philippine agenda 21. . . executive order no

8/8/2015 PhilippineAgenda21...ExecutiveOrderNo.15

http://www.psdn.org.ph/agenda21/pssd.htm 1/28

PHILIPPINESTRATEGYFORSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT

PARTI

AConceptualFramework

FOREWORD

TheDepartmentofEnvironmentandNaturalResourcesinitiatedin1987theprocessofformulatingaPhilippineStrategyforSustainableDevelopment(PSSD).Throughaseriesofconsultationswiththedifferentsectorsofsociety,theconcepttookformandsubstance.InanationalworkshopheldonJune6,1988,aformalresolutionurgingthePresidentandtheCongressoftheRepublicofthePhilippinestoadoptandimplementaPhilippinestrategyforSustainableDevelopmentswaspassed.Followingthenationalworkshop,thedraftPSSDframeworkwentthroughaseriesofregionalandsectoralconsultations.OnJune22,1989itwaspresentedtotheCabinetAssistanceSystem(CAS)Plenaryforcomments.CASCRDwasthentaskedtoinputPSSDprinciplesintotheformulationoftheStrategyforSustainableDevelopmentintheRuralSector.AconsensuswasmadetoadoptthePSSDconceptinajointmeetingoftheCASCRDandtheCabinetClusterAonRuralDevelopmentonAugust3,1989.OnNovember29,1989,theCabinetpassedCabinetResolutionNo.37approvingtheConceptualFrameworkofthePSSDsubjecttothefollowingapprovedmodifications:

1. ThePhilippineStrategyforSustainableDevelopmentshalladdressspecificallytheadverseimpactofgrowthanddevelopmentsuchasbutnotlimitedtopo11utionfromfactoriesan(lpesticidebuildupfromagricultureandthedepletionanddegradationofnaturalresourcesduemainlytomisuseandoverexploitation.

2. Itshallconsistofasetofgeneralstrategiestoresolveandreconcilethediverseandsometimesconflictingenvironmental,demographic,economicandnaturalresourceuseissuesarisingfromthecountry'sdevelopmenteffortsandsectoralstrategiesidentifiedafterareviewofthecurrenteffortsbeingundertakenineachoftheidentifiedsectors.

3. Thegeneralstrategiesshallincludetheintegrationofenvironmentalconsiderationsindecisionmaking,properresourcepricing,propertyrightsreform,conservationofBiodiversity,rehabilitationofdegradedecosystem,strengtheningofresidualmanagement(pollutioncontrol),controlofpopulationgrowthandhumanresourcesdevelopment,inducinggrowthinruralareas,promotionofenvironmentaleducationandstrengtheningofcitizensparticipation.

4. Theconceptualframeworkshallbethebasisfortheformulationofstrategiesforeachoftheidentifiedsectors,namely:population,environmentandnaturalresources,industry,infrastructureandenergy.

TheresolutionalsodirectsallthepertinentagenciestoreviewtherespectivedevelopmentprogramsandprojectsforconsistencywiththePSSDframework.



ThisdocumentcontainsthePSSDconceptualframeworkincorporatingtherelevantmodificationsasdirectedinCabinetResolutionIVNo.37.

AccompanyingthevolumearetwootherdocumentsthatcontainthepolicyandinstitutionalreformmeasuresandactionprograminitiatedandproposedbyDENR.Thesedocumentsrepresenttheeffortsundertaken11wDENRtooperationalizethePSSD.

Pertinentsectoralagenciesarenowintheprocessofreviewingtheirpolicies,programsandprojectsforconsistencywiththePSSDframeworkInitialoutputshavebeensubmittedtoDENRandarecontainedinaseparatedocument.

Thesameprocesswillbeundertakenatthesubnationallevelsformoreaccuratefocusingofthearealdimensions/implicationsofthestrategy.

ThetranslationofthePSSDconceptualframeworkwillhavereacheditsfinalcyclewiththepreparationofaGovernmentActionProgram

TheCOPActionProgram_whilespecificallyaddressingtheconcernsofastrategyforsustainabledevelopmentwillbetreatedasanintegralcomponentofthecountry'snationaldevelopmentplan.

1.RATIONALE:THEECOLOGICALIMPERATIVESINTHEPHILIPPINECONTEXT

OneofthemorerevealinglessonslearnedduringthepasttwodecadesofenvironmentalawakeninginthePhilippinesisthatthemaintenanceoftheearth'sdelicatebalancebythemereprophylacticsofpollutioncontrolandotherecologicalmitigationmeasurescannotensuresustainabledevelopment.There Isnowacompellingneed tooverhaul the traditionalconceptsofdevelopment, with its exclusive focus on economic principles and the political economy of natural resources. In 1979,RafaelSalaswasalreadyattunedtothisemergingworldviewwhenhesaid:

"Wearetendinggloballytowardsamoreholisticviewofdevelopmentwithitsemphasisonrelatingenvironmentalfactorstoprogrammes.Populationgrowthanddevelopmentpatternsnotonlyaffectthedemandforresourcesbutalsogenerateenvironmentalchangeswhichwillhaverepercussionsonthefuturecarryingcapacityoftheearth.Atthegloballevel,itisnotonlynecessarytotakeintoaccounttheresourcesrequiredtofeed,clotheandshelteragrowingpopulationbutalsothetypeoftechnologywhichwillmakethispossiblewithoutworseningtheenvironment.Itis,indeed,propertoaskatthispointhowfarpopulationanddevelopmentplansareconsistentwiththeprudentuseofresources,anddonotbringaboutthedegradationofourenvironment"(l)

MostFilipinosstilldependonnaturalresourcesystemsfortheirsubsistenceandmustthereforeconfronttheinexorablerealityofecologicalprinciples.TwothirdsofthePhilippinepopulationliveintheruralareasanddependonagriculture,fisheriesandforestry.Soilerosion,deforestation,pollutionanddecliningfishcatchi.811pointtothefactthatthelimitsofthenaturalcarryingcapacityarealreadybeingexceeded.Whileitistruethatwecanextendthelimitsbytechnologicalfixessuch



becomingmoredifficult,butnotgettinganywhere.(2)

PopulationPressure

Indeed,therearestrongcoincidencesbetweenpopulationgrowth,resourcedepletion,environmentalquality,andtheincidenceofpoverty.TheseapparentlinkagesaregraphicallyportrayedinFigures1,2,and3forthePhilippinesituation.Theyaretheresultofthedevelopmenteffortsofthepastwhichfailedtoconsiderbothpopulationandenvironmentasresourcebasesthatmustbenurturedandtakencareofasthecentralassetsbehindthedevelopmentprocess.(3)Figure1showstheincreasingpopulationandthedecreasingforestcoverduringthelastfivedecades.SincethePhilippineswasalmostallforestinitsnaturalstateandsincethecountry'stopographyandecologyappeartobesignificantlycontrolledbytheecologicaldynamicsoftheforests,thestateoftheforestscouldserveasaqualitativesurrogateofenvironmentalquality.Figure2reinforcestheobservationoftheconnectionbetweenpopulationandforestcoverbecauseitexhibitsaclearcorrelationbetweenpopulationdensityandforestcoverastheyoccurinthevariousregionsofthePhilippines.ThelinkagebetweendevelopmentandforestcoverisshowninFigure3.Thisfigureexhibitstheregionalvariationsofthecorrelationbetweentheincidenceofpovertyandremainingforestcover.Thereareahostofotherquantitativeandqualitativeindicatorsthatcouldtestifytotheominousdeclineofenvironmentalqualitysuchastheravagingoffishinggroundsandcoralreefs,thepollutionofrivers,lakes,andbays,andtheclearlyvisibleairpollutioninMetroManila.(4)

EconomicCosts

Itispossibletogetaroughestimateoftheeconomiccostofdeforestation.Theconversionofonehectareofoldgrowthforestamountstoalossofabout100cubicmetersofcommercialqualitylogs,nottomentionitspotentialforsustainedyieldatagrowthrateofabout2.4cubicmetersperhectareperyear.IfthesearecomputedatthecurrentpriceofaboutP2,900percubicmeter,andassumingthatprofitamountsto50%ofgrossrevenue,thiswillrepresentalossinnetprofitofaroundP145,000perhectare.Estimatesshowthatsome119,000hectaresofnaturalforestvegetationweredestroyedin1988,amountingtoagrosslossofaroundP34.5billionperyear,oralossinnetprofitofaboutP17.3billion.Eveniftheseareashavebeenloggedaccordingtorecommendedpractices,lossoffuturerevenueswouldstillamounttoP5.7billionoratotalofU'$12.98millionnetperyear.Deforestationisresponsibleforerosionofalluplands.Herewealsohaveanindicationofthemonetarycostoftheloss.InthecaseofMagatwatershed,annualerosionrateispeggedat219tonsperhectareforopengrasslandand71tonsperhectareforotherlanduses.Usingtheaboveerosionratesasbasis,actualeconomiccostsofsoilnutrientlossamounttoP1,068toP3,392perhectareperyear.ForthePantabanganwatershedthetotalvalueofsoilnutrientlosswasestimatedatP2,541perhectareiferosiontakesplacefromthefirst5cm.layerofthetopsoil.(5)Thus,theunecologicaluseofforestsentailshugeeconomiclosses.Developmentpolicies,withouttheguidanceofecologicalprinciples,couldgoastray.Thiswasclearlydemonstratedbythepastgovernment'spolicyofconvertingmangroveswampsintofishpondsinthehopeofacceleratingfoodproduction.Theultimateimpactofthispolicywasthedecimationofvirginmangroveswampsfrom500,000hectaresinthe1950'stoonlyabout38,000hectaresoforiginalvegetationin1985.Studiesnowshowthatwehavelostmoreintermsofsustainablefisheriesproductionwiththelossofspawninggrounds,richnutrientpoolsandtheprotectivevaluesprovidedbymangroveecosystems.Accordingtoestimates,onehectareofafullydevelopedmangroveplantationcouldproduceanannualyieldof100kgs.offinfish,25kgs.ofshrimp,15kgs.ofcrabmeat,200kgs.ofmollusks,and40kgs.ofseacucumberinadirectharvest.(6)TheeconomiccostofairpollutionisnotyetwellstudiedinthePhilippinecontext.ExperiencefromtheUSsituation,however,showsthatairpollutioniscostly.AccordingtotheWorldResourcesInstituteintheU.S.:

Agriculturallossesfor1987duetoincreaseofozoneconcentrationamountedtoUS$5,2billionOntheotherhand,thebenefitofattainingstandardsforparticulatesandsulfurdioxideisestimatedtobeatUS$500



millionperyear.

