o papel do lider nas organizacoes (1)

O PAPEL DA LIDERANA NAS ORGANIZAESTHE ROLE OF LEADERSHIP IN ORGANIZATIONS1SILVA, J.C; SIEIRO, R.; ALVES, D.; DIAS, F.; NEVES, M.J.1.2 Administra d! Em"r!sas # Fa$%&dad!s Int!'radas d! O%rin(s # FIO)FEMMRESUMODiant! da '&*a&i+a a%m!nt% si'ni,i$ati-am!nt! a $m"!titi-idad! nas r'ani+a.!s ! "ara /%! !&ast!n(am%mdi,!r!n$ia& nm!r$ad0indis"!ns1-!& /%!&2d!r mant!n(as%as!/%i"!smti-adas!$m"rm!tidas. A &id!rana a*rdada n "r!s!nt!arti' a"nta a&'%ns !sti&s, ! $m"rtam!nts d&2d!r/%!$ntri*%!m"ara$r!s$im!nt!d!s!n-&-im!ntdas"!ssas$mmais"rd%ti-idad!. O*3!ti- d!st! !st%d 0 ana&isar"a"!& d &2d!r nas r'ani+a.!s !m r!&a as s!%s $&a*radr!s,d! md, /%! a3%d!m a !&!-ar a mti-a !$m"rm!tim!nt da !/%i"!. O "a"!& d &2d!r atra-0s daan1&is! d!mnstr% /%! amti-ar$m !nt%siasm, ,a+ $m /%! s!%s $&a*radr!s r!tri*%am $mr!s%&tads satis,at4ris n s4 $m a *t!n d s%$!ss "r,issina& $m tam*0m "!ssa&. Cn$&%i5s! /%!"a"!& d &2d!r nas r'ani+a.!s t!m %m im"a$t im"rtant!, "is, in,&%!n$ia s!%s $&a*radr!sas!r!mmais"arti$i"ati-s!sta*!&!$!nd%mar!&ad!$n,iana!"!rmitind$r!s$im!ntdar'ani+a ! tam*0m das "!ssas. Palavras-chaves: Administra; Lid!rana; Mti-a; 6rd%ti-idad!.ABSTRATA(!ad , t(! '&*a&i+atin it in$r!as!d si'ni,i$ant&7 t(! $m"!titi-!n!ss in t(! r'ani+atins and s t(att(!7 (a-! a di,,!r!ntia&in t(! mar8!t is indis"!nsa*&! t(at t(! &!ad!r 8!!"s its mti-at!d and !n'a'!dt!ams. 9(! *ard!d &!ad!rs(i" in t(! "r!s!nt arti$&! "ints sm! st7&!s, and *!(a-irs , t(! &!ad!r t(at$ntri*%t! ,r t(! 'r:t( and d!-!&"m!nt , t(! "!"&! :it( mr! "rd%$ti-it7. 9(! *3!$ti-! , t(is st%d7is t ana&7+! t(! "a"!r , t(! &!ad!r in t(! r'ani+atins in r!&atin t its $&&a*ratrs, in :a7, :( (!&" trais!t(!mti-atinandt(!$mmitm!nt , t(!t!am. 9(!"a"!r , t(!&!ad!r t(r%'(t(!ana&7sisd!mnstrat!d t(at :(!n mti-atin' :it( !nt(%siasm, it ma8!s :it( t(at its $&&a*ratrs nt n&7 r!"a7:it(satis,a$tr7 r!s%&ts :it(t(!attainm!nt , as :!&& as "!rsna& t(!"r,!ssina& s%$$!ss. It is$n$&%d!d t(at t(! "a"!r , t(! &!ad!r in t(! r'ani+atins (as an im"rtant im"a$t, t(!r!,r!, in,&%!n$!sits $&&a*ratrs t *! "arti$i"atr7 !sta*&is(in' ar!&ia*&! r!&atin and a&&:in' t(! 'r:t( , t(!r'ani+atin and a&s , t(! "!"