physician gender, physician marriage and the supply and distribution of medical services ann boulis
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Physician Gender, Physician Physician Gender, Physician Marriage and the Supply and Marriage and the Supply and
Distribution of Medical Distribution of Medical Services Services
Ann Boulis
Ideas and Research on Ideas and Research on Gender and Medical Service Gender and Medical Service
Supply & DistributionSupply & Distribution
1. Women physicians work less.
2. Women physicians are less likely to live in metropolitan areas.
3. The unique behavior of women physicians stems from their unique approach to work and family.
Key ArticlesKey ArticlesCull, WL, HJ Mulvey, KG O'Connor, DR
Sowell, CD Berkowitz, and CV Britton. 2002. "Pediatricians working part-time: past, present, and future." Pediatrics 109:1015-1102.
Colwill, JM and JM Cultice. 2003. "The future supply of family physicians: implications for rural America." Health Affairs 22:190-8.
Study GoalsStudy Goals
Evaluate prevailing wisdom about women physicians and medical service supply and distribution.
Specifically:– Track trends in work effort and practice location of
ALL physicians by gender.– Track trends in the work effort and practice location of
MARRIED physicians by gender.– Use logistic regression to consider how spousal
characteristics influence the behavior of male and female physicians.
Data and VariablesData and Variables
Sample: 1980, 1990 and 2000 5% Census Samples in the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series
Variables: Physicians are those who self identify and indicate that they have professional level education.
Married physicians are living with their spouse and legally married.
Resident Proxies Excluded
Figure 1: The Percent of Figure 1: The Percent of Physicians Reporting Physicians Reporting
EmploymentEmployment
0.96 0.95 0.950.94 0.95 0.93
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1980 1990 2000
Men
Women
.98 1.00 .98
Figure 2: The Average Work Figure 2: The Average Work Week for Employed Week for Employed
PhysiciansPhysicians51 52 53
4446
48
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1980 1990 2000
Men
Women
.86 .88 .92
Figure 3: The Percent of Figure 3: The Percent of Employed Physicians Working Employed Physicians Working
<35 Hours Per Week<35 Hours Per Week
7%
8%8%
17%16% 16%
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
20%
1980 1990 2000
Men
Women
2.42 2.00 2.00
Figure 4: The Percent of Figure 4: The Percent of Employed Physicians Working Employed Physicians Working
50+ Hours Per Week50+ Hours Per Week
.60 .74 .7763%65% 65%
38%
44%
50%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
1980 1990 2000
Men
Women
.60 .74 .77
Figure 5: The Percent of Figure 5: The Percent of Employed Physicians in Non-Employed Physicians in Non-
Metropolitan AreasMetropolitan Areas
19%
20%
16%
12%
15%
12%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
1980 1990 2000
Men
Women
.63 .75 .73
Figure 6: The Percent of Figure 6: The Percent of Employed Physicians who are Employed Physicians who are
MarriedMarried0.85 0.85
0.83
0.650.68 0.68
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1980 1990 2000
Men
Women
.76 .81 .82
Figure 7: Female/Male Figure 7: Female/Male Average Work Week by Average Work Week by
Marital StatusMarital Status
0.83
0.86
0.89
0.940.95
0.98
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1980 1990 2000
Married Female/Male Work Week Unmarried Female/Male Work Week
The Effect of Spousal Employment on the Average Weekly Work Week forEmployed Married Physicians
Unadj Adj Unadj AdjModels Models Models Models
1980 1.12 *** -0.92 * 2.72 -4.58 *1990 2.31 *** -1.54 *** 1.68 -8.38 ***2000 1.59 *** -2.25 *** -1.13 -8.04 ***
Note: Adjusted models control for: spousal education, spousal age, physician age, if spouse is a physician, hours spouse works for pay and spousal earned income.***p<.001, **p<.01 *p<.05
Male Physicians Female Physicians
The Effect of a Having a Spouse with a NonMedical Graduate Degree on Locating Outside Metro Area
Unadj Adj Unadj AdjModels Odds Models Odds Models Odds Models Odds
B Ratio B Ratio B Ratio B Ratio
1980 -0.36 0.70 *** -0.27 0.76 *** -0.75 0.47 * -0.74 0.48 ***1990 -0.47 0.63 *** -0.43 0.65 *** -0.99 0.37 *** -0.94 0.39 ***2000 -0.63 0.54 *** -0.59 0.55 *** -1.08 0.34 *** -0.92 0.40 ***
Note: Adjusted models control for: spousal education, spousal age, physician age, if spouse is a physician, hours spouse works for pay and spousal earned income.***p<.001, **p<.01 *p<.05R2 approximately .06
Male Physicians Female Physicians
Conclusions: All PhysiciansConclusions: All Physicians
Employment: – The gender difference in employment is VERY
limited. – Most physicians work regardless of gender.
Average Work Week:– The gender difference in average work week is
closing slowly for all physicians. – Women’s work week is coming to more closely
resemble men’s rather than the reverse.
Conclusions: All PhysiciansConclusions: All Physicians Long & Short Work Weeks
– Between 1980 and 2000, the frequency of ‘short’ weeks changed little for men or women.
– The frequency of ‘long’ weeks increased slightly for men and substantially for women.
Location:– Between 1980 and 2000, the gender gap in the odds of
rural practice closed somewhat.– Both the percent of men and the percent of women in
rural areas declined between 1980 and 2000.
Conclusions: Married Conclusions: Married PhysiciansPhysicians
Spousal Employment:– Women physicians’ work effort is more sensitive then
men’s to spousal employment.– Men physicians’ work effort is growing more sensitive
to spousal employment.Spousal Education:
– Women physicians’ location is more sensitive to spousal education.
– Men physicians’ location is growing more sensitive to spousal education.
EXTRA SLIDESEXTRA SLIDES
Figure 1: The Percent of Figure 1: The Percent of Physicians <65 Reporting Physicians <65 Reporting
EmploymentEmployment
98% 98% 98%95% 97% 94%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
1980 1990 2000
Men
Women
98% 99% 97%
Figure 2: The Average Work Figure 2: The Average Work Week for Employed Week for Employed Physicians < Age 65Physicians < Age 65
5254 55
4546
49
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1980 1990 2000
Men
Women
85% 86% 89%
The Percent of Employed The Percent of Employed Physicians <65 Working <35 Physicians <65 Working <35
Hours Per WeekHours Per Week
3% 3% 3%
15% 15%16%
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
1980 1990 2000
Men
Women
Figure 4: The Percent of Figure 4: The Percent of Employed Physicians <65 Employed Physicians <65
Working 50+ Hours Per WeekWorking 50+ Hours Per Week
68%
73% 72%
37%
45%
51%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
1980 1990 2000
Men
Women
The Percent of Employed The Percent of Employed Physicians <65 Living Outside of Physicians <65 Living Outside of
a Metro Areaa Metro Area
18%
20%
16%
11%
15%
12%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
1980 1990 2000
Men
Women
61% 76% 74%
The Percent of Employed The Percent of Employed Physicians <65 who are Physicians <65 who are
Married with Spouse PresentMarried with Spouse Present85% 85%
82%
66%69% 69%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
1980 1990 2000
Men
Women
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