollen grain and Ca oxalat:

Chloralhydrate or KOH

.For lignified elements (Fiber and schleride cell):

Phloroglucinol+ conc.HCL

Cont.

EvaLuation of vegetable drugs

For today You will see:

1) Senna (Paracytic stomata,simple hair and Crystal sheath of Ca oxalate)

2) Mentha (Labiaceous hair and Diacytic stomata)

3) Datura Strammonium (cluster layer of Ca oxalate, glandular and non glandular hair and Anisocytic stomata)

4) Digitalis (glandular & non glandular hair,Anomocytic stomata)

5) Pyrethum (pollen grain and T-shaped hair)

6) Quillaia (prism)

EvaLuation of vegetable drugs

For today You will see:

7) Squill (raphides)

8) Hyoscymus (Branched hair,twin prism & anisocytic stomata)

9) Rhubarb (Cluster of Ca oxalate)

10) Atropa Belladona (sandy crystal & anisocytic stomata)

11) Clove (Triangular pollen grain)

Cont.

African World African World

The Leaf The Leaf

The Leaf The Leaf

Lab(2)

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Diagram of entire leaf:

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What is the leaf?

It is the lateral out growth, normally of limited growth on the stem from w`it differ in structure and orgnization.it is usually flattened & having in its axial one or more buds.

Axial: angle b/t leaf and stem.

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Complete leaf is composed of:

1)Lamina

2) Petiole

3) base

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Types of leaf either:

Petiolat Sessile

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Leaf:I- Lamina:

1) Composition: simple Compound

2) Incisions: Pinately Palmately

3) Shape: Linear Lanceolate Ovate

Cordate Oblong reniform

4) Apex: acute acuminate

Recurved retuse

5) Margin: Entire Crenate

Serrate Dentate

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Leaf:I- Lamina:

6) Base: symmetric Asymmetric

7) Surface: . Smooth . Glaucous . Pubscent

8) Texture: . Papery . Coriaceous

II- Odour: . Aromatic . Characteristic

III- Taste: . Tasteless . Salty .Better .Characteristic

IV- Phyllotaxis: . Alternative . Opposite

Cont.

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12) Structer: . low power . High power

(Diagram of T.S. of midrib of a leaf)

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Types of Palaside:

1) Continuous palaside:

1) Interrupted palaside:

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1)Isobilateral:

2) Dorsiventral:

or

12) Structer:

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1) Spongy cell 2) endoderm vascular bandes contains:(xylum[3] & phoem[4] . 5) percyclic fiber (may present or not). 6) Cortical tissue: Paranchyma (*) & Collenchyma (*)

* we use Chloralhydrate + phloroglycinol +conc. HCL why?

1) Diagram of T.S. of midrib of a leaf (at low power X10):

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1) Cuticle 2) Upper epedermal cell.

3) Palaside 4) Spongy cell 5) Lower epedermal

cell 6) endodermal cell

2) Diagram of T.S. of midrib of a leaf (at high power X40):

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Scheme for leaf description:

1) Name. 2) Origin 3) Condition

4) Color 5) Phyllotaxis 6) Petiole

7) Lumina:

a-Composition b- Incision

C- Shape d-Size e- Margin f-Apex

G- Base h- Surface i- Texture

8) Odour 9) Taste 10)Structer

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Scheme for leaf description:

11) Active constituent:

a-Starch detected by Iodine Blue

b-Anthraquinon detected by Bornertrager`s test rose color in upper layer

C-Protein detected by Millon`s red

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For today you will see:

1)T.s. of mentha leaf.

2)T.s. of senna leaf.

Examples of Pd. Leaves

Examples ofPd. Leaves

Lab(3)

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Examples of pd. Leaves:

1)Senna.

2)Digitalis.

3)Mentha

4)Datura stramonium

5)Hyoscyamus

6)Belladonna

7)Squill.

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Examples of pd. Leaves:

1)Senna:

• Name:Senna

• Origin:Dried leaf of Cassia angustifolia

• Family:Leguminosae

• Odour:charactristic

• Taste:bitter.