&!.!e"#$r%s: Administratin; L!ad!rs(i"; Mti-atin; 6rd%$ti-it7.1INTRODU&OO d!s!m"!n( satis,at4ri d! %ma r'ani+a !sta r!&a$inad dir!tam!nt! aam*i!nt! /%! s! $ara$t!ri+a atra-0s das "!ssas s,r!nd in,&%;n$ias a td mm!nt. 6rtand, %ti&i+ar m!is "ara d!s!n-&-;5&as tra*a&(and as "t!n$ia&idad!sds$&a*radr!sint!rns0tar!,aindis"!ns1-!& d&2d!r d!ntrdaOr'ani+a,"rin$i"a&m!nt! $ma%m!nt da $m"!titi-idad! na at%a& $n3%nt%ra '&*a&i+ada.Aa*rda'!md"a"!& daLid!rananar'ani+a/%antas%aan1&is!a"nta ,atr!s &i'ads < "&2ti$a !m"r!saria& ! $%&t%ra&, "ara /%! a !m"r!sa atin3a s!%s*3!ti-s!m!tas. A"!s/%isar!ssa&ta"a"!& d&2d!r, $mint%itd!r!d%+ir s$n,&its n am*i!nt! d! tra*a&(. N!st! $nt!=t, "!r'%nta5s!> a '!r!n$ia a adtar a"st%rad!&2d!r !&!-aamti-adas%a!/%i"!, assim$ma"rd%ti-idad!!$m"rm!tim!nt ds $&a*radr!s?Ent!nd!r s $n$!its s*r! &id!rana ! ad/%irir s%as (a*i&idad!s, s!ss!n$iais"aras%$!ssdasr'ani+a.!s. A"dass%nt3%sti,i$a5s!"r$nsid!rart!ma &id!rana %ma /%!st !ss!n$ia& "ara /%a&/%!r !m"r!sa /%! d!s!3a*t!r mair /%a&idad! ! "rd%ti-idad!, tra*a&(and as "t!n$ia&idad!s d $a"ita&(%man.Am!td&'ia%ti&i+ada,i "!s/%isa*i*&i'r1,i$a, nd!*%s$%!m*asam!ntt!4ri$ s*r! &id!rana, mti-a ! C&ima Or'ani+a$ina&. A a*rda'!m a"ntada n arti' t!m $m r!,!r;n$ia tra*a&(s "!s/%isads "r-1ris !st%diss d t!ma /%! a"ntam $m a '!r;n$ia "d! a%m!ntar a"rd%ti-idad!da!/%i"!. 6rtant, *3!ti-darti',i $n(!$!r s "rin$2"is*1si$s da &id!rana, *!m $m s!% im"a$t d!ntr da Or'ani+a.LIDERANACma%m!ntda$m"!titi-idad! nm!r$ad, $ada-!+mais s!!=i'!ds&2d!r!s, "!r,is mais ,&!=2-!is, $m"!t!nt!s ! $m"rm!tids $m /%! ,a+!m.6rin$i"a&m!nt! !m sa*!r $n-i-!r $m as di,!r!nas ! administrar $n,&its d!ntr dasr'ani+a.!s"ara!sta*!&!$!r $ms!%s $&a*radr!s $n,ianana&$an$!ds2*3!ti-s r'ani+a$inais ! indi-id%ais. At%a&m!nt!&2d!r *%s$a d!s!n-&-!r(a*i&idad!s "ara !=!r$!r a &id!rana nas r'ani+a.!s, ist t!m sid %m ds 'rand!sd!sa,is !n,r!ntad "!&s &2d!r!s.C(ia-!nat @1AAB, ". 1BCD d!,in! &id!rana $m s!nd %m"r$!ss /%!in,&%!n$ia ! ind%+/%! %ma "!ssa !=!r$! s*r! %tras $n,rm! a n!$!ssidad! !sit%a, /%! as &!-am a r!a&i+ar %m % mais *3!ti-s. Entr!tant a,irma ainda /%!, Ea&id!ranand!-!s!r $n,%ndida$mdir!%$m'!r;n$iaF...G. O&2d!r n!ms!m"r!0%mdiri'!nt!%'!r!nt!E.Assim, "d!5s!"!r$!*!r/%!a&id!ranan0in!r!nt! a n2-!& (i!r1r/%i$, $m d!-!ria s!r, % s!3a, !