CosttotheEcosystem

Concern,however,shouldnotfocusmainlyoneconomiccosts.Anunquantifiablecostofforestdestructionisthelossofspeciesandgeneticdiversity.EvenestimatesforthistragiclossdoesnotexistforthePhilippines.Dr.SeymourSohmeroftheBishopMuseumofHonolulu,whohasbeenstudyingPhilippinefloraformanyyearsnow,assertsthatwehavealreadylostabout40%ofourendemicflora.Philippinelossescontributetothegloballossofbiologicaldiversityestimatedatabout100speciesperyear.Bytheyear2000,itispredictedthataboutamillionspecieswouldhavebeenlostforever.Ingeneral,adecreaseinthediversityoffloraandfaunamakesecosystemslessstable.Environmentaldegradationhasotherseriousimplications.AccordingtoGanapin,"foradevelopingcountrylikethePhilippines,theimpactsofenvironmentaldegradationaremuchmoreseriousthansimplyerosionorpollution.Inmanycases,thesocialandpoliticalimpactsareofgreaterdimensionandaremoredirect.Thepoorbecomepoorer.Andaslargerpopulationsarepushedintoadesperatestruggleforsurvival,theywroughtlargerdamagetotheenvironmentandthecyclecontinues.Therecomesatime,however,whenthisviciouscyclereachesalimitandthefragilefabricofastressedsocietystartstounravel.Thegunsubstitutesfortheplow.Thefirethatusedtoburnforestsbecomesfirethatwillconsumesociety."(7)

2.THEPHILIPPINESTRATEGYFORSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT(PSSD):THECONCEPTUALFRAMEWORK

Theonlyrationalwayofplanningthecountry'snationalprogressisthroughsustainabledevelopment:meetingtheneedsofcitizensoftodaywithoutlimitingtheoptionsoffuturegenerationstofulfilltheirneeds.Itisdevelopmentwithoutdestructionitistheachievementofmaterialprogresswithoutcompromisingthelifesupportfunctionsofnaturalsystemsitisthepursuitofhigherlevelsofqualityoflifewhilepreservingorevenenhancingenvironmentalquality.Itistheonlytruedevelopment.

2.1GOALANDOBJECTIVES

Goal

Sustainabledevelopmentstressestheneedtoviewenvironmentalprotectionandeconomicgrowthasmutuallycompatible.Thisimpliesthatgrowthobjectivesshouldbecompatiblenotonlytotheneedsofsocietybutalsotothenaturaldynamicsandcarryingcapacitiesofecosystems.ThegoalofthePSSDistoachieveeconomicgrowthwithadequateprotectionofthecountry'sbiologicalresourcesanditsdiversity,vitalecosystemfunctions,andoverallenvironmentalquality.

Objectives

ThefollowingobjectiveshavebeenidentifiedtowardtheattainmentofthePSSDgoal.

1. Toensurethesustainableutilizationofthecountry'snaturalresourcessuchasforests,croplands,marine,andfreshwaterecosystems.

2. Topromotesocialandintergenerationalequityintheutilizationofthecountry'snaturalresources.



3. Todevelopmanagementprogramstopreservethecountry'sheritageofbiologicaldiversity.4. Topromotethetechnologiesofsustainablelowlandagricultureanduplandagroforestrythroughtheencouragementof

researchanddevelopment(RandD)anddemonstrationprojects.5. Toachieveandmaintainanacceptablequalityofairandwater.6. Topromoteandencourageanexplorationprogramforeconomicallyimportantminerals.7. TopromoteRandDinenvironmentallysoundandeconomicallyefficientprocessingofthecountry'smineraland

energyresources.8. Toenhancethefoundationforscientificdecisionmakingthroughthepromotionandsupportofeducationand

researchinecosystems.9. Topromoteandsupporttheintegrationofpopulationconcernincludingmigrationvariablesandfamilywelfare

considerationsindevelopmentprogramswithspecialemphasisinecologicallycriticalareas.10. Toexpandsustantiallythefamilyplanningprogramsandresponsibleparenthoodprogram.

2.2GUIDINGPRINCIPLES

Sustainabledevelopment,asdefinedbytheWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelopment(WCED),"ismeetingtheneedsandaspirationsofthepeoplewithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirs".Itisdifficult,however,tomakeuseofageneraldefinitiontoguideactionswithregardtoparticulardevelopmentsituations.Thisgeneraldefinitionneedstobefurtherexplainedinoperationalterms.Operationally,sustainabledevelopmentcanbefurtherexplainedthroughthefollowingprinciples,whichformtheguidingframeworkforactionsunderthePSSD:

systemsorientedandintegratedapproachIntheanalysisandsolutionofdevelopmentproblemsaconcernformeetingtheneedsoffuturegenerations,otherwisetermedasIntergenerationequity:aconcernforequityofpeople'saccesstonaturalresources:aconcernnottoexceedthecarryingcapacityofecosystemslivingontheInterestratherthanonthecapitalorstockofnaturalresourcesmaintenanceorstrengtheningofvitalecosystemfunctionsIneverydevelopmentactivityaconcernforresourceuseefficiencypromotionofresearchonsubstitutes,recycling,exploration,etc.fromrevenuesderivedfromtheutilizationofnonrenewableresourcesarecognitionthatpovertyIsbothacauseandconsequenceofenvironmentaldegra3atlonandpromotionofcitizens'participationanddecentralizationinimplementingprograms.

2.3GENERALSTRATEGIES

ThePSSDhasforitscoreanumberofimplementingstrategies.Thisisaimedatresolvingandreconcilingthediverseandsometimesconflictingenvironmental,demographic,economicandnaturalresourceuseissuesarisingfromthecountry'sdevelopmentefforts.

IntegrationofEnvironmentalConsiderationsInDecisionMaking

Theunderlyingthemeinsustainabledevelopmentisthateconomicandenvironmentalconcernsmustbeaddressedsimultaneouslyintheplanning/decisionmakingprocess.Thisisadeliberateshiftfromtheconventionalpractice



characterizedaspredominantlysinglesectorplanningexercises.Theimportanceofpursuingamultisectoralapproachinpolicyandplanformulationcanneverbeoverstated.Forinstance,policiesthatconservethequalityofagriculturallandandprotectforestsimprovethelongtermprospectsforagriculturaldevelopment.Efficiencyintheutilizationofenergyandrawmaterialsinindustrialprocessesreduceswastesandcanalsoreducecosts.

Mergingenvironmentalandeconomicconsiderationsindecisionmakinginvolvesafundamentalrealignmentoftheoverallobjectivesofdevelopmentplanninginthelightofanewawarenessoftheenvironmentalimplicationsofdevelopmentactivities.Thismeansthattheprocessofdevelopmentshouldbeviewedfromtheoutsetasamultipurposeundertakingthatincludesanexplicitanddefinedconcernforthequalityoftheenvironment.Withinsuchaplanningcontext,itisespeciallyimportantthatanalysisandevaluationstressthekeyrolethatenvironmentalqualitycanplayinsustainabledevelopment.

Toeffectivelyimplementthisdesiredshiftineconomicdecisionmaking,therefinementofanalyticaltoolsandmethodologiesiscritical.Forinstance,toaccommodatethesocialandenvironmentalconsequencesofthemisuseofthenation'snaturalcapitalineconomiccalculations,suchtoolsasNaturalResourceAccounting,EnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA)andLandUsePlanningmustbeproperlyinstalledandstrengthened.

Naturalresourceaccountingemphasizestheproductiveroleofnaturalresourcesintheeconomicsystem.Naturalresourceassetsmustbevaluedinthesamemannerasmanmadeassets.Inasmuchasnaturalresourcesareprincipallythemainassetsuponwhichwedependforrevenue,employmentandforeignexchange,asystemofnationalaccountingandanalysismustbeinstitutedthatrecognizesthemassuch.

Likeeconomicanalysisandengineeringfeasibilitystudies,EIAisamanagementtoolforofficials,managersandaffectedcitizenswhomustmakeimportantdecisionsaboutmajordevelopmentprojects.Inrecentyears,majordevelopmentundertakingshaveencounteredseriousdifficultiesbecauseinsufficientaccounthasbeentakenoftheirimpactsonthesurroundingenvironment.Someprojectshavebeenfoundtobeunsustainablebecausetheycausedresourcedepletion.Othershavebeenabandonedbecauseofpublicopposition,financialencumbrancebyunforeseencosts,veryhighliabilityfordamagestonaturalresources,andthedisastrousaccidentstheyhavecaused.

Giventhisexperience,itisclearlyveryriskytoapproveandfinanceamajorprojectwithoutfirsttakingintoaccountitsenvironmentalconsequences,aswellas,thesitingandprojectdesignconsiderationsthatwillminimize,orbetterstill,altogetherremoveadverseimpacts.

Atthelocal/regionallevel,LandUsePlanningisalsoseenasabasictoolforIncorporatingenvironmentalconsiderationsinthedecisionmakingprocess.Optionallanduseallocationscanbedeterminedusinganenvironmentalqualityperspective,whichtakeintoaccountecologicalprinciplesandtheimpactofhumanactivitiesonnaturalsystemsasinputs,alongwithothereconomicandsocialdemands.

ProperPricingofNaturalResources

Themostwidespreadopportunityforimprovingresourcemanagementistotreatnaturalresourcesastrulyscarce,notasiftheywerefree.Thisisdonebyproperpricingbasedonthecostofreplenishment,increasingtheirsupplyandprovidingappropriatesubstitutes.Inessence,thisstrategyaimstocorrectthegrossunderpricingofnaturalresources(e.g.,logs,minerals)thatissubstantiallyresponsibleforthewastefulextractionandutilizationoftheseresources.

Thequestionofwhopaysfordamagestotheenvironmentshouldbepartofmorewiderangingpolicyreformsregardingthe



pricingofthecountry'snaturalresources.Ithasbecomeobviousthatnaturalresourcessuchastimberandmineralsaregrosslyunderpriced.Underpricedinthesensethatthosegiventherighttoexploittheseresourcesforprofitpayverylittleofthesignificantdamagecoststosociety.Theyalsosharewiththerestofsocietyverylittleofthe"rents"theygetoutofexploitingtheseresources("rent"representsthesurplusafterallcostandreasonableprofitsarepaid).Therentsfromtheexploitationofnaturalresourcesarehuge,andtheyhavegonetoonlyafew.TheWorldResourcesInstitute,forexample,hasestimatedthatforthePhilippines,only20%ofthemorefithanP20billionrentfromlogsharvestedfrom1979and1982wenttothePhilippinegovernment.Toattainsustainability,thegovernmentshouldrecoverthefulleconomicrentfornaturalandenvironmentalresources.