• Color:

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Examples of pd. Leaves:

1)Senna:

• Microscopical examination:

a) Paracytic stomata:

b) Ca Oxalate: Crystal Sheath

c) Simple hair (non glandular)

Cont.

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Examples of pd. Leaves:

2) Digitalis:

• Name:Digitalis

• Origin:Dried leaf of Digitalis purpurea

• Family:Scrophulariaceae

• Odour:charactristic

• Taste:bitter.

• Color:

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Examples of pd. Leaves:

2) Digitalis:

• Microscopical examination:

a) Collapsed hair (multicellular,non glandular)

b) Digit hair(Unicellular stalk,Unicellular head)

(Unicellular stalk,Multicellular head)

c) Anomocytic Stomata:

Cont.

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Examples of pd. Leaves:

3) Belladonna:

• Name:Belladonna

• Origin:Dried leaf of Atropa belladonna

• Family:Solanaceae

• Odour:charactristic

• Taste:bitter.

• Color:

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Examples of pd. Leaves:

3) Belladonna:

• Microscopical examination:

a) Ca Oxalate (Sandy Crystal or Microsphenoidal, idoplastic crystal)

b) Glandular hair (multicellular stalk & unicellular heads):

c) Anisocytic Stomata:

Cont.

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Examples of pd. Leaves:

4) Datura:

• Name:Batura

• Origin:Dried leaf of Datura stramonium

• Family:Solanaceae

• Odour:charactristic

• Taste:bitter.

• Color:

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Examples of pd. Leaves:

4) Datura Stramonium:

• Microscopical examination:

a) Cluster layer of Ca Oxalate:

b) Non Glandular hair(multicellular,unicerate) :

c) Anisocytic Stomata:

d)Glandular hair (unicellular stalk & multicellular head):

Cont.

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Examples of pd. Leaves:

5) Hyoscyamus:

• Name:Hyoscyamus

• Origin:Dried leaf of Hyoscyamus niger

• Family:Solanaceae

• Odour:charactristic

• Taste:bitter.

• Color:

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Examples of pd. Leaves:

5) Hyoscyamous:

• Microscopical examination:

a) Ca Oxalate (Twin prism):

b) Branched Hair (Glandular hair) :

c) Anisocytic Stomata:

Cont.

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Examples of pd. Leaves:

6) Mentha:

• Name: Mentha

• Origin:Dried leaf of Mentha pipaita

• Family:Lamiacea

• Odour:charactristic

• Taste:aromatic.

• Color:

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Examples of pd. Leaves:

6) Mentha:

• Microscopical examination:

a) Diacytic Stomata:

b) Glandular hair(unicellular stalk , multicellular head)[ Labiaceous Hair]:

Cont.

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Examples of Leaves:

7) Squill:

• Name: Squill

• Origin:Dried leaf of Urgina maritima

• Family:Lilaceae

• Odour:charactristic

• Taste:aromatic.

• Color:

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Examples of Leaves:

7) Squill:

• Microscopical examination:

a) acicular-crystals of Ca Oxalate:

b) Xylem vessels:

Cont.

The stem The stem

Lab(4)

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What is the stem ?What is the stem ?

It`s a part of plant w`carry the leaf at point called node.

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stem

Types of the stem:Types of the stem:

1- Aerial stem

2- Subterranean stem.

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Shapes of the stem:Shapes of the stem:

1- Cylindrical

2- angular (triangular,quadrangular & penta- gonal).

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stem

Kinds of the stem:Kinds of the stem:

1- Herbaceous stem.

2- succulent stem

3- woody stem

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Direction of growth:Direction of growth:

1- Ascending

2- Recycling

3- procumbent

4- Decumbent

5- Repent

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Branching of stem:Branching of stem:

1- Axillary

2- Apical

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T.S. of mentha stemT.S. of mentha stem

1-Epidermal cells 2-Cortex (Collenchyma (2a) & Parenchyma(2b) 3-endoderm 4-Vascular bundles (xylem(4a) & phloem(4b). 5- Pith

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Quantitative microscopy: Quantitative microscopy:

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Quantitative microscopy:Quantitative microscopy:

1- Eyepiece micrometer

2- Stage micrometer

3- Camera lucida

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Eyepiece micrometer:Eyepiece micrometer:

A linear scale,of 10 mm , divided into 1mm & 0.1mm parts.