&a 0 %ma $ara$t!r2sti$a "r4"riada /%a& a "!ssa ad/%iri atra-0s d! t!ria ! "r1ti$a. S!'%nd 6!nt!ad @1ACA, ". 1D,&2d!r "d! s!r d!,inid $m HF...G "!ssa /%!-ai < ,r!nt! "ara '%iar % mstrar$amin(, % /%! "r!$!d! % diri'! /%a&/%!r a,"ini % m-im!ntE. Cm!nta a "r!s!na d &2d!r ! s%a $a"a$idad! d! s!r!s"nsa*i&i+ar "!&a !/%i"! ass%mind ris$s, in$!rt!+as, "is !&! a$r!dita ! !stim%&as!%s s%*rdinads dand a !&!s a%tnmia. I%and 0 !=!r$ida a "r1ti$a d! &id!rana,s r!s%&tads !a%m!nt d $m"rm!tim!nt das "!ssas $m a r'ani+a, s!trnam&!ais, trans"ar!nt!s *%s$and s&%.!s "ara r!s&% d! "r*&!mas %$n,&its. A "!s/%isa a"nta /%! s &2d!r!s /%! "!r$!*!m as di,i$%&dad!s a"ntadas"!&s $&a*radr!s, $&a*ram "arad!s!n-&-im!nt !a%m!nt d! !st2m%&s, /%! &!-am s s%*rdinads a *%s$ar!m $nstant!m!nt! s&%.!s, a t!r!m ini$iati-a !atin'ir!m r!s%&tads s!m"r! tra*a&(and !m $n3%nt.6ara /%! $rra m%dana na r'ani+a, !&a d!-!r "artir d &2d!r. Sm!nt! !&!"d! a*sr-!r s -a&r!s, in-a.!s, *3!ti-s ! d!sa,is da !m"r!sa "ara dir!$inam!nt!d!s!n-&-im!ntdas"t!n$ia&idad!sds!%"!ssa&. C(ia-!nat@1AAB, ". 1BJD s d!,in! $m HF...G s r!s"ns1-!is dir!ts "!&a s*r!-i-;n$ia ! "!&s%$!ss da r'ani+aE.A&id!rana!n-&-!dis$%ss.!sa$!r$ads-!rdad!irs,atr!s/%!&!-amamti-a das "!ssas. Os Administradr!s d! md '!ra&, /%! s! "r!$%"am $m d!s!n-&-im!nt das "!ssas a$r!ditam /%! n 0din(!ir /%! mti-a %ma "!ssan tra*a&(, ! sim am*i!nt!s "arti$i"ati-s, nd! (1 "ssi*i&idad! das "!ssas %sar!ms%a $riati-idad!, t!r ini$iati-a d!s!n-&-!m $arr!ira na !m"r!sa.3 O%tra $ara$t!r2sti$a a"ntada "r C(ia-!nat @1AAB, ". AD 0 /%!mais $m%mnas r'ani+a.!s, H0 $nstit%iram*i!nt! d!ntr ns /%ais as "!ssas tra*a&(am !-i-!m a mair "art! d! s%as -idasE. O a%tr d!sta$a,at d im"a$t /%!tra*a&(t!m na -ida das "!ssas, "r !&as "assar!m mair t!m" n am*i!nt! d! tra*a&(. Entr!tant, amairiadasr'ani+a.!s0a"ntada$mam*i!nt!sr2'ids,&imitads ! m%it *%r$r1ti$s, administrads "!& a%tritarism ! int&!rKn$ia. O /%! s!$ntradi+ 6aratra*a&(ar!m$m!,i$i;n$ia, s!m"r!'ads"r!$isams!ntir /%!s%as$ntri*%i.!s indi-id%ais ! d! !/%i"! s a"r!$iadas, /%! s%as id0ias "ara s%$!ss ,%t%r s r!s"!itadas ! !nt!ndidas. 6r!$isam *t!r in,rma.!s s*r! "r'r!ss !m"r!saria& ! tam*0md!"artam!nta&. 6r!$isam!nt!nd!r s-!rdad!irs "r*&!mas /%! ,a+!m,r!nt! < r'ani+a ! tam*0ma s!