Acomponentoftheneededpricereformstrategyinvolveschargingapriceonthoseenvironmentalresources(e.g.,air,water)whichhaveuntilnowbeenregardedasfreeresourcesandwhichhavethusbeenpollutedfreelyandindiscriminately.Atpresent,polluterscontinuetoviewtheenvironmentasameresink,forwhichtheypaynothing.Thisconceptshouldbechanged.Asocialpriceshouldbeassignedtotheseotherwisefreeresources.Thepollutermustthenlearntointernalizethispricewithinhisprofitorienteddecisionmakingprocess.Ifthereispollution,thepollutermustpayfortheconsequentsocialcosts.Thechoicecanbemadebetweencuttingdownonpollutionbyinvestinginpollutioncontroldevicesorcuttingdowndirectlyonpollutiveaspectsofanactivity.Ineffect,thepolluterregulateshisownbehaviourwithinthecontextofanenvironmentalpricingsystem.Thesystemisbasedonthesocalled"polluterpays"principle.

Ingeneral,pricereformprovidesawaytointernalizeenvironmentalcostsaspartofdecisionsonhowresourcesareused.Theadvantageofproperresourcepricinginresourcemanagementisthat,onceinplace,itprovidesaselfregulatingsystem.Resourceusersstillmakechoicesinawaythatmaximizesrealresourcecosts.

Byestablishingafairvaluationofnaturalresourcesandchargingtheusersappropriately,anautomaticeconomicrestraintonthewayenvironmentandnaturalresourcesareusediscreated.

RelevanttothesuccessfulImplementationofsuchpricingmechanismsisthedevelopmentofcapabilitiesinenvironmentaleconomicsandtheconductofmeasuresinthisfield.Inaddition,thereIsaneedtosetupsupportfundsandincentivesforthosewillingtoshiftfrompollutiveordestructivetechnologiestothosethatareenvironmentallyprotective.

PropertyRightsReform

Naturalresourceshaveatendencytobeexploitedasfreeresourcesbyindividualseventhoughtheyareineffectscarceresources.Thisisthecasefor"openaccess"resourcesinwhichthereis8strongtendencyformisuseanddepletion.Itisdifficultforanindividualproducersuchasashiftingcultivatororanartesanalfishermantoconserveanopenaccessresourceandunilaterallyregulatehisexploitativeefforts,sincefromhisperceptionanythingthatheconserveswillonlybetakenupbyothers.Thisisthefamous"tragedyofthecommons."

Selfregulationintheexploitationofnaturalresourcescanbeachievedbyassigningsecureaccessrightsperhapsevenprivateownershipovertheseresourcestoresponsibleindividualsandcommunities.Throughsecureaccessrights,theindividualorcommunityestablishesalastingtiewiththeresourceandalongtermstakeinitsprotectionforsustainedproductivity.

Theneedthereforeistodevelopcreativeandsecureinstrumentssuchasforeststewardshipcontracts,smallholdertimberconcessions,artificialreeflicenses,communityforests,communityfishinggroundsandminingcooperativestoensureequitableaccessandtenurialsecurityintheutilizationofnaturalresources.Ithastobenoted,however,thatanessential



conditionfortransferringcontroloverresourcesordistributingresourcerightsisforrecipientindividualsorcommunitiestodemonstratethecapacityforthesustainabledevelopmentofsuchresources.

EstablishmentofanIntegratedProtectedAreasSystem

Theimportanceofthepreservationofthevarietyofgenes,species,andecosystemscannotbeoveremphasized.Thedevelopmentofmanandhiscivilizationhasalwaysbeenbasedonthebiologicalwealthofnature.Agriculturalcropsandlivestock,virtuallymostofthecountry'sdailyfoodintake,werederivedfromwildspecies.Fromwildspecieshavealsocomemanyofthemedicinesavailabletoday.Inbiodiversityresidesthenewgeneticpoolofinformationneededtoadapttovariousenvironments.Itcanthuswellprovidetheanswersandincreasedcapacitiesformantodealwithfuturequestionsofsurvivalanddevelopmentespeciallyinthefaceoftherapidlychanginglocalandglobalenvironments.Unfortunately,thisisnotgenerallyrecognized.

Ecosystemsarecomposedofspecies,andspeciesarecomposedofgenesandallthesearelinkedtooneanother.Thestabilityofecosystemsultimatelydependonthediversityofgenesandspecies.

Protectedareasshouldthereforebeestablishedfortheconservationofwildlifeanduniqueecosystems,withtheendinviewofconservinggeneticresourcesforscientific,educational,culturalandhistoricalvalues.Theestablishmentofprotectedareasshouldbeprecededbyareassessmentofthestatusofparksandequivalentreserves.Thiswillserveasthebasisfordevelopingrehabilitativestrategiesfordegradedparksandatthesametimeidentifynewareaswhereconservationofgeneticresourcesandpreservationofbiologicaldiversitycanbepursued.

RehabilitationofDegradedEcosystems

Rehabilitationofdegradedecosystemsisasignificantstrategygiventhemassivedestructionofecosystemsthathasalreadyoccurred.Undersuchconditions,nature'sregenerativecapacityisnotenough.Deliberaterehabilitativeeffortsareneeded.

Rehabilitationmustkeeppacewiththecontinuousdegradationcausedbytheincreasingdemandsforbothrawmaterialsandproductsthatcomefromnaturalresources.Asthepressuresontheseresourcescontinuetointensifysomustthecountry'scommitmentandcapabilityforrehabilitativeaction.Aconcertedaction,therefore,ofamagnitudenevertriedbeforeinthereforestationofdenudedwatersheds,mangrovereplantation,cleanupandcontrolofpollutionandrevivalofbiologicallydeadrivers,andseagrasstransplantationshouldbevigorouslyundertaken.

Naturalecosystems,however,willcontinuetobethreatenedunlessamorecomprehensiveprogramonecosystemsrehabilitationisundertaken.Rehabilitation,therefore,hastobelinkedtoecosystemsprotectionprogramsandtopolicyreformsandinstitutionalstrengtheningthatdecisivelydealwiththesocioeconomicrootsofecosystemdegradation.

StrengtheningofResidualsManagementinIndustry(PollutionControl)

Themostcommonlyappliedinstrumentforpollutioncontrolis"endofpipe"controlsystemsthattreatorattempttolimitwasteproductswithstandardsandlimitsonthepermissibleemissionsrate.Residualsmanagement,however,looksatthepollutionproblemwithinamorecomprehensiveframeworkofmaterialspolicywhichincludesresourcerecovery,recycling,andappropriatebyproductdesignthatsaveonmaterialsandenergy.



Amoveshouldbemadetowardsadoptingrecentinnovationsinindustrialprocessdesignswhichareaimedatreducingwastestreams,especiallyasincreasingrestrictionsondisposalbecomesmorenecessary.Reformulatingproducts,developingsaleablebyproductsfromresiduals,andredesigningorcombiningprocessesaresomeinnovationsthathaveoftenbeenfoundtoreducewastesandcostsaswell.AU.S.plant,forexample,wasabletoreducewastesby66percentbycuttingonwateruseby32percent.Theuseofbiogasdigesterstorecovermethanefrompiggeryordistillerywastesisanotherexampleofpollutionreductionthroughtechnologicalinnovations.

InthePhilippines,resourcerecoveryshouldprovehighlyeconomicalbecausematerialsandenergycostsarequitehighrelativetolaborcosts.Paper,glass,metals,plastics,oilsandothermaterialscouldberecoveredfromwastestreamsandrecycledbynetworksofworkers.

Inadditiontoandinsupportoftechnologicalinnovationsisthestrengtheningofenforcementofappropriatepollutioncontrollaws.Otherpolicyinstrumentssuchastheuseofeconomicincentivestoencouragepollutivefirmstoinstallpollutioncontrolfacilitiesandcollectiveactionssuchastheinstallationofcentralcollectionandtreatmentfacilitiesforwastewatersareneededtosupplementcurrentenforcementefforts.Theseareespeciallyimportantgiventherelativelysmallcapitalbaseofenterprisesinvolved.Moreconciliatoryformsofpollutionregulationinvolvingpersuasionandinformationdisseminationaimedatalteringpolluteraswellasendconsumerbehaviorshouldalsobeimplementedtocausepositivechangeinbusinessattitudestowardstheenvironment.

IntegrationofPopulationConcernsandSocialWelfareInDevelopmentPlanning

Populationisthecriticalfactorinanyeffortatsustainabledevelopment.Populationandthevaluesespouseddeterminethespeedatwhichproductivitycanbeincreasedorconverselythepressuresonlandandnaturalresourcesbroughttobearbytheprocessofdevelopment.ForadevelopingcountrylikethePhilippines,itisimportantthatthepopulationfactorinallitsdimensionsisturnedintoarealassetforbuildingastrongindustrialbase,formultiplyingproductiveformsoflivelihood,andforpreservingandimprovingfragileecosystemsandtheoverallnaturalresourceenvironment.

Thecountry'spopulationprogrammustnotbelimitedtocontrollingnumbersbutmustincludeimprovementsinhealth,educationandvaluesformation.Itmustbeimplementedaspartofacomprehensivesocioeconomicprogramattheregionalandcommunitylevels.Thepopulationprogrammustbebasedonmethodsthatareconsistentwiththeculturalandreligiousnormsofthepopulation.Withinourtraditionalruralsocietythebenefitsofadditionallaborwillalwaysoutweighthebenefitsofreducingfamilysize.ItisforthisreasonthatourpopulationpoliciesmustrecognizethelimitationsofpromotingfertilitycontrolinIsolationfromotherincentives.Toovercomesocialprejudicesagainstbirthcontrolandsuspicionsofthemotivationsbehindthenationalpopulationcontrolprogram,emphasisshouldnowbeplacedonthebenefitstoeachchildandtothefamilyofspacingbirths.

Managingpopulationdistributionandmobilityshouldalsobeconsideredtolimittherapidandoftenuncontrolledpopulationgrowthinurbanareas.Promotionofprogramsandpoliciesthatleadtobalancedregionaldevelopmentareimportant.Thedevelopmentpotentialofallregionsshouldbeassessedandprogramstoincreaseopportunitiesforlivelihoodshouldbeimplementedtoencouragemigrationtowardslessdenselypopulatedandlessenvironmentallysensitiveareas.

InducingGrowthIntheRuralAreas

Economicrecoveryandlongtermstabilitydependonincreasingincomesandemploymentintheruralareas,whereamajorityofourpeoplereside.Itshouldbeagainnotedthattheruralpoorarelinkedverycloselytonaturalresources.Their



actionshaveadirectimpactonnaturalresources.Conversely,anychangeintheactualandpotentialproductivityoftheseresourceshaveseriousrepercussionsontheirpresentandfuturewelfare,evenontheirverysurvival.Thesheernumberofruralpooralreadyinplacerightonorbesidefragileecosystemsmakethemaformidableforceeitherforenvironmentaldestructionorprotection.