Stage micrometer:Stage micrometer:

Is a glass slide. The scale is 1mm long divided into 0.1(big division) & 0.01(small division)

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Camera lucida:Camera lucida:

It is a simple instrument by w` an image of microscopic object can be drawn e` a Known magnification. Can be used for determination of length of certain elements, numerical value & etc…..

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Magnification power:Magnification power:

Magnification power= apparent length/true length

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Numerical value:Numerical value:

Used to differentiate b/t closely related species , specially in pd. Form and can be summarized as:

1) Palaside ratio

2) Stomatal No.

3) Stomatal index

4) Vein islet No.

5) Vein terminal No.

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1)Palaside ratio:

It is the average No. of palaside cells beneath each epidermal cell. Using for contiguous cells.

Numerical value:Numerical value:

Cont.

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Numerical value:Numerical value:

2) Stomatal No.:

It is average No. of of stomata/mm2 of epedermis.

3) Stomatal Index.:

It is the % w` the No. of stomata relative to the total No. of epidermal cell.

Stomatal Index(SI): Stomatal N/Stomatal No.+ epedermal cell x 100

Cont.

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Numerical value:Numerical value:

4) Vein islet No.:

It is average No. of vein islet/mm2 of the leaf lumina.

5) Vein terminal No.:

It is the average No. of vein terminals/mm2 of the leaf lumina.

Cont.

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For today you will see:For today you will see:

1-T.S. of mentha stem

2- Pd. of mentha

3- entire leaves

4- Camera lucida

The Bark

Lab(5)

The portion of the trunk,stem,branches or roots of woody plant especially trees or shrubs,exterior to the cambium.

The Bark

What is the bark?What is the bark?

1)Flat e.g.Quillaia

2)Curved bark e.g.wild cherry

3)Recurved e.g.pomegrants

4)Channeled e.g. Cassia

The Bark

Shapes of the barK:Shapes of the barK:

5) Single quill e.g.Cascara

6) Double quill e.g. Frangula

7) Compound quill e.g. Cinnamon

The Bark

Shapes of the barK:Shapes of the barK:Cont.

1- Rhytidoma(1a-cuticle 1b-epidermis) 2-Cork 3-Cork Cambium 4-phelloderm 5-cortex

6-Pericycle

T.s. of a bark

1)Rhytidoma (epidermis & Cortical Parenchyma)

2)Cork (Cork cambium&Phellogen)

3)Phellogen (Cork cell to the outside & phelloderm to the inside).

4)Cortex

5)Pericycle

6)Phloem (primary&secondary)

The Bark

Structure of the barK (outer cambium):

Structure of the barK (outer cambium):

*Usually all the outer cambium is removed by decortication ,why?

The Bark

Structure of the barK:Structure of the barK:

Examples of Pd.

Bark

1)Cinnamon:

• Name:Cinnamon

• Origin: dried bark of Cinnamon Zeylanicum

• Family: Lauraceae

• Colour: reddish brown

• Odour: aromatic

• Taste: Sweet

• Uses: flavoring agent, astringent & Carminative.

The Bark

Examples of pd. bark:Examples of pd. bark:

1)Cinnamon:

• Microscopical examinations:

a-Pericycle fiber b- Sclereids

C- Starch granules d-Cork cell

e-Ca Oxalate (needles inside parenchyma)

F-Oil gland

The Bark

Examples of pd. bark:Examples of pd. bark:Cont.

1)Cinnamon:

• Active constituents:

a-Volatile oil: Cinnamic aldhyde 70% b- eugenol .c- Tannin (red color)

• Chemical tests: Tannin + FeCl3 green colour

The Bark

Examples of pd. bark:Examples of pd. bark:Cont.

2) Cinchona:

• Name:Cinchona

• Origin: dried bark of Cinchona Succirbura

• Family: Rubiacaceae

• Colour: reddish brown

• Odour: aromatic

• Taste: very better

• Uses: antimalarial,antiarrythmic

The Bark

Examples of D bark:Examples of D bark:

2) Cinchona:

• Microscopical examinations:

a- Phloem fibers e`funnel shaped lumen.

b-Parenchyma cells containanig Ca oxalate

c- Starch granules

d- Cork cell

The Bark

Examples of pd. bark:Examples of pd. bark:Cont.