%d!"artam!nt. 6r!$isam sa*!r/%!$(!,! t!m !m m!nt!,/%! "!nsa s*r!!&!s, s*r! s!% "r'r!ss % ,a&ta d!&!. 6r!$isam d! in,rma.!s s*r! $mm!&(rard!s!m"!n(. @FREEMAN9LE, 1AA2, ". 1AD.Oa%tr a$imar!&a$inaan!$!ssidad!d'!r!nt!!mdar r!trnass!%s$&a*radr!s, ,a+!nd $m /%! tds "arti$i"!m, a3%dand a !stim%&ar a $riati-idad!.O a%tr $ita /%!,%n$in1ri a&0m d! $ntri*%ir indi-id%a&m!nt! d!-! s!r s!ntir /%! s!% tra*a&( !st1 s!nd a"r!$iad, tant d! ,rma indi-id%a& $m !m!/%i"!,n!$!ssitandd!"!rs"!$ti-asd!$r!s$im!nt"r,issina&.A&'%nsa%tr!s, d!a$rdZa&!sni$8@1AVVapudLASCASAS, 1AAS, ". BPD di,!r!n$iam&2d!r d!%m'!r!nt! Hnd! s '!r!nt!s at%am "ara &imitar !s$&(as, s &id!r!s tra*a&(am !m dir!"sta "ara d!s!n-&-!r n-as a*rda'!ns "ara "r*&!mas "!rsist!nt!s ! "ara a*rirn-as /%!st.!s -isand n-as ".!sE. Las Casas @1AASD $it% %m a%tr /%! a*rda ar!&a !-id!n$iada na mairia das r'ani+a.!s. O /%! s! "!r$!*! na mairia das-!+!s 0 /%!'!r!nt! "da s!%s $&a*radr!s n in$!nti-and a !/%i"!, n dand!s"a"ara/%!tds "ssam"arti$i"ar !m$n3%nt31a&id!ranamd!rna0tta&m!nt! $ntr1ria na "!r$!" d a%tr, !m*ra (a3a di,!r!nt!s $nt!=ts a$!r$a da&id!rana. S!r a"ntads a s!'%ir a&'%ns t4"i$s s*r! mti-a ! &id!rana"rin$i"a&m!nt! "ara di,!r!n$iar s!% md d! at%a.MOTI0A&O . LIDERANAA mti-a t!m %m ,rt! im"a$t na &id!rana in,&%!n$iand ,atr!s /%! a3%damim"%&sinar a !/%i"!, "rin$i"a&m!nt! na r!a&i+a d! m!tas ! *3!ti-s dar'ani+a.A mti-a0*astant!$m"&!=a$m!ntaR**ins@2PPJD !st1m%it&i'ad a tar!,as d!sa,iadras, "rt%nidad!s d! a"r!ndi+ad % d! "rm a&0m dr!$n(!$im!nt. Sa&i!nta /%! a mti-a 0 %m ds mais "r$%rads "r !st%diss8n !st%d d $m"rtam!nt r'ani+a$ina& nd! !n,ati+aH!nt%siasmE *ai=a"ntad nas r'ani+a.!s/%! &!-am !st!s !st%diss a &!-antar!m as $a%sas. R**ins @2PPJ, ".1S2D d!,in! a mti-a $n,rm!!=!m"& a*ai=>A mti-a 0r!s%&tad da int!ra d indi-2d% $ma sit%a.O*-iam!nt!, as "!ssas di,!r!m/%ant1s s%as t!nd;n$ias mti-a$inais*1si$as. Masm!sm a&%n /%! a$(a m%it di,2$i& &!r %m &i-r t0$ni$ "r maisd! 2Pmin%ts 0 $a"a+ d! d!-rar %ma !di dMarr7 6tt!r d%rant! %matard!. 6ara !st! !st%dant!, a m%dana na mti-a 0 $a%sada "!&a sit%a.@RONNINS, 2PPJ, ".1S2D.R**ins @2PPJD d!% !=!m"& d a&%n /%! !stand mti-ad/%ant !&! r!nd!!ms%a&!it%ra, "is, s!s!nt!!n-&-id!m!sma$nt!