Attentionmustthereforebegiventoruraldevelopment,asithasalreadybeenestablishedthatpovertyforcestheruralpoortobedestroyersratherthancaringtowardsoftheveryresourcesthatcanliberatethemfrompoverty.Theeconomic,socialandpoliticalpotentialsofthecountrysidemustbeharnessedtoalleviatepovertyanduplifttheconditionsoftheruralpoor.Aruraldevelopmentstrategywhichischaracterizedbythefollowingelementsmustthereforebeeffected:

EmpowermentoftheruralpoorthroughgreaterparticipationinpolicymakingprocessesandprojectimplementationAcceleratedimplementationoflandreformtoachieveequityinthedistributionofwealthandboostproducerincentivesGrantofequitableaccessfortheruralpoortonaturalresourceuseandbenefitsRemovalofeconomicpolicyandpublicinvestmentbiasesagainsttheruralsectorProvisionofinfrastructureandsupportservicestoincreaseruralproductivityandexpandmarketsEstablishmentandreinforcementof"growthcenters"toserveasbaseforindustrialandcommercialactivitiesthatcanprovidealternativelivelihoodandIncreasedeconomicopportunitiesfortheruralpoorStrengtheningofsocialservicessuchaseducation,healthandnutrition.

PromotionofEnvironmentalEducation

EnvironmentaleducationasconceivedinthePSSDhastwomajorobjectives.Thefirstistoenablecitizenstounderstandandappreciatethecomplexnatureoftheenvironment,aswellastheroleplayedbyaproperlymanagedenvironmentineconomicdevelopmentandtodevelopsocialvaluesthatarestronglysupportiveofenvironmentalprotectionandwhichwillcreatethecommitmentandpoliticalwilltodealwithdifficultissues.Onlyawellinformedandmotivatedcitizenrycouldprovidethemassbasenecessaryforthecontinuedprotectionoftheenvironment.

Decisionsareultimatelyapoliticalresponsibility,butthelikelihoodofthebestchoicesbeingmadeisgreatlyenhancedwhenthereiswidespreadknowledgeandunderstandingofallaspectsoftheissuesathand.Thiscouldbeachievedbyintegratingenvironmentalconceptsintheelementaryandsecondaryschools.Thiswinequippeoplewiththebasiccapabilitytomakeuptheirownmindsinaninformedwayanddosomethingabouttheirdecisions.

Thesecondobjectiveistodevelopthelocalknowledgebaseaboutthelocalenvironmentandnaturalresourcesthroughthedevelopmentandpromotionoftertiaryandgraduatecoursesinecology,environmentalscience,resourcemanagementandresourceeconomics.Researchanddevelopmentintheseareasshouldbepromoted.

StrengtheningofCitizens'ParticipationandConstituencyBuilding

Lessonsfrombothfailuresandsuccessesinenvironmentalanddevelopmentaleffortshaveshownthatcitizens'participationisanimportantdecisivefactor.Absenceorlackofithascausedfailures.Itsactivepresencehasresultednotonlyineffortsmeetingimmediatetargetsbutalsointheassuredsustainabilityofpositivetrendsthathavebeeninitiated.



Peoplehavetheinherentcapacitytoimprovethemselvesandtheircommunity.Problemsconfrontingthemcanbesolvedthroughtheirownefforts.Incaseswherethepovertyoftheirsituationandthedifficultiestheyfacearetooseriousforthemtodealwith,initialassistancefromgovernmentandnongovernmentinstitutionsmaybeneeded.Theiractiveparticipationinplanningandimplementation,however,isamustsothattheywillnotbeforeverdependentonexternalsupport.

Inpromotingtheactiveparticipationofthecitizenryforsustainabledevelopment,nongovernmentorganizations(NGOs)canbethecentralvehicleinmobilizingpeopletoparticipate.NGOshavecertainadvantages.Theyhavelessbureaucraticredtapeandcanthusmovefast.Theyhavealreadyestablishedstrongdirectlinkswiththegrassroots.TheirmembersaretheverycitizenswhoseparticipationisneededandwhoseetheirNGOmembershipasacitizen'sresponsibility.Theyarethusimbuedwiththeneededcommitmentanddrivetodealwithdifficultsustainabledevelopmentissues.AstrategyinthisregardistodevelopanetworkamongNGOsaswellasNGOsandgovernmentalorganizationswhichwillworkoncommunityorganizing,publicinformationcampaigns,research/situationassessment,environmentalsurveillanceandmonitoring,scienceandappropriatetechnologyandthelike.

3.ASSESSMENTOFMAJORSECTORS

Theconceptualframeworkshallbethebasisfortheformulationofstrategiesforeachoftheidentifiedmajorsectors,namely,Population,EnvironmentandNaturalResources,Agriculture,Industry,InfrastructureandEnergy.Areviewofeachsector,exceptfortheInfrastructuresector,hasbeenundertakenaspartoftheformulationprocess.Thissectionpresentsthepreliminaryresultsofthisreview,includingcurrentefforts,keyissuesandkeymeasureisneeded.

3.1POPULATION

Situationer.ThePhilippinepopulationin1989wasestimatedat60.1millionandisexpectedtoriseby2.3percentto61.5millionin1990.Withregardstopopulationdistribution,SouthernTagalog,MetropolitanManila,andCentralLuzonarethecountry'shighlyconcentratedregions,withapopulationof8.1million,7.9million,and6.1million,respectively.ThemostcommontypeofinternalmigrationinthePhilippinesistheflowofpeoplefromtheruralareasintotheurbanareas.Fortheperiod19751980,MetropolitanManilareceivedatotalof378,878ruralmigrantsandfollowedbySouthernTagalogwith183,077andCentralLuzonwith101,844.*

Thepresentpopulationsituationhasalreadystrainedthegovernment'scapabilitytoprovidebasicservicessuchaseducation,healthcareandfoodforthenation.Thecriticalissuestobediscussedshouldthereforeaddressthebalancebetweenpopulationsizeandavailableresourcesandtherateofpopulationgrowthinrelationtothecapacityoftheeconomytoprovidethebasicneedsofthepopulation.

KeyConcerns.

ContinuedrapidpopulationgrowthwhichusuallyleadstoadeclineinthequalityoflifeforthemajorityEncroachmentofpopulationintomarginalecosystems,includingpopulationsettlementsinecologicallysensitiveuplandsContinuedinfluxofruralmigrantsintodenselypopulatedurbanareas,whichtaxesthecapacityoftheseareastosustainconcentratedpopulationsresultingIncongestion,urbanblight,slums,andenvironmentaldegradation



CurrentEfforts.ThedirectionforthepopulationprograminthecountrywasdrawnupinapopulationpolicystatementissuedinApril,1987.Itspecificallyaddressesthefollowingdemographicconcerns:fertilityreduction,familyformation,statusofwomen,maternalandchildhealth,childsurvival,morbidityandmortality,populationdistributionandurbanization,internalandinternationalmigration,andpopulationstructure.Thepolicyalsostressestheimportanceofaconsistentpopulationgrowthrateinrelationtoexistingresourcesrecognizingthestrainimposedbythepopulationonscarceresources.

FamilyPlanningservicescontinuetobeprovidedby3,545familyplanningclinics/serviceoutletsofgovernmentandnongovernmentorganizationsnationwide.Theremoteareasareservedby39ComprehensiveItinerantTeams.Supportsystemsfortheseactivitiesinclude1,753fulltimeoutreachworkers(FTOW's)and50,000BarangaySupplyPointOfficers(BSPO's).

ThePopulationEducationProgramcontinuestoworkfortheintegrationofpopulationeducationintotheschoolcurriculumatalleducationallevels.TheAdolescentFertilityProgramthroughitstwelveadolescentcentersalsocontinuestoprovideinformationandcounselingservices.

In1987,87medicalpersonnelweretrainedonbasicfamilyplanningandvoluntarysurgicalsterilization.Manpowerdevelopmentandcontinuingeducation,whichweremostlyforeignfunded,werealsoconducted.

ThePopulationInformationManagementandDisseminationProgramalsoconductedwidespreaddisseminationactivitiesonthenewpopulationpolicy.Theseincludetheconductofsymposiaandconferences,thereleaseoftwoissuesofthePopulationBulletinandthepublicationofaweeklynewsletter.

ThePopulationPolicyAnalysisandCoordinationUnitofPOPCOMisalsocontinuingitstaskofcollecting,processingandanalyzingvarioussourcesofinformationfordissemination.

ANationalConsultationamong107NaturalFamilyPlanningNGO'swasconvenedtoformulateworkableschemeswithNGO'sandwiththechurchbasedFamilyPlanningMaternalandChildHealth(FPMCH)Network.The"UgnayansaKababaihan"Projectwasalsolaunchedasavehicletopromotewomen'swelfareandstrengthenwomen'sparticipationinplanninganddecisionmaking.

SupportactivitiestothepopulationprogramarealsoimplementedbytheDepartmentofSocialWelfareandDevelopment.Theseincludedaycareandsupplementalfeedingprogram,familyplanningmotivation,populationawareness,andsexeducation.TheDepartmentofHealthalsopromotes/implementsthefollowingprograms:primaryhealthcaredevelopment,controlofcommunicableandnoncommunicablediseases,healthpromotionandspecificprotection,foodassistance,selectivehomefoodproduction,nutritioninformationandeducationcampaign,andthemalnutritionpreventionproject.

KeyMeasuresNeeded

VigorouspopulationprogrambasedonmethodsthatareconsistentwiththeculturalandreligiousnormsofthepopulationBroaderscopeofpopulationprogramstoIncludeimprovementofthequalityofhumanresourcesintermsofproductivity,environmentalconsciousness,abilitytomanagecommunalnaturalresources,andsocialresponsibility



Intensificationofruraldevelopmentwithemphasisonsustainablelivelihoodprogramstoreducethepushfactorinruralurbanmigration

3.2ENVIRONMENTANDNATURALRESOURCES

Ecosystemsarelifesupportsystems.Theyarecapableofrenewal,eveninthefaceofmajormanmadedisturbancesbutonlyuptoacertainpoint.Beyondthislimitedthresholdandcarryingcapacity,ecosystemfunctionsareimpairedhencedeteriorationoccurs.Thechallengeforresourcemanagementistotreattheecosystemastheunitmostsuitableforanalysis,sothatthemaintenanceofvitallifesupportfunctionsmaybeensured.

Thissectoriscurrentlyfacingalotofproblems,amongthem:resourcedepletion,environmentaldegradationduetopollution,tenurialproblemsinthepublicdomain,andinequitabledistributionandallocationoflandsandnaturalresources,amongothers.

Forests

Situationer.TheremainingforestedareasofthePhilippines(withoutbrushlands)is6.5millionhectares,whichis21%ofthecountry'stotalareaof30millionhectares,and40%ofthelegallyclassifiedforestlandsof16millionhectares.Thecountryislosing119,000hectareseachyearorabout14hectaresperhourduetoillegallogging,forestfiresandslashandburnagriculture.

