nobel laureates in physics (1901-1975)

Nobel Laureates in

Physics(1901-1975)

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Wilhelm Röntgen

1901 for discovery of the

Röntgen rays, commonly known as X-

rays

Germany

Hendrik Antoon Lorentz

1902for research into the

influence of magnetism upon radiation

phenomena

Netherlands

Pieter Zeeman

1902for research into the

influence of magnetism upon radiation

phenomena

Netherlands

Antoine Henri Becquerel

1903for discovery of spontaneous radioactivity

France

Pierre Curie 1903

for research on the radiation phenomena discovered by Henri

Becquerel

France

Marie Curie

1903for research on the

radiation phenomena discovered by Henri

Becquerel

France

Lord Rayleigh1904

for investigations of the densities of the

most important gases and discovery of

argon

England

Philipp Lenard

1905for his work on cathode rays

Germany

J. J. Thomson

1906for theoretical and

experimental investigations on the

conduction of electricity by gases

Great Britain

Albert Abraham Michelson 1907

for his optical precision instruments and the

spectroscopic and metrological

investigations carried out with their aid

U.S.A.

Gabriel Lippmann1908

for his method of reproducing colours

photographically based on the phenomenon of

interference

France

Guglielmo Marconi

1909

for development of wireless telegraphy

Italy

Karl Ferdinand Braun

1909

for development of wireless telegraphy

Germany

Johannes van der Waals

1910for his work on the

equation of state for gases and liquids

Netherlands

Wilhelm Wien1911

for his discoveries regarding the laws

governing the radiation of heat

Germany

Gustaf Dalén1912

for his invention of automatic regulators for use

in conjunction with gas accumulators for

illuminating lighthouses and buoys

Sweden

Heike Kamerlingh Onnes

1913for his investigations on

the properties of matter at low temperatures which led to the production of

liquid helium

Netherlands

Max von Laue1914

for discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by

crystals

Germany

Sir William Henry Bragg

1915

for services in the analysis of crystal

structure by means of X-rays

England

Sir William Lawrence Bragg

1915

for services in the analysis of crystal

structure by means of X-rays

England

Charles Barkla1917

for his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen

radiation of the elements

United Kingdom

Max Planck1918

in recognition of the services he rendered to

the advancement of Physics by his discovery of

energy quanta

Germany

Johannes Stark1919

for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral

lines in electric fields

Germany

Charles Édouard Guillaume

1920in recognition of his

discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys

Switzerland

Albert Einstein

1921for his services to

theoretical physics and discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect

Germany

Niels Bohr1922

for his investigation of the structure of atoms

and of the radiation emanating from them

Denmark

Robert A. Millikan1923

for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect

U.S.A.

Manne Siegbahn1924

for his discoveries and research in the field of

X-ray spectroscopySweden

James Franck1925

for the discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron

upon an atomGermany

Gustav Ludwig Hertz

1925for the discovery of the

laws governing the impact of an electron

upon an atom

Germany

Jean Baptiste Perrin1926

for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for

his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium

France

Arthur Compton

1927discovery of Compton effect—the scattered

quanta have less energy than the quanta of the

original ray

U.S.A.

Charles Wilson1927

for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by

condensation of vapour

Scotland

Owen Richardson1928

for his work on the thermionic

phenomenon and discovery of the law

named after him

United Kingdom

Louis de Broglie1929

for his discovery of the wave nature of

electronsFrance

Sir C. V. Raman1930

for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect

named after him

India

Werner Heisenberg1932

for the creation of quantum mechanics, which has led to the

discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen

Germany

Erwin Schrödinger1933

discovery of new productive forms of

atomic theory

Austria

Paul Dirac

1933discovery of new

productive forms of atomic theory

United Kingdom

Sir James Chadwick

1935for the discovery of

the neutronUnited Kingdom

Victor Francis Hess

1936for his discovery of cosmic radiation

Austria/U.S.A.

Carl David Anderson

1936for the discovery of positron and muon

U.S.A.

Clinton Davisson1937

for discovery of the diffraction of

electrons by crystalsU.S.A.

Sir George Thomson

1937for discovery of the

diffraction of electrons by crystals

England

Enrico Fermi1938

for his demonstrations of new radioactive elements

produced by neutron irradiation, and for his

discovery of nuclear reactions brought about

by slow neutrons

Italy

Ernest Lawrence

1939for the invention and development of the

cyclotron, especially with regard to artificial

radioactive elements

U.S.A.

Otto Stern1943

for the development of the molecular ray

method and discovery of the magnetic moment of

the proton

Germany

Isidor Isaac Rabi1944

for creating resonance method for recording

the magnetic properties of atomic

nucleiU.S.A.

Wolfgang Pauli1945

for discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli

PrincipleAustria

Percy Williams Bridgman1946

for the invention of an apparatus to produce

extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries in the field of high pressure

physics

U.S.A.

Sir Edward Appleton

1947for his investigations of the upper atmosphere

especially for the discovery of the Appleton

layer

England

Patrick Blackett1948

for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber

method, and his discoveries in the fields of nuclear

physics and cosmic radiation

United Kingdom

Hideki Yukawa1949

for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces

Japan

Cecil Frank Powell

1950for his development of

the photographic method of studying

nuclear processes and his discoveries

regarding mesons made with this method

United Kingdom

Sir John Cockcroft1951

for the work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by

artificially accelerated atomic particles

United Kingdom

Ernest Walton1951

for the work on the transmutation of atomic

nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic

particles

Ireland

Felix Bloch 1952for the development of new methods for nuclear magnetic

precision measurements

Switzerland

Edward Purcell

1952for the development of

new methods for nuclear magnetic

precision measurements

U.S.A.