$!nasr'ani+a.!s.A&id!rana n!st! as"!$t r!/%!r d &2d!r *%s$ar !=trair d! s!%s $&a*radr!sm1=imd! si. O%tr ,$ a r!s"!it da mti-a, s!'%nd R**ins @2PPJ, ".1S2D !star!&a$inad < &i'a !ntr! Hint!nsidad!, dir! ! "!rsist;n$ia ds !s,rs d! %ma"!ssa "araa&$an$! d! d!t!rminada m!taE. F...G En,ati+a /%! 0 "r!$is $nsid!rar a/%a&idad!d!s,r, tant/%ants%aint!nsidad!. Oti"d!!s,r/%!s!d!-!*%s$ar d! a$rd $m a%tr 0 a/%!&! /%! -ai !mdir! as *3!ti-s dar'ani+a F...G. As anti'as t!rias s*r! s !st%ds da mti-a (%mana "artiram da d0$adad! 1AJP. As mais $n(!$idas t!rias s> a (i!rar/%ia das n!$!ssidad!s, d! Mas&: as9!rias [ ! \ ! a 9!ria ds dis ,atr!s. Ast!riasmais$n(!$idass*r!mti-a!st*as!adasns!st%dsd!Mas&:, mstradana(i!rar/%iadasn!$!ssidad!s, /%!,a&as*r!asn!$!ssidad!s(%manas. 6ara C(ia-!nat @1AAOD, d!,!nd! /%!"rin$i"i da t!ria -!m da r!&a d"r4"ri (m!m na *%s$a d! !st%dar$m"rtam!nt das "!ssas !/%! &!-a as"!ssas < d!t!rminada a, % s!3a, a/%i& /%! "d! in,&%!n$iar s!% $m"rtam!nt.Mas&: @1ACO apudCMIAVENA9O,1AABD r'ani+% as n!$!ssidad!s ! as r'ani+%!m%ma"irKmid!nd!d!sta$asn2-!isdasn!$!ssidad!s!s%aim"rtKn$ia"ara$ada indi-id%. Na ,i'%ra a*ai= !st r!&a$inadas A Mi!rar/%ia das N!$!ssidad!s M%manas.Fnt!> @MASLOL, 1ACO, apud CMAIAVENA9O, ". 1VPD 1 .Cn,rm!a%tr as n!$!ssidad!s "rim1rias, !st r!&a$inadas ns n2-!is mais*ai=s da "irKmid!, d!nminada, $m n!$!ssidad!s *1si$as. As n!$!ssidad!s,isi&4'i$as!stins!ridas as*r!-i-;n$iad(m!m$m> a&im!nta, a*ri',r!"rd% da !s"0$i!, !ntr! %trs ,atr!s. As n!$!ssidad!s d! s!'%rana ,a+!m$m/%!indi-id% s! "r!$%"! $m a s%a "rt!. M!r+*!r' @apud CMIAVENA9O, 1AA2D a"r!s!nta a r!&a da mti-a $m asn!$!ssidad!s $m %ma a*rda'!m di,!r!nt!. Em s!% !st%d s*r! a 9!ria ds disFatr!s, $ndi$ina$m"rtam!ntr'ani+a$ina& adis,atr!s> Mti-a$inais!Mi'i;ni$s.Os ,atr!s Mti-a$inais, /%and n "!r$!*ids % a%s!nt!s n '!ramsatis,a, mas, /%and "r!s!nt!s s ,nt!s d! mti-a ! satis,a. J1 s ,atr!s(i'i;ni$s n '!ram mti-a, !ntr!tant s%a a%s;n$ia &!-a a insatis,a.Cn(!$!nd $ma mti-a ,%n$ina! as n!$!ssidad!s"rin$i"ais/%!a r!'!m,$a*! as &2d!r!s ri!ntar s%as !/%i"!s ! s a%tr!s ,%ndam!ntam /%!>Amti-adas"!ssasd!"!nd!daint!nsidad!dss!%smti-s, !sa%tr!s r!ssa&tam /%! Hs '!r!nt!s /%! $ns!'%!m mti-ar s!% "!ssa& $m;=it, sa/%!&!s$a"a+!sd!$riar %mam*i!nt!