KeyConcerns

DegradationofforestlandsduetologgingaswellasencroachmentofslashandburncultivatorsintologgedoverareasSettlementofecologicallysensitiveforestlandsduetopopulationpressureandlackofopportunitiesinthelowlandsPoorenforcementofforestprotectionlawsLackoftenurialsecurity,infrastructuresupport,andsocialservicesforuplanddwellerswhichresultindisincentivesforadoptingresourceconservationmeasures

Currentefforts.TheDepartmentofEnvironmentandNaturalResources(DENR)launchedtheNationalForestationProgram(NFP)in1986declaringasapolicy"theperpetuationofforestresourcesforthebenefitofpresentandfuturegenerationsofFilipinos."

TheNFPrestatesthekeyobjectivesofthegovernment'sbasicpolicyinforestationas:adequatesupplyofindustrialtimberandfuelwoodprovisionoflivelihoodforuplandcommunitiesand,restorationandmaintenanceofastable,functionalandwholesomeenvironment.Themainfocusofthe14yearforestationprogramisthedevelopmentofproductionforestplantationsforsuppliesoftimberandfuelwood,whileatthesametimerehabilitatingdenudedwatershedareas.

WiththeassistanceofprogramloansfromtheAsianDevelopmentBank(ADB)andtheOverseasEconomicCooperation(OECF)ofJapan,theDENRistargetingtoreforestthroughvariousmodesandapproachesabout300,000hectaresby1992.



ThemainthrustofthepolicyframeworkoftheNFPistopositiontheprivatesectorcommunitiesandfamiliesasthevanguardofthecountry'sreforestationefforts.Thus,apartfromencouragingtheprivatesectortoinvestincommercialforestplantationsatitsownrisk,thepolicyalsodirectstheemploymentoftheprivatesector(toinclude,apartfromentrepreneursandenterprisesinforestation,thcNGOs,individualfarmersandfarmers'associations)inexecutinggovernmentfundedforestationprojectsoncontractterms.ThegovernmentconsidersthatcontractforestationwouldenableittomakeuseoftheexperienceandcommercialmotivationsoftheprivatesectortowardstheexpeditiousandefficientaccomplishmentofNFPtargets,addthatthetermsofthecontractswouldensurethattheplantedareaspaidforwillactuallygrowintoforests.

ProjectsunderthedirectadministrationoftheDENRare:TimberStandImprovementinsecondgrowthforests,andprotectionandmaintenanceofexistingforests.Privatesectorparticipationwillbeincontractreforestationwatershedrehabilitationassistednaturalregenerationbamboo,rattanandmangroveplantationsindustrialtreeplantations,andIntegratedsocialforestryactivitiestorehabilitateforestmigrants.

Contractstoreforestormanagespecifiedactivitiesinreforestationareasareopentoqualifiedcorporations,nongovernmentorganizations,communities,tribesand/orfamilies.DENRpaystheseprivateentitlesandindividualsforthereforestationactivitiestheyundertakeinspecificsites.

KeyMeasuresNeeded

Reforestationapproachesthatactivelyinvolvetheuplandpopulation,andwhichcombinethegoalsofreestablishingforestsaswellasprovidingsustainedlivelihoodforuplanddwellersIntensifieddevelopmentoflowlandresourcestoincreaseproductivityanddivertpressureawayfromcriticaluplandsPreparationofsitespecificresourcemanagementplans,basedoninventoryofresources,censusofuplandpopulation,andassessmentofcarryingcapacitiesDevolutionofcontroloverthemanagementofforestresourcestolocalcommunitiesandtribalgroupsbasedonoftheirabilitytoutilizethecommonresourceproperlyStrengtheningofresourceaccessrightsforsmallholdersthroughmoresecurerentarrangementanddispositionofremainingAandDlands.Intensificationofenvironmentalinformationandeducation

>ProtectedAreasandBiodiversity

Situationer.ThePhilippineshasatotalof62nationalparksand7wildlifesanctuariesencompassingsome1.3millionhectares,orabout4.3%ofthecountry'stotallandarea.However,someoftheseparksexistonlyonpapersincethereisagenerallackoffundstoimplementprotectionactivitiesandfieldmanagementoftheareas.Almostalldesignatedreservescontainillegalsettlementsof"slashandburn"(kaingin)farmersandhavebeenPartiallymodifiedorcompletelydegraded.Criticallyimportantareas,suchasBicolNationalParkinCamarinesSurandMt.ApoNationalParkinDavao,havebeenheavilysquattedandseriouslydenuded.Others,suchasMt.PlugNationalParkinBennett,QuezonNationalParkinQuezonProvince,andMt.CanlaonNationalParkinNegrosisland,areseriouslythreatenedbyillegalloggingand"kaingin".

Thewidediversityofmarineandterrestrialecosystemsformthehabitatsoffivemajorforestformations(mixeddipterocarp,tropicalmontane,mossyorsubalpine,molaveandpine),8,000speciesofdominantargiosperms(orchidsandroses),960



speciesofterrestrialvertebrates(landmammals),541speciesofavifaunabirds),252speciesofherpetofauna(reptiles),488speciesofcoral,16speciesofmangroves,and1000speciesoffish.Amongthemorenotableofthesearethefollowingendangeredspecies:thePhilippineeagle,BlackShama,Philippinecrocodile,dugong,andmarineturtles.Theeffectsofhunting,trappingandtradingofwildlife,asidefromhabitatloss,havecontinuallythreatenedthereproductioncapabilitiesandthesurvivaloftheseendemicplantsandanimalsinthePhilippines.

KeyConcerns

IneffectiveprotectedareasandparksmanagementsystemsThreatstotheexistenceofvaluablefloraandfaunaasaresultofhabitatremovalormodificationNeedtoincreasethelevelofpublicawarenessandappreciationofthebenefitsofprotectedareas

CurrentEfforts.TheDENRandtheWorldBankareundertakingastudyandreviewofthecountry'sprotectedareasinordertorationalizeanddevelopanintegratedprotectedareassystem(IPAS)inthePhilippines.Thestudywill,determineexistingprotectedareastoberetainedinthenewsystemandrecommendqualifiedsitesforinclusion.ThestudyshallalsoprovidethebasicinformationforthepreparationofthelegislationthatwillcreatetheIPAScodeasmandatedbylaw.Also,undertheDebtforNatureSwapProgrambetweentheDENR,theWorldWildlifeFund,andtheHaribonFoundation,theprotection,managementanddevelopmentoftwoprotectedareas,namely,St.PaulsubterraneanRiverNationalParkandElNidoMarineSanctuarybothinPalawanareunderway.Experiencefromtheprogramshallserveasthebasisandprovideamodelforthemanagement,protectionanddevelopmentofothernationalparksinthefuture.ThegovernmentisalsocurrentlyconductingcaptivebreedingprogramsforthePhilippineeagle,tamaraw,flyinglemur,crocodileandotherendangeredspecies.NGOshavealsobeentappedaspartnersinconservationprojects.

Thesurvey,rehabilitation,reproduction,conservation,information,trainingandresearchofthecountry'sdiverseecosystemsandwildlifecomprisetheproposedNationalBiodiversityProgramoftheDENR.Thesurveyandrehabilitationofcriticalecosystemssuchascoralreefs,mangroves,wetlands,lakes,riversandlowlandforestsshallbeundertaken.Ecologicalresearches,surveys,captivebreedingandreintroductionofendangeredspeciesIntothewildshallbeimplemented.TheprogramshallpromoteconservationawarenesstothepublicandestablishtrainingopportunitiesforfieldpersonnelundertheDENR.

KeyMeasures

AssessmentandevaluationofexistingnationalparksandequivalentreservestowardstheformulationofasystematicmanagementandprotectionschemeIntegrationofprotectedareaplanningintotheoveralllanduseandregionalplanningImplementationofanintensivenatureconservationeducationprogramTrainingofmanagersofprotectedareas

UrbanEcosystems

Situationer.Themigrationofthepopulacetourbanareaswillcontinuetoputpressureonlimitedurbanlandresourcesinthecomingyears.By1990,about25millionor43%ofthenationalpopulationwillberesidinginurbanareas.Bytheyear2000,thiswillincreaseby40%.



InMetroManila,7millionofthetotalpopulationcrowd636squarekilometersofland.Withapopulationthatisincreasingatarateof3.6%annually,MetroManilawillbeoneofthemegacitiesintheworldwithapopulationof11million.

Generationanddisposalofsolidwastes,airpollutionemittedbytransportvehicles(60%)andstationaryindustrialsources(40%)willcontinuetobeamajorproblem.Highvolumesamplemeasurementsoftotalsuspendedparticulates(TSP)indicatethatannualaveragesinMetroManilacanexceed250milligramspercubicmeter(mg/m3),exceedingtheUSannualaverageTSPairqualitystandardbyover200%.

Furthermore,jeepney,busandtaxicommutersareexposedtoexcessiveconcentrationsofRespirableSuspendedParticles(RSP)intheorderof1,000mg/m3whilemillionsofMetroManilaresidentsareexposedtoambientconcentrationsofRSPintheorderof100mg/m3.Thelongtermhealtheffectsofsuchexposureneedtobedetermined.

Sulfurdioxide(S02)doesnotappeartobeamajorprobleminMetroManila.ThereisrelativelylessconcentrationofheavyindustrynearurbancentersandconsequentlythelevelsofS02measuredinManilaareallwellbelow.05partspermillion(ppm)onanannualaveragebasis.However,sincemostofthemajorvehiclesinMetroManilaaredieselfueledtheexposureofS02bypeopledirectlyexposedtotrafficexhaustarehigher.

WaterpollutioninMetroManilaandothermajorurbanandregionalcentersiscausedbythegeneralpublicand,toalesserextent,bytheindustrialsector.AllmetropolitanareasinthePhilippineshavenoefficientsewagecollectionandtreatmentexceptforsomeaffluentsubdivisionswithresidentswhocanaffordanexpensivesewagetreatmentfacility.Onlyabout12%ofMetroManila'spopulationisservedbyaseweragecollectionsystem.Thebalanceofunservedareascontributeabout70%ofallthebiodegradableorganicpollutantsthatflowintothedifferentriversystemsinMetroManilaUntreatedorpartiallytreatedindustrialwastewaterisalsobeingdischargedintorivers,lakes,oresteros.Thesewastesaccountfortheother30%oftheorganicpollutantsthathaveallbutkilledMetroManila'swatersystems.

Municipalsolidwastesorgarbageusuallyfindsitswayintotheriversystemthroughopencanalsandculvertsandendupintheriversystemandexertadditionaloxygendemand.MetroManilaalonegeneratesabout3,600tonsofgarbageperdayandthisisexpectedtoreachmorethan5,000tonsperdayintieyear2000.TherearenosufficientfundstofinanceasystematicandIntegratedsolidwastemanagementsystemalthoughaverythoroughsolidwastemasterplanhasbeenformulatedandapprovedbyaPresidentialTaskForceonSolidWasteManagement.