2) Cinchona:

• Active constituents:

a- Quinine b- Quinidine .c- Cinatonic a`

• Chemical tests:

Cinchona pd. Red fume

The Bark

Examples of pd. bark:Examples of pd. bark:

flame

Cont.

3) Cascara:

• Name: Cascara

• Origin: dry stem bark of Rhamnus Purshiana

• Family: Rhamnaceae

• Colour: yellowish brown

• Odour: charactristic

• Taste: bitter

• Uses: tonic & stomach laxative in large dose

The Bark

Examples of pd. bark:Examples of pd. bark:

3) Cascara:

• Microscopical examinations:

a- phloem fibers free or e`Ca oxalate crystal.

b- Sclereids

c- Cork cell Brown reddish color (tannin)

d-fragment of parenchyma e`ca oxalate

The Bark

Examples of pd. bark:Examples of pd. bark:Cont.

3) Cascara:

• Active constituents:

a- glycoside cascaraside b- anthraquinon C or O c- emetine

The Bark

Examples of pd. bark:Examples of pd. bark:Cont.

4) Quillaia:

• Name: Quillaia

• Origin: dried inner part bark of Quillaia Saponaria

• Family: Rosaceae

• Colour: brownish buff

• Odour: charactristic

• Taste: unpleasant taste

• Uses: was used as stimulant & expectorant but not any more

The Bark

Examples of pd. bark:Examples of pd. bark:

4) Quillaia:

• Microscopical examinations:

a- phloem fiber (legnine)

b- Sclerids (legnine isolactor gp.)

c-Starch granules

d- Cork cells Brown reddish color (tannin)

e- Crystals of Ca-oxalate (prism)

The Bark

Examples of pd. bark:Examples of pd. bark:Cont.

4) Quillaia:

• Active constituents:

a- Toxic Saponine (collagic a`) b- Qullaia Suboxotin (sucrose & starch) c- Ca oxalate.

• Chemical test :

Shake e` H2O permanent froth

The Bark

Examples of pd. bark:Examples of pd. bark:Cont.

1)Pd.bark( Cinnamon,Cinchona,Cascara&Quillaia)

2)Mixture of pd.

3)Entire bark

4)Chemical test

The Bark

For today you will see:For today you will see:

The Flower

The Flower

Lab(7)

The FlowerThe Flower

Complete flower composed of:Complete flower composed of:

1)Receptacle

2)Calyx

3)Corolla

4)Androecium

5)Gynaecium

Whorls: is the floral leaves arrangement

N.B. flower can be complete or incomplete (missing one or more of this components)

The FlowerThe Flower

1) Receptacle: (Flattened or convex & usually short)

Floral leaves arrange on it either:

• Hypogynous

• Perigynous

• Epigynous

The FlowerThe Flower2) Calyx:

It is the outermost whorl of the floral series function: protect essential organs of the flower. It is formed of2-5 sepals:

free Polysepalous

Completely united Gamosepalous

Duration of Calyx:

Deciduous: calyx full off after fertilization

Persistence: remain even after the ripening of the fruit.

The FlowerThe Flower3) Corolla:

It is the inner whorl of the floral envelope, function:attract the pollen carrying insects & to protect to certain extent the essential organs. It consists of petals:

• free Polypetalous

• united Gamopetalous

The corolla inserted on the receptical could be:

• Hypogynous

• Perigynous

• Epiogynous

The FlowerThe Flower

4) Androcium:

The male sexual organ in flower consists of stamens.

According to the no. of stamens flower consists of :

• 1 stamen called monandrous

• 2 stamens called Diandrous

• 3 or more stamens called polyandrous

complete stamen consists of :

a) filament

b) anther

c) connective

The FlowerThe Flower

5) Gynecium:

The female sexual organ in flower consists of carpels.