$m*3!ti-s@in$!nti-sD$m"at2-!is $m s mti-s @n!$!ssidad!sD !s"!$2,i$s ds s!%s ,%n$in1risE.@NLANCMARD; MERSE\, 1AOC, ". 1O51AD.1MASLOL@1ACODapudCMIAVENA9O, Ida&*!rt. Y!r!n$iand"!ssas> "assd!$isi- "araaadministra "arti$i"ati-a. S 6a%&> Ma8rn N8s, 1AAB ". 1VP.10Os a%tr!s a$ima !n,ati+am /%! a mti-a ir1 d!"!nd!r d d!s!m"!n( d&2d!r, "is, s!%im"a$t!st1r!&a$inadas ans!is !d!s!3s das "!ssas nam*i!nt! d! tra*a&(, % s!3a, $ada %m t!m s!%s sn(s s%as m!tas "r,issinais as!r!ma&$anadas$m;=itna$arr!ira. N!ntant, /%andN&an$(ard!M!rs!7@1AOCD $m!ntam s*r! a int!nsidad! ds mti-s /%! &!-am d!t!rminadas !/%i"!s a"rd%+ir!m mais $m satis,a d /%! ,a+!m !st1 r!&a$inad a $m"rtam!nt d&2d!r.W m%it im"rtant! /%!"a"!& d &2d!r s!3a d!s!m"!n(ad $m dinamism "ara/%! "ssa at!nd!r as r!ais n!$!ssidad!s d! $ada $&a*radr "ara 'arantir s%$!ss nar'ani+a ! na r!a&i+a "!ssa& $m"!rs"!$ti-as "siti-as d! $r!s$im!nt"!ssa& as"!ssas. Estr!&a$inadsa*ai=s,atr!s/%!'!ramsatis,a!insatis,a n am*i!nt! d! tra*a&( ! $m in,&%;n$ia a -ida das "!ssas.FATORES MOTI0AIONAIS 1Sa+'s2ac'e(+es3FATORES HIGI4NIOS 1I(sa+'s2ac'e(+es3Cnt!Td d Car' @$m a "!ssa s! s!nt! !mr!&a a $ar'D.1 5 O tra*a&( !m si m!sm; 2 5 R!a&i+a "!ssa&; S 5 R!$n(!$im!nt d tra*a&(; B 5 6r'r!ss "r,issina&; J # R!s"nsa*i&idad!.Cnt!=t d Car' @$m a "!ssa s! s!nt! !mr!&a < !m"r!saD.1 5 As $ndi.!s d! tra*a&(; 2 5 Sa&1ris ! "r;mis d! "rd%; S 5 N!n!,2$is ! s!r-is s$iais; B 5 C%&t%ra r'ani+a$ina&; J 5 R!&a.!s $m'!r!nt!.Fnt!> C(ia-!nat @1AAB, ". 1VOD. EFEITOS DA LIDERANA NAS ORGANIZAESO!,!it$a%sadna&id!rananasr'ani+a.!sd!nta%man-at!nd;n$ia,$%3a n!$!ssidad! d! in-ar $m %ma '!st mais "arti$i"ati-a nd! s $&a*radr!s/%!r!m s!r r!$n(!$ids. 6ara C(ia-!nat @1AABD ainda s! trata d! %ma r!a&idad! d!"%$as r'ani+a.!s, %ma minria d!&as n s! "r!$%"a $m$a"ita& (%man, mas"r!$%"ads a"!nas $m a "rd%ti-idad!. A mairia d!stas n d!"sita $n,iana nas "!ssas ! a m!sm t!m" d"rt%nidad!s "ara !&a n $r!s$im!nt d!ntr da !m"r!sa. Na -!rdad!, 'rand! "art!11das r'ani+a.!s, "r!$%"a5s!a"!nas$ma&%$rati-idad!!n$m/%!as"!ssas "d!m $ntri*%ir ! ,!r!$!r "ra am"&iar ainda mais s!%s &%$rs ! a%m!nt da"rd%ti-idad!"raa!m"r!sa.Wim"ss2-!& n"!r$!*!rsr!,&!=sdmd!&d!&id!rana n d!s!n-&-im!nt r'ani+a$ina&. L!-and5s! !m $nsid!ra$nt!