Anotherproblemisthedisposalandproliferationoftoxicandhazardouswastesfromindustries.ThisisespeciallytrueinMetroManilawhere69%ofthecountry's15,000Industrialfirmsarelocated.Mostofthetoxicsubstancesareapparentlydischargedwithouttreatmentintonaturalwaterbodiesandcoastalwaters.

KeyConcerns

PollutionfromindustrialeffluentsSolidwastedisposalbydomestic,commercialandIndustrialestablishmentsAirpollutionfromgasoline/dieselfueledvehiclesandindustrialestablishmentsPopulationmigrationtourbanareas

CurrentEfforts.TheDENR,incooperationwithothergovernmentagencies,theprivatesectorandnongovernmentalorganizations,iscurrentlyundertakingariversrevivalprogram,foremostofwhichisthe"IlogKo,IrogKo"projectaimedat



loweringthepollutionloadoftheNavotasMalabonTenejerosTullahanriversystem.TheDENR,beingtheleadagency,hascommittedtolowertheindustrialpollutionloadby60%by1992,from32,777kq.BiochemicalOxygenDemand(BOD)perdaytoabout23,200kg.BODperday.Todate,theDENRhasloweredtheindustryloadbyabout7%.TheMWSSiscommittedtoimplementabasinwideseptictankcleaningprogramthatwilllowerthesewageloadfromtheprojected1992loadofabout26,608kg.BODperdaytoabout9,978kg.BODperday.TheNationalHousingAuthority(NHA)isalsocommittedtoremoveallthesquattershantieslinedalongthe26kilometerwaterwayandrelocatethemwithinthebasin,thusloweringthepollutionload.TheDepartmentofPublicWorksandHighways(DPWH)iscommittedtodredgethe26kilometerwaterwayandbuild(2)parallelroadsalongthewaterway.

TheInterAgencyCommitteeaimstolowertheoverallpollutionloadin1992by50%.ThecosttoimplementtheseprogramsisaboutU.S$25.75millionspreadoverthenextthreeyears,endingin1992.Thescenariobeyond1992willinvolvetheinstallationofaseweragecollectionandamarineoutfallwhichwillincreasethetotalcosttoU.S$2368million.Itisexpectedthattheriversystemwillbefullyrehabilitatedandtheentire26kilometerwaterwaywillbecapableofsustainingmarinelife.

AnothercomponentoftheriverrevivalprogramistheManilaBayCleanUpProject.ThiswillfocusonsixmajorrivernetworksystemswhichemptytheirwastesintoManilaBay.Theseare:

NavotasMalabonTenejernsTullahanriverSystem,PasigSanJuanMarikinaRiverSystem,LasPinasZapoteRiverSystem,ParanaqueRiver,LagunaLakeBasin,andMeycauayanRiver.

ThecleanupofManilaBaywillentailthecleanupoftheindividualsinksystems.Amongtheprojectslinedupforloweringthepollutionloadofeachofthesesourcesare:

septictankcleaningandseweragecollectionandtreatmentfordomesticsewage,individualorcombinedwastewatertreatmentplantsforindustrialfirms,dredgingofriverstoremoveaccumulateddebris,andtransferofsquatterfamiliesalongtheriverbanks.

ThecurrenteffortsforairqualitymanagementinurbanregionsareparticularlyaddressedtotheMetropolitanManilaareawheremostofvehiclesandindustrialfirmsarelocated.Otherurbangrowthcenters,however,havealreadystartedandaresteppinguptheairpollutioncontrolprogram.

Vehicleexhaustemissionisthemostpressingairpollutionproblemtoday.Intheshortterm,activitiesbeingimplementedtoalleviatethesituationaresteppedupeffortstoenforcetheantismokebelchinglawandeducationalcampaignstoraisethelevelofawarenessandknowledgeofmotoristsandthegeneralpublicontheairpollutionproblem.Inadditiontothis,theairqualitymanagementprogramforMetroManilaproposestheadoptionoflongtermpolicyoptionstominimizevehicularpollution.Suchpolicyoptionswouldcoverawiderangeofconcernssuchas:



Incentivesforlowpollutantvehiclesandadditionaltaxforpollutivevehicles.Promotionof"environmentfriendly"fueladditivesandappropriatepollutioncontroldevices.Regulationofimportationofsecondhandcars.Developmentofanefficientmasstransportationsystem.

Emissionsfromindustriesandpowerplantswillalsobeamajorconcernaseconomicdevelopmentprogresses.Majorpolicyoptionsbeingconsideredtominimizetheairpollutioneffortsfromthesesectorsarethefollowing:

ProvidingdisincentivesforpollutiveindustriesthatarelocatedinMetroManilaandotherurbancenters.Strictimplementationoflanduseplansandzoningregulations.Promotionofenergyconservationandenergyefficientproductionprocesses.Adoptionoflowornonwastetechnologies.

Foraneffectiveairqualitymanagementprogram,itisimperativethatthemonitoringandenforcementcapabilitiesoftheenvironmentalagencieswillalsobeefedup.Thus,acquisitionofmonitoringequipmentandmanpowertrainingaremajorcomponentsoftheprogram.

TheSolidWasteManagementPlanforMetropolitanManila,asconceptualizedbythePresidentialTaskForceonSolidWasteManagement,isinitsinitialstagesofimplementation.Siteshavebeenidentifiedtoserveassanitarylandfillsinlieuofoperatingopendumps.EngineeringdesignsarenowbeingpreparedandreviewedbasedontheEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentmade.

KeyMeasuresNeeded

Rationalplanningofurbancenters(dispersalofindustries)ProvisionofworkableairmonitoringnetworksRationalizationofcurrentenvironmentalandpollutionpoliciesImplementationofapragmaticinformationandeducationcampaignontheeffectsofairandwaterpollutionandsolidwastedisposalStringentenforcementoflaws,ordinance,rulesandregulationsImplementationofasoundmonitoringsystem

FreshwaterEcosystems

Situationer.Thereareatotalof384majorriversystemsand59lakesandmorethan100,000hectaresoffreshwaterswampsinthePhilippines.Theseareusedeitherfordomestic,industrial,irrigationandpowergenerationpurposes.

Agriculturecontinuestobetheheaviestwateruser,accountingfor60%oftotalwithdrawals.Thequalityofwateravailableforirrigationhasbeenrelativelygood.However,theincreasingsedimentationofriversystemshaveresultedinthereducedwaterconveyancecapabilityofirrigationsystemsanddiversionfacilities.Themaincauseofthisproblemisthedestructionofwatershedsandconsequentsoilerosion.Sedimentationcausedbythedumpingofminetailingsintheriversystemsisalsoamajorcontributoryfactor.



Anotherenvironmentalproblemwhichisbecomingamajorconcernissaltwaterintrusion.Thisproblemischaracterizedbythemovementofsalinewaterintofreshwateraquifersorsurfacewaters.Thegeneralmechanismsresponsiblefortheintrusionarethereversalorthereductionofnaturalbarriersthatpreventmovementofsaltwater,andtheaccidentalorinadvertentdisposalofwastesalinewater.

OfficialreportsoftheMWSSandNWRBrevealthatthetotalareaaffectedbysaltwaterintrusion(excludingMetroManila)hasreached480,802hectares.ThemostheavilyaffectedprovincesareCagayan,Bulacan,andCebu.

InMetroManila,theaffectedareasmaybecategorizedaccordingtosourcesofcontamination,namely:1)seawaterintrusion10,244hectares2)seawaterintrusionandconnatewater513hectaresand3)connatewater5,674hectares.Theaffectedareastotal19,611hectares.Itshouldbepointedoutthatmajorityoftheaffectedareasareurbanandruralsettlements,whichisarealcauseforalarm.

Hydrogeologicalinvestigationandeconomicanalysisofthegroundwatersalinityintrusionphenomenonindicatethefollowingimpactsonwatersupplyandtheaffectedpopulation:

poorwaterqualitycorrosionofwellssalinizationofagriculturallandduetoinundation,subsequentlyreducingagriculturalyieldreducedrevenuesinsomeindustriesduetoadditionalcostofwatersupplyrevenuelossinpublicwaterutilitiesduetoreplacementcostswherewellsbecametoosalinetouseadditionalcostfortheacquisitionofwaterfrompipedsupply

SixparticularareasinthePhilippines,includingthetwomajorcitiesMetroManilaandCebuwerefoundtobesubjectedtocontinuousdegradationofthegroundwatersupplyduetosaltwaterintrusion.

KeyConcerns

Pollutionduetodomestic,commercialandindustrialactivitiesAgriculturalrunoffsfrompesticidesandfertilizersSiltationSaltwaterintrusion

CurrentEfforts.TheDENR,asidefromitsriversrevivalprogram,iscurrentlyundertakingitsriverclassificationproject.Ofthe384majorriversinthecountry,261havebeenpresentlyclassifiedaccordingtotheiruse.

KeyMeasuresNeeded

Enforcementoflaws,rulesandregulations.ImplementationofaninformationandeducationcampaignSettingupofwastewatertreatmentplantsImplementationofasoundrehabilitationprogramforaffectedfreshwaterecosystems



CoastalResources

Situationer.Becauseofpressuresfromanincreasingpopulationandthedrivetowardsindustrialdevelopment,coastalresourceshavebeenexploitedindiscriminatelyanditsconservationandprotectionhavebeenoverlooked.Dynamitefishing,siltationandhumanencroachmenthaveledtothedestructionofcoastalresources.Pollutionfromindustrialcomplexescontinuestobeagrowingproblem.

Arecentsatellitestudyrevealsthatmangroveandcoralresources,twoofthemostimportantcoastalhabitatshavebeenseverelydegraded.Ofthe500,000hectaresoftheoriginalmangrovespeciesvegetationinthe1920's,only38,000hectaresarelefttoday.However,satelliteimageryshowssome149,000hectaresofsecondarygrowthmangrovevegetation.

Theestimatedcoralcoverofthecountry'scoastalresourcesisalmost33,036squarekilometer.Only5to6percentofthisisclassifiedasinexcellentcondition.

Thecoastalareasarealsothefinaldestinationofmostoftheminetailingsgeneratedbytheminingindustry.Duringthelast3years,minetailingsgeneratedtotaledover2billionDMT.Inadditiontolandbasedpollution,pollutionfromshipandoilspillsarecommon.