Frits Zernike1953

for his demonstration of the phase contrast

method, and invention of the phase contrast

microscope

Netherlands

Max Born1954

for his research in quantum mechanics,

especially for his statistical interpretation

of the wave function

Germany/U.K.

Walther Bothe1954

for his discoveries in the framework of the

coincidence method

Germany

Willis Lamb

1955for his discoveries

concerning the fine structure of the

hydrogen spectrum

U.S.A.

Polykarp Kusch

1955for his precision

determination of the magnetic moment of the

electron

Germany/U.S.A.

John Bardeen

1956for the researches on

semiconductors and the discovery of the transistor

effect

U.S.A.

Walter Houser Brattain

1956for the researches on semiconductors and the discovery of the

transistor effect

U.S.A.

William Shockley1956

for the researches on semiconductors and the

discovery of the transistor effect

U.S.A.

Chen-Ning Yang

1957for the investigation of the parity laws,

leading to important discoveries

regarding the elementary particles

China/U.S.A.

Tsung-Dao Lee1957

for the investigation of the parity laws, leading to important discoveries

regarding the elementary particles

China/U.S.A.

Pavel Cherenkov

1958for the discovery and the

interpretation of the Cherenkov effect

Russia

Ilya Frank

1958for the discovery and

the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect

Russia

Igor Tamm1958

for the discovery and the

interpretation of the Cherenkov effect

Russia

Emilio G. Segrè

1959for the discovery of the

antiproton

Italy

Owen Chamberlain

1959for the discovery of

the antiprotonU.S.A.

Donald A. Glaser

1960for the invention of the bubble chamber

U.S.A.

Robert Hofstadter

1961for the discovery of

electron scattering in atomic nuclei and

structure of nucleons

U.S.A.

Rudolf Mössbauer1961

for his researches concerning the resonance

absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery

of the Mössbauer effect

Germany

Lev Landau1962

for his pioneering theories for

condensed matter, especially liquid

heliumRussia

Eugene Wigner

1963for his contributions to

the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles,

through the application of fundamental

symmetry principlesHungary/U.S.A.

Maria Goeppert-Mayer

1963for the discoveries concerning nuclear

shell structure

Germany/U.S.A.

J. Hans D. Jensen1963

for the discoveries concerning nuclear

shell structure

Germany

Charles Hard Townes1964

for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics,

which has led to the construction of oscillators

and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle

U.S.A.

Nikolay Basov

1964for fundamental work in

the field of quantum electronics, which has

led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser

principleRussia

Alexander Prokhorov

1964for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction

of oscillators and amplifiers based on the

maser-laser principleRussia

Sin-Itiro Tomonaga1965

for the fundamental work in quantum

electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing

consequences for the physics of elementary

particles

Japan

Julian Schwinger1965

for the fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics,

with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary

particles

U.S.A.

Richard Feynman1965

for the fundamental work in quantum

electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing

consequences for the physics of elementary

particles

U.S.A.

Alfred Kastler1966

for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying

Hertzian resonances in atoms

France

Hans Bethe 1967for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially

his discoveries concerning energy production in stars

Germany/U.S.A.

Luis Walter Alvarez 1968

for his contributions to elementary particle physics, in

particular the discovery of a large number of resonance

states, made possible through his development of the

technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data

analysis

U.S.A.

Murray Gell-Mann1969

for his contributions and discoveries concerning

the classification of elementary particles and their interactions

U.S.A.

Hannes Alfvén

1970for fundamental work and

discoveries in magnetohydro- dynamics

with applications in different parts of plasma physics

Sweden

Louis Néel 1970for fundamental work and

discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and

ferrimagnetism which have led to important

applications in solid state physics

France

Dennis Gabor

1971for his invention and development of the holographic method

Hungary/U.K.

John Bardeen1972

for the jointly developed theory of

superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory

U.S.A.

Leon Cooper1972

for the jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the

BCS-theoryU.S.A.

John Robert Schrieffer

1972for the jointly developed

theory of superconductivity, usually

called the BCS-theory

U.S.A.

Leo Esaki

1973for the experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and

superconductors

Japan

Ivar Giaever1973

for the experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and

superconductors

Norway/U.S.A.

Brian Josephson 1973for his theoretical predictions of the

properties of a supercurrent through a

tunnel barrier, in particular the Josephson

effects

United Kingdom

Martin Ryle1974

for the pioneering research in radio astrophysics and his

observations and inventions, in particular of

the aperture synthesis technique

U.K.

Antony Hewish1974

for the pioneering research in radio

astrophysics and for his decisive role in the

discovery of pulsars

U.K.

Aage Niels Bohr 1975

for the discovery of the connection between

collective motion and particle motion in atomic

nuclei and the development of the theory of the

structure of the atomic nucleus

Denmark

Ben Roy Mottelson

1975for the discovery of the

connection between collective motion and

particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development

of the theory of the structure of the atomic

nucleus

Denmark/U.S.A.

James Rainwater

1975for the discovery of the

connection between collective motion and

particle motion in atomic nuclei and the

development of the theory of the structure of the

atomic nucleus

U.S.A.