The flower with :

• 2 carpels called bicarpel

• 4 or more carpels called polycarpel

• Free carpel called apocarpous gynecium

• United carpels called Syncarpous gynecium

The FlowerThe Flower

5) Gynacium: Typical Carpel formed of:

a) Ovary

b) Style

c) Stigma

Cont.

The FlowerThe Flower

Kinds of flower : I-According to the symmetry of flower leaves:

a) actinomorphic:

segments of whorl are all alike & regularly arranged .

b) Irregular, it can be:

• Asymmetric: all segments are not like

• Zygomorphic: when segments of whorl are irregularly arranged.

The FlowerThe Flower

Kinds of flower : II-According to sexual structure:

a) Hermaphrodite:

The presence of both Male & Female organs in one flower.

b) Unisexual:

only one of the sexual organs is present (staminate or carpelllate)

c) Sterile:

the abseent of both female & male organs.

Cont.

The FlowerThe Flower

Kinds of flower : III-According to the no. of whorls present:

a) pentacyclic:

five whorls.

b) tetracyclic:

four whorls.

Cont.

Examples Ofpd. Flower

Examples Of pd. Flower

The FlowerThe Flower

Examples of pd.flower:

1) Chamomile:

• Name: Chamomile

• Origin: dried flower head of Matricarria chamomile

• Family: Compositae

• Colour: green yellow

• Odour: charactrestic

• Taste: better

• Uses: in burns, carmilatve,stomachache & anthalmic.

The FlowerThe Flower

Examples of pd.flower:1) Chamomile:

• Microscopical examinations:

a-Inner epidermis of the corolla

b- Outer epiderm of Coral

c-fibrous layer of the anther

d- Papillose part of style & stigma with clusters of Ca oxalates

e- Sclereids

f- pollen grain

Cont.

The FlowerThe Flower

Examples of pd.flower:

1) Chamomile:

• Active constituents:

a) V.O.(azulene & Chamazulene)

b)Flavonoid epigenine

Cont.

The FlowerThe Flower

Examples of pd.flower:

2) Clove:

• Name: Clove

• Origin: dried flower bud of Eugenia Caryophyllus

• Family: Myrtaceae

• Colour: reddish brown

• Odour: aromatic

• Taste: Spice aromatic

• Uses: Spicet & toothache remedy

The FlowerThe Flower

Examples of pd.flower:2) Clove:

• Microscopical examinations:

a- Oil gland with Parenchymal cells

b-fibrous layer of the anther

c -Epidermis of the hypanthium & oil gland

d- Ca oxalate in paranchymal cells (clusters)

e- Triangular pollen grain

f- filaments

Cont.

The FlowerThe Flower

Examples of pd.flower:

2) Clove:

• Active constituents:

Eugenol (V.O)

• Chemical test :

Clove + FeCl3 deep blue color

Cont.

The FlowerThe Flower

Examples of pd.flower:

3) Pyrethrum:

• Name: pyrethrum

• Origin: dried flower head of Chrysanthenum Cinerariifolium

• Family: Compositae

• Colour: yellowish green

• Odour: aromatic

• Taste: better

• Uses: insecticidal

The FlowerThe Flower

Examples of pd.flower:

3) Pyrethrum:

• Microscopical examinations:

a-outer epidermis of corolla

b - T-shaped hair

c- spiny pollen grain

d- Epidermal cells with anomocytic stomata

e- Fibrous layer of the anther

Cont.

The FlowerThe Flower

Examples of pd.flower:

3) Pyrethrum:

• Active constituents:

a) Pyrethrin

b) Cinerin

c) Jasmolin

Cont.

The FlowerThe Flower

Examples of pd.flower:

4) Saffron:

• Name: Saffron

• Origin: dried stigma of Crocus sativus

• Family: iridaceae

• Active constituent: glycoside (Crocin)

• Chemical test: Saffron +H2SO4 deep blue

• Uses: colouring agent & antispasmodic

The FlowerThe Flower

Examples of pd.flower:

4) Saffron:

• Microscopical examination:

A-pollen grain

B- epidermis of style

c-Paranchymal cells d-vessels

Cont.

The FlowerThe Flower

For today you will see:1)Chamomile

2) clove

3) pyrethrum

4) Saffron