KeyConcerns

OverfishingofnearshorefishingareasduetoexpandingcoastalpopulationContinuedwidescaleuseofillegalfishingpracticesDegradationofcoralreefswhichisduetoacombinationofsiltdepositionanddestructivefishingmethods(blastfishingandmuroami)Disappearanceanddegradationofspawningareas,notablymangroveandmangroveareas,duetoconversiontofishpondsandotherusesEncroachmentofcommercialfishingvesselsintonearshoreareasreservedforsmall(municipal)fishermenIneffectiveadministrativearrangementsforregulatingcoastalandmarineresources

KeyMeasuresNeeded

IdentificationandquantificationofpointandnonpointsourcesofpollutionSettingupofcentralizedtreatmentplantsfordomesticwastesandwastesofsimilarindustrytypesContainmentofoilslicksControlofsiltationbyreforestationGrantingexclusiverightstosmallfishermenConductofhydraulicstudiesinaquifersSteppedupenforcementoffishinglawsandzoningrulesCommonpropertymanagementarrangements,i.e.,assigningcommonpropertyrightstocoastalcommunitiesorfishermenorganizationsintheuseandprotectionofcoastalfishingareasPreparationofsitespecificfisheryresourcesmanagementplansbasedoninventoryofresourcesandassessmentof



sustainablefishingyieldsRehabilitationofcoastalresources(coralreefsandmangroves)tosustainfishyields,includingmeasurestoenhanceproductivitythroughartificialmeans,e.g.,artificialreefsProvisionofalternativelivelihoodopportunitiesforcoastalcommunitiestoreducerelianceonfishingasasourceofincomeIntensificationofenvironmentalinformationandeducation

LandandMineralResources

Situationer.Pollutionoflandresourcesmaybetracedtothreegeneralsources:solidwastesfromdomestic,commercialandindustrialactivitiesagriculturalpollutionfrompesticidesandfertilizersandpollutionfromminingactivities.Theextensiveuseoffertilizersandpesticidesiscontinuouslypollutingthecountry'slandresourcesandiscausingsoildeterioration.

Thelandresourcesofthecountryarealsovulnerabletosoilerosion.Presently,atleast21provincesareknowntohavemorethanhalfoftheirareaseroded.About9millionhectaresofalienablelandareerodedinvaryingdegreesandapproximately1millionhectaresofagriculturallandshavean815%slopemakingitsusceptibletoseveresoilerosionduringtherainyseason.Improperagriculturalpracticesbyfarmersmaketheselandsunproductive.

ThePhilippinesisendowedwithrichandvariedmineralresources,muchofwhichremainstobeexploredandexploited.Withsuchavastmineralresource,thePhilippineminingindustryhasplayedamajorroleintheeconomicgrowthofthecountry.Concomitantwithmineralexploitationhowever,aretheenvironmentalproblemsgeneratedbymining,panningandmillingactivities.Hugequantitiesofwasteandminetailingshavetobedumped.Thesecancausepollutionofriversandmarineecosystems,anddamageirrigationcanalsandfarmlandsbysiltation.Vegetativecoverhastoberemovedtogivewaytoanopenpitminingoperation,andforsitesofwastedumpsandtailingponds.Toxicchemicalslikemercury,usedbythousandsofsmallscaleminers,findtheirwaytotheriversystemeveninurbanareas.Landslidesandflashfloodsoccuratalarmingratesinareasdefacedbyunsystematicminingoperations.

KeyConcerns

Unregulatedimportation,distributionanduseoftoxicandhazardoussubstancesIncompatiblelandusepracticesUnregulatedminingactivitiesanddumpingofminetailingsandwastesIndiscriminateuseofpesticidesandfertilizersLackofawarenessandeducationonthepartofthepublicregardingtheilleffectsofpollution

CurrentEfforts.TheDENRmanagesthemineralresourcessectorandisempoweredtooverseetheactivitiesconcerninggeologyandmineralresourcesexploration,developmentandconservation.TheEnvironmentalManagementBureau,abureauundertheDENR,administerstheEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentSystemwhichhasregulatorycontroloverproposedminingprojects.PollutionandotherrelatedproblemsgeneratedbytheindustryareregulatedbythefieldofficesoftheDENR.

KeyMeasuresNeeded



FormulationofanationallanduseplanImplementationofaneffectiveinformationandeducationcampaignonthecausesandeffectsoflandpollutionStringentenforcementofenvironmentallaws,localordinances,rulesandregulationsImplementationofanefficientmonitoringsystemtopreventorabatethedegradationoflandresourcesImmediateenactmentofalawforthesoundmanagementoftoxicandhazardoussubstances

3.3AGRICULTURE

Situationer.WiththeFilipinopopulationnearing60millionin1989,andatotallandareaof30millionhectares,thelandareapercapitaisabout0.5hectare.Thispercapitaagriculturallandislowerthantheworldaverageofaboutonehectare.

Asof1980,thePhilippineshasabout9.70millionhectaresofagriculturalland.Anestimated3.7millionhectaresoftheselandsareplantedtopay,2.0millionhectarestocorn,and2.8millionhectarestococonuts.Theremaining1.2millionhectaresofagriculturallandareplantedtocropsliketobacco,sugarcane,citrus,vegetables,abacaandothers.

Untilabout1960,agriculturalgrowthwasbasedprimarilyonlandincreaseattheextensivemarginwithlittlechangesincroppingintensity,technology,andtotalproductivity.In1979andthereafter,therewasashifttoincreasinglandproductivityataveryintensivemargin.

Theincreasingdemandsbyagrowingpopulationforhigheragriculturalproductionnowthreatenstheverysustainabilityothecountry'snaturalresources.SocioeconomicfactorssuchasInequitabledistributionorlackofaccesstoland,aggravatefurthertheproblem.

TheproblemofsoilerosioninthePhilippinesisquitepronouncedduetoitsgeographicalandclimaticconditions.Forexample,31%ofthecountry'stotallandareaishillyandmountainous,andthussusceptibletoerosion.

Soilerosioninmanypartsofthecountryhasalreadycausedirreparablelossofprecioustopsoil,deteriorationofarablelands,lowcropyields,andreducedwatersupply.Erosionhasalsocontributedtothesedimentationofriversaswellasdamsandlakes,andincreaseincidenceoffloods.

Inplaceswherearablelandshavebecomeuseless,farmersareshiftingtomarginal,lessproductiveareas.Theproofistheincreasenumberofclearingsonevensteepmountainslopes.

KeyConcerns

DegradationofsoilqualityduetoerosionanduseofchemicalfertilizersReducedlifespanandeffectivenessofirrigationinfrastructurefacilitiesduetorapidsiltationofreservoirsandconveyancesystemsHeavyuseofchemicalfertilizersresultinginpollutionofreceivingwaterbodies,andreductionofsoilfertilitySlowimplementationofCARP,whichperpetuatesinequitablelandownershippatternsthatdrivelandlessfarmerstowardthemarginaluplandsSettlementandfarmingofuplandareas,andemploymentofpredominantlyunsustainablefarmingpractices



Indiscriminateconversionofagriculturallandforresidentialandcommercialuses

CurrentEfforts.Thegovernmentiscurrentlyacceleratinglandtransferandredistribution.In1972,PresidentialDecreeNo.27enactedalandreformprogramwhichredistributedtenantedriceandcornlands.ThelatesteffortinthisdirectionisRepublicActNo.6657,theComprehensiveAgrarianReformProgram(CARP)whichplacesunderagrarianreformalltypesofagriculturallandregardlessofcropandtenancyarrangements.

Multicroppingsystemsarebeingpilotedalloverofthecountry,particularlyinareaswherethereIslimitedwatersupply.TheInternationalRiceResearchInstitute(IRRI),theBureauofPlantIndustry(BPI),thePhilippineRiceResearchInstitute(PRRI)andotherrelatedinstitutionsareintoresearchanddevelopmentoftechnologyofadaptablemulticropsinareasnotyetsuitableforhighyieldingvarieties.Therearealsoexistingprogrammesonirrigationsuchaswaterimpoundingprojects,bothlargeandsmall,andwatershedrehabilitationoftheDENR,DPWHandNIA.

TheDepartmentofTradeandIndustry(DTI)isexertingefforttoexpandourforeignmarketsinnontraditionalcommercialcrops.Cropssuchasmanqroves,coffee,garlic,gingerandpineapplesarepotentialexportcrops,inadditiontothetraditionaldemandforbananas,freshcoconuts,andsugarcane.

Therecentshiftfromuseofchemicalfertilizerstoorganicfertilizersisgaininggroundevenamongourfarmers.TheIntegratedPestManagementprogramissimilarlygainingattention.

KeyMeasuresNeeded

PreparationofsitespecificagriculturalresourceinventoriestoassesssustainableproductionpotentialsandpopulationcarryingcapacitiesEfficientandintensivefarmingsystemsbasedonsmallscalefarmunitsanduseoforganicfarming,nutrientcyclingtechniquesandintegratedpestmanagementMultipurposedevelopmentofforestlandstoprovidelivelihoodopportunitiesthroughsustainableuplandfarmingUtilizationoftheagriculturaldevelopmentpotentialoftheuplandsthroughcombinationofappropriatefarmingtechnologies,provisionofinfrastructure,andestablishmentofinstitutionalsupport(e.g.,tenurialarrangements)DiversionofpressureawayfromtheuplandsthroughintensifieddistributionanddevelopmentofagriculturalareasinthelowlandsPolicyandfiscalmeasurestoencourageordirectalongtermshiftofagricultureawayfromrelianceonchemicalfertilizersandpesticidesIntensificationofenvironmentalinformationandeducation

3.4INDUSTRY

Situationer:Withoutdoubt,industrializationmustbepursued.Itisthevehiclethroughwhichweexpecttosolveproblemsofmasspovertyandunemployment.However,industrywithdrawmaterialsfromthenaturalresourcebaseandgeneratespollution.Dependingontheoverallframeworkofthepolicytobeadopted,industrializationhasthepowereithertoenhanceordegradetheenvironment.



Theindustrialsectorregisteredapositivegrossvalueadded(GVA)of8.02%in1987.Growthwasprincipallyattributedtotherenewedbusinessconfidenceintheeconomyduetotheimprovedconsumerspendingandperceivedpoliticalandeconomicstability.

ThegrowthintheindustrialvalueaddedwasaccountedforbyImprovedperformanceinmanufacturing(7.12)andelectricity,gasandwatersubsectors(10.74).Astrongdomesticexpenditureprogram,stableconsumerpricesandademandformanufacturedexportproductsintheworldmarketenhancedthegrowthofmanufacturingindustries.Increasesinthegrowthleveloftheelectricity,gasandwatersubsectorcanbeattributedtothehigherconsumptionofpowerandwaterbycommercialandindustrialfirms.

Theconstructionindustryrecoveredfromlastyear'spoorperformancemainlybecauseoftheavailabilityofcreditatlowinterestrateswhichfueledgovernmentandprivateinvestmentsinthesector.Theminingandquarryingsubsectorhowever,sufferedfromtheinabilitytorespondtometalpriceincreasesinviewofIncreasedproductioncostsbasedonrisingoilpricesandthelowgradeofmillsinmostmines.

