nat review 2011

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NAT REVIEW2011

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Parts of the Cell

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What are the main parts?• Cell Membrane

• Cytoplasm• Nucleus

CELL MEMBRANE• holds the cell together

CYTOPLASM• fill most of the cell

NUCLEUS• governing body

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What are the parts unique to each cell?

ANIMAL CELL

• Centriolesfor cell division

• Lysosomes“suicidal sac”

PLANT CELL

• Cell Wall• Plastids

chemical factories

• Chloroplastfor

photosynthesis

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CELL TRANSPORT

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How Are Diffusion and Osmosis Alike?

• Both involve movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration

• These processes are like rolling a ball downhill because energy is not required.

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How is Diffusion Different from Osmosis?

Diffusion• Movement of molecules in a liquid, gas or

a solid• A membrane may or may not be involved

Osmosis• Movement of water molecules• A membrane is involved

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Osmosis: Blood Cells

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Endocytosis and Exocytosis

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PHOTOSYNTHESIS

What are the raw materials and product?

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CELL RESPIRATION

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RAW MATERIAL

END PRODUCTS ATP NADH FADH2

Site

Glycolysis Glucose Pyruvic Acid/

pyruvate

Gross ATP-4

Net ATP-2

2 Cytosol / Cytoplasm

Krebs Cycle

Pyruvic Acid

2 10 2 matrix

ETC 34 Inner mitochondrial

membrane

TOTAL Gross ATP-38(-2) Net ATP-36

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Keep in Mind1 NADH = 3 ATP1 FADH2 = 2 ATP

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CELL DIVISION

MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

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Cell Cycle

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MITOSIS

Division of Somatic Cells

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MEIOSIS• Division of Sex

Cells or Gametes

• Produces haploid number of chromosomes

• 2 Stages:

Meiosis I

Meiosis II

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Terms to remember:• Tetrad – a structure containing 4

chromatids that forms during meiosis.• Homologous chromosome – term

used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite sex-parent.

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• Chiasma – chiasmata (pl) site of crossing-over

• Crossing-over – exchange of genes between pairs of homologous chromosomes

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MITOSIS MEIOSIS

TYPE OF CELL Somatic/ body cells

Sex/ Germ cells

# of DAUGHTER CELLS PRODUCED

1:2 1:4

# of CHROMOSOMES

BEFORE

2n 2n

# of CHROMOSOMES

AFTER

2nDiploid

nhaploid

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Organ System

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Skeletal System• Major Organs:

Bones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments

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Muscular System• Major Organs:

Skeletal muscles and smooth muscles throughout the body.

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Circulatory System• Major Organs:

Heart, blood vessels and blood

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Nervous System• Major Organs:

Brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves

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Respiratory System• Major Organs:

Nose, trachea and lungs

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Digestive System• Major Organs:

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines.

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Excretory System• Major Organs:

Kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra.

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Female and Male Reproductive System

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ECOSYSTEM

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COMPONENTS OF THE ECOSYSTEM

•BIOTIC •ABIOTIC

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Interactions in the Ecosystem

•Abiotic – Abiotic•Abiotic – Biotic•Biotic - Biotic

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ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS

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• Cooperation• Competition• PredationSYMBIOSIS• Mutualism• Parasitism• Commensalism

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ENERGY FLOW

FOOD CHAIN AND FOOD WEB

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GENETICS

MONOHYBRID CROSS,DIHYBRID CROSS

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EVOLUTION

DARWIN AND LAMARCK THEORY

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The end