=tat%a&,"t!n$ia& !a$!ss das "!ssas < in,rma, "!r$!*!m5s! %ma t!nd;n$iamair < n!$!ssidad! d! im"&antar %ma &id!rana mais "arti$i"ati-a ! -&tada "aras!r(%man.As"!ssas/%!r!m!n$ntrars!%-a&rd!ntrdasr'ani+a.!s, %s!3a,s!r!m -istas ! r!$n(!$idas ! n a"!nas !=!$%tar!m s%as tar!,as 0 "r!$is /%! (a3asin$rnia ! !/%i&2*ri "ara a*sr-!r tds s "nts ,rt!s das "!ssas a s!% ,a-r !tam*0ma*!n!,i$i"araa!m"r!sa, "r$nstit%iram*i!nt!ssadis$m"!ssas,!&i+!s ! "rd%ti-as, $m r!&ata Arn&d ! 6&as @1AAC, ". SJD.Na &id!rana -&tada "araindi-id%, -$; &!-a !m $nsid!ra asinsatis,a.!s, a"4ia a -ida "!ssa& ! ,ami&iar, "rm-! a (n!stidad! s!m m!d! 'arant! a$!ss as $(!,!s ! !n$ra3a as "!ssas a ass%mir ris$s. I%and%m &2d!r adta !ssas $in$ atit%d!s (%manistas intransi'!nt!s, as mti-a.!s,!n!r'ias ! *3!ti-s ds !m"r!'ads !ntram !m sin$rnia $m as !n!r'ias !m!tas da r'ani+a. @ARNOLD E 6LAS, 1AAC, ". SJD.N!ntant,Ha"!nas%m"!/%!n !r!strit$2r$%&d! !m"r!sast!mdadas%,i$i!nt!at!n"araa*t!nd!m!&(r!sr!s%&tadsatra-0s das "!ssasEd!sta$a C(ia-!nat @1AAB, ". 2AD. 6araa%tr 0 %ma r!a&idad! !n$ntrada !m "%$as!m"r!sas, "is, a -!rdad! 0 /%! a"!nas %ma minria s! "r!$%"a $m,atr (%man,$m ,nt! d! "rd%ti-idad! ! r!s%&tads ,a-r1-!is, n /%a& d!"sitam $n,iana nas"!ssas!am!smt!m"d"rt%nidad!s"ara!&asn$r!s$im!ntd!ntrda"r4"ria!m"r!sa. Na-!rdad!, 'rand!"art!dasr'ani+a.!s, "r!$%"a5s!a"!nas$ma&%$rati-idad!!n$m/%!as"!ssas"d!m$ntri*%ir!,!r!$!r"araam"&iar ainda mais s!%s &%$rs ! $ns!/%!nt!m!nt!a%m!nt da "rd%ti-idad! dar'ani+a.A &id!rana$ntri*%i "araa%m!ntard!s!n-&-im!ntdas"!ssas!$"!rad!s&%d!"r*&!mas!$n,&its!=ist!nt!s!mtdar'ani+a.Cm!nta/%!"r$!ssd!&id!rana0!m&n'"ra+, massr!s%&tadss!=tr!mam!nt! satis,at4ris nd!a%tr 6!nt!ad @1ACA, ". 2SBD, $ita /%!> Oa"r!ndi+add!n-as(a*i&idad!s0amair!="!ri;n$iaad/%irida!sim"rtant!s,atr!sn!ssaatit%d!d!timism, /%!!ntr!tantn&!-aa12n!n(%ma i&%s s*r!"r'r!ss da !m"r!saE. F...G HI%a&/%!r "r'rama d!d!s!n-&-im!nt d! &2d!r!s 0 &n' ! $ar. O s%$!ss das !m"r!sas, "r0m,d!"!nd!r1 s!m"r! da &id!rana, d! %ma &id!rana /%! sm!nt! "d!r1 nas$!rda,0n-a&r dindi-2d%, da$n,ianan,%t%rd"a2s, n!st2m%& na "rd%ti-idad!, $riati-idad!,satis,a ! mti-a.Cn$&%i%5s! /%!"a"!&d &2d!r "!rmit!$r!s$im!nt ! d!s!n-&-im!nt dar'ani+a $m %mtd, ist "r/%! $a*! a &2d!r !sta*!&!$!r a r!&a d!