Investmentsalsoshowedastrongturnaroundin1987.TheBoardofInvestments(BOI)approvedequityInvestmentsgrewby165.7percentfromP3.15billionin1986toP8.36billionin1987.Thiswasbroughtaboutbythe217.7percentincreaseinFilipinoinvestmentsamountingtoP3.43billionandthe115percentgrowthinforeigninvestmentsamountingtoP3.43billion.TheU.S.Japan,andHongkongwerethePhilippines'majorinvestorsaccountingfor55percentofthetotalforeigninvestmentsfor1987.

Intermsofregionalcapitalinvestment,theNationalCapitalRegionandSouthernTagalogregistereda95percentincreaseinpaidupcapitalstockofexistingandnewdomesticstockcorporations.

Theindustrialsectorisprojectedtocontinuallygrowwiththethrusttowardsexportpromotionandselectiveimportsubstitution.Theminingsectorisexpectedtorecoverasaresultofthepromotionofsmallscalemining,increasedproductionofnonmetallicmineralsandexpansionofforeignandlocalmarketsformineralcommodities.Thegrowthofdomesticresourcebasedindustriesislikewiseexpectedtoenhancethegrowthofthemanufacturingsubsector.Importsshallenjoyasteadyincreaseandwillcomeintermsofpaymentsforrawmaterialsandintermediategoods,capitalgoodsandoilrequirementsoflargescaleindustrialandothermajorinfrastructuredevelopmentprojects.However,totalimportvalueisexpectedtodecreaseduetotheutilizationofindigenousenergysourcesandtheadoptionofenergyconservationmeasures.

KeyConcerns

BuildupofindustrialinfrastructureresultinginnecessaryincreasesinenergyandrawmaterialrequirementsfromthenaturalresourcebasePollutionandwasteresultingfromindustrialactivitiesConcentrationofindustrialfacilitiesinurbanareasEnvironmentalrisksofnewindustrialtechnologiesRelocationofpollutiveheavyindustriesfromindustrialcountriestodevelopingcountrieslikethePhilippines

Currentefforts.Inordertoenhancecontinuedgrowthintheindustrialsector,thegovernmentpreparedatenyearsectoraldevelopmentprogram.Intheprogram,ten(10)industrysectorswereidentifiedforshortandlongtermactionplans.These



are:agribasedindustries,forestbasedindustries,wearables,chemicals,construction,toys,gift,furnitureandhousewares,services,miningandotherextractives,metals,engineering,electronicsandtelecommunicationindustries.

ThegovernmentcontinuestopromotethedevelopmentofCottage,SmallandMediumEnterprises(CSME's)throughapackageofassistanceprogramsconsistingoffinancing,entrepreneurialdevelopment,researchandmarketing,andtechnicalassistance.SupportactivitieswerealsoprovidedIntheformofprojectsontechnologytransfer,training,productivityawarenessseminars,technicalandmanagementinformation.

ThegovernmentalsocreatedtheMicro,Cottage,SmallandMediumEnterpriseCouncil(MICSMEC)in1987tocoordinateeffortsInthesubsectorandintheagenciesinvolvedinCSMEdevelopment.Anotherefforttosustainindustrialgrowthisthecreationof1,158People'sEconomicCouncils(PEC).

AnotherprogramimplementedwhichaimstoprovidefinancialresourcesandtechnicalexpertiseforcountrysidedevelopmentistheAgricultural,SmallandMediumIndustriesLendingPrograms(ASMILE)alongwiththeAgoraindustrialTechnologyTransferProgram(AINP).

Theregionaldispersalofindustriesisbeingpromotedtodistributethebenefitsofindustrializationtothecountrysideandencourageselfreliantandproductivecommunities.ThesubcomponentsoftheprogramaretheNationalProgramforIndustrialEstateDevelopmentandtheLivelihoodProjects(e.g.,KKI,ICSS).

Thegovernmentalsograntedfiscalincentivestodeservingfirmstomakeupformarketdistortions.Incentivesincludeoutrighttaxexemption,taxcreditandpreferentialtaxtreatment.

KeyMeasures

Establishmentofenvironmentalgoals,policiesandstandardstoregulateindustrysectordecisionsinvolvinglocation,pollutioncontrol,wastemanagement,occupationalhealthandsafetyofworkers,energyandrawmaterialusage,anddisposaloftoxicsubstancesSupportintermsofpolicy,research,economicinstruments/marketmechanismsforthepromotionofrecyclingorreuseofindustrialrawmaterialandbyproductsRuralinfrastructuredevelopmenttopromotedispersalofindustriestothecountrysideFiscalmeasures(e.g.taxincentives,subsidies,pricingpolicies)toencourageadoptionofpollutioncontroltechnologiesbybothlargeandsmallscaleindustriesAdoptionofthe"polluterpays"principleVigorousenforcementoftheEnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA)SysteminmakingdecisionsinindustryplanningEstablishmentofatrackingsystemandcapabilitytodealwithtoxicandhazardouschemicalsandwastes

Amongtheprojectsneedingpriorityattentioninthissectorare:

ToxicChemicalsandHazardousWastesManagementEnvironmentalCarryingCapacityProfilesofProposedGrowthCentersOutsideMetroManila



IntensificationofSmallScalePlanningOperationfortheDevelopmentofAncillaryIndustriesDevelopmentofanInformationBaseonLandUseandFiscalPlanningforUrbanandOtherGrowthCentersintheCountrysideProgramstoProvideTechnicalAssistanceontheAbatementofAirPollutiontoDENRRegionalOfficesAirandWaterQualityMonitoringNetwork

3.5ENERGY

Situationer.Aftertheenergycrisisof19731974,energydevelopmentinthePhilippinesledtothepartialreplacementofoilbyindigenoussourcessuchascoal,hydroelectricpower,geothermal,andothernonconventionalsources.Thenonconventionalsourcesincludebagasse,agriwaste,anddendrothermal.

Thecountry'stotalenergyconsumptionin1988reached110.53millionbarreloffueloilequivalent(MMBFOE),10.3percenthigherthanthe1987consumption.Importedenergyaccountedfor62.3percentofthetotalpercentfromthelevelattainedin1987.Theincreaseinthetotalenergyconsumptionisattributabletotheeffortstosustainthecountry'seconomicrecoverymomentum.

Indigenousenergyproductionamountedto41.70MMBFOE,accountingfor37.7percentofthetotalconsumption.Outoftotalindigenousenergyconsumption,geothermalaccounted7.6percent,hydro9.8percent,oil1.8percent,coal3.9percent,andnonconventional14.7percent.

The19881992MediumTermEnergyPlanoutlinedthesector'spolicythrustsasfollows:

PromotionofenergyselfrelianceRationalizationofenergypricestoreflectthetruecostofproductionanddistributionEncouragementofenergyconservationmeasurestopromoteefficiencyParticipationoftheprivatesectorinenergyprojectsMaintenanceofenvironmentalandsafetymeasuresforenergyprojects

KeyConcerns

NeedforgrowthInenergysuppliesandpowergeneratingfacilitiestopromoteandsustaineconomicdevelopmentPotentialadverseimpactsoflargescaleenergyresourcesdevelopmentWastefulenergyutilizationduetooldandinefficientgeneratingfacilitiesanddistributionsystemReducedlifespansofhydroelectricsystemsduetorapidsiltationanddegradationofwatershedsThegrowingshortagesoffuelwoodinruralareasduetodeforestationSeveralforeignexchangedifficultiesasaresultofpayingforimportedoilEnergytechnologieshavethepotentialtoperturbcriticalenvironmentalprocessesaswellasthreatenhumanhealthNoenergytechnologiesarcfreeofenvironmentalrisk

CurrentEfforts:Toassurethecountryofastablesupplyofenergy,thefollowingactivitiesarebeingundertaken:



Oilexplorationanddrillingbothonshoreandoffshorearecontinuouslypursued.Atotalofsevenwellsweredrilledin1988.TheoildiscoveryatNorthMasinloc,andGalocincreasedthenumberofoilproducingfieldstosix,bringingthetotalproductionto2.18millionbarrelsor6.9percentfromthe1987productionlevel.Coalexplorationwasintensifiedwiththelaunchingofthesmallscalecoalminingprogram.Thecoalminingindustryproduced1.29millionmetrictonsin1988.Geothermaldevelopmentactivitieshaveintensifiedin1988,withtheadoptionofanewpowerprogramrecognizingthatgeothermalsteamcouldbeamajorpowersource.Todate,thereare197wellsthatareproducinganestimatedpowerpotentialof1,228megawatts.Inthenonconventionalsector,studiesandpromotionalactivitiesthatcoverawiderangeofpotentialindigenousenergysourcesarebeingundertaken.

KeyMeasuresNeeded

EnvironmentalaspectsshouldbeintegratedintoenergypoliciesbothattheformulationandimplementationstagePromotionofenergyconservationmeasureswhichhavepositiveenvironmentaleffectsAcceleratethedevelopmentandexploitationofnewandexistingenergysources,takingintoconsiderationenvironmentalrequirementsandprecautionstominimizeadverseenvironmentalimpactsActivesupportintermsofresearchandfiscalmeasures(e.g.taxincentives)forthedevelopmentandintegrationofnonconventionalrenewableenergysystems(biomassenergy,wind,solar,minihydro)Clarificationofenergydevelopmentalternatives(e.g.,coalversusgeothermal)toinformthepubliconthenecessarytradeoffsinvolved(economic,social,andenvironmental)Energypricingschemethatincludespaymentforenvironmentaldamagesorenvironmentalrehabilitationcostsdirectlyattributabletoenergydevelopment

FOOTNOTES____________________________________________________________________________

1. Salas,Rafael,M.ReflectiononPopulation,PergamonPress,NewYork,1984.p.63.2. Factoran,FulgencioJr.Population,ResourcesandthePhilippineFuture:AnEcologicalPerspective,PaperpresentedatthcFirstRafael

M.SalasForum,24October,19893. Roque,CelsoR.ThePresentandFutureStateofthePhilippineEnvironment,KalikasanPress,QuezonCity,19894. lbid.5. Cruz,WilfredoHerminioA.andConway,ZenaidaT.TheOnSiteandDownstreamCostsofSoilErosionintheMagatand

PantabanganWatersheds,JournalofPhilippineDevelopment,Vol.XIV,No.2,Phil.InstituteforDevelopmentStudies,1987,p.88.6. Porter,GarethwithGanapin,DelfinJr.Resources,PopulationandthePhilippines'Future,WRIPaperNo.4,WorldResources

Institute,1988.p.38.7. Ganapin,DelfinJr.OpeningRemarksoftheDirector,EnvironmentalManagementBureau,SeminarWorkshopontheDevelopmentof

anEnvironmentalEducationStrategy,forSustainableDevelopmentinthePhilippines,SuloHotel,OuezonCity,23October1989.

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