$n,iana d! s!%s $&a*radr!s. A in,&%;n$ia im"sta "!& &2d!r 0 t si'ni,i$ati-a /%! "d! !star -&tada % n"ara$r!s$im!nt!d!s!n-&-im!ntns4dar'ani+a$mtam*0mdas"!ssas /%! "d!m t!r $ndi.!s d! a"rimram!nt "!ssa& ! "r,issina&. O%tr ,at13a"ntadna"!s/%isa0im"a$t/%!at%a& m!r$adt!ma$arr!tadd!-ida-an da '&*a&i+a !m /%! s! !=i'! -!&$idad! d!stas m%danas !m $%rt !s"ad! t!m"/%! -!m$asinand %ma s0ri! d! $n,&its !ntr! as "!ssas !r'ani+a !m s! ada"tar ! !stas !=i';n$ias. O%tras"!$tana&isad/%!t!m'!radm%itaansi!dad!nas"!ssas!m$ns!/];n$ia d!st!s "ra+s 0 a r!a&i+aim"sta d! m!tas !sta*!&!$idas "!&ar'ani+a nd!&2d!r 0 r!s"ns1-!&"r '!rir a "rd%ti-idad! da !/%i"! !m td!st! "r$!ss. At%a&m!nt! "ara /%! a r'ani+a t!n(a mair -anta'!m$m"!titi-a nm!r$ad, m%itas -!+!s&2d!r 0 ,rad a n &(ar s!% $a"ita&(%man da man!ira$m d!-!ria r!a&m!nt! s!r. W ,%ndam!nta& "ara /%a&/%!r ti" d! r'ani+a s!3a d!'rand! % "!/%!n "rt! /%! a !/%i"! s!3a %nida ! /%!&2d!r sai*a d!s!n-&-!r as"!ssas dand $ndi.!s a !&as.A &id!rana"!s/%isadand!$rr!rd!st!!st%da*ran'!-1riasa*rda'!ns/%!a"ntam-1ris!sti&s, $m"rtam!nts, /%!d!$!rta,rma$ntri*%!m"ara$r!s$im!nt ! d!s!n-&-im!nt r'ani+a$ina& $m mais "rd%ti-idad! ! mti-a. REFER4NIAS ARNOLD, Li&&iamL.; 6&as, J!ann!M.Lid!ranari!ntada"ara"!ssas>t/%!(%man $m ,atr d! "rd%ti-idad! ! &%$r. S 6a%&> At&as, 1AAC.NENNIS, Larr!n. Y. A. In-!n d! %ma -ida.Ri d! Jan!ir> Cam"%s 1AAA.CMIAVENA9O, I. R!$%rss (%mans. S 6a%&> At&as, 1AAO.CMIAVENA9O, I. Y!r!n$iand "!ssas> O"ass d!$isi- "ara a administra"arti$i"ati-a. S. !d. S 6a%&> Ma8rn N8s, 1AAB.CMIAVENA9O, I. R!$%rss (%mans. Ed. Cm"a$ta, 2. !d. S 6a%&> At&as, 1AA2.FREEMAN9LE, D. C(!,!sin$r2-!is> Cm$ns!'%ir!mant!r$r!di*i&idad!"!rant!s!%s s%*rdinads ! *t!r r!s%&tads. S 6a%&> Ma8rn N8s, 1AA2.MERSE\, 6. NLANCMARD, ^. M. 6si$&'ia "ara administradr!s> A t!ria ! as t0$ni$asd! &id!rana sit%a$ina&. S 6a%&> E6U, 1AOC. 14LAS CASAS, A. L. Administra d! -!ndas. B. !d. S 6a%&> At&as, 1AAO.LAS CASAS, A. L. Administra d! -!ndas. S. !d. S 6a%&> At&as, 1AAS.6EN9EADO, J. R. L. 90$ni$a d! $(!,ia ! &id!rana. 2. !d. S 6a%&> 6in!ira, 1ACA. RONNINS, S. 6. Cm"rtam!nt r'ani+a$ina&. 11. !d. S 6a%&> 6r!nti$! Ma&&, 2PPJ.RONNINS, S. 6. Cm"rtam!nt r'ani+a$ina&. O. !d. Ri d! Jan!ir> 6r!nti$! Ma&&,1AAO.15