mr. buttell wbhs us history honors mr. buttell wbhs us history honors

Mr. Buttell

WBHS US History Honors

Mr. Buttell

WBHS US History Honors

American Expansionism

• 1800s, Europe had divided up most of Africa, compete for China

• Japan joins race, and U.S. decided to expand

• Adm. Alfred T. Mahan urges increase in navy, U.S. builds up to become 3rd largest naval power

American Expansionism

• Farms, factories supply more than demand

• Foreign Trade: solution to overproduction, unemployment, depression

• Some combine Social Darwinism, belief in superiority of Anglo-Saxons

• Argue U.S. has duty to Christianize, civilize “inferior peoples”

Early Expansion

• Sec. of State W. Seward in 1867 arranged purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 m.

• Alaska rich in timber, minerals, oil (“Seward’s Folly”)

U.S. takes HawaiiSince 1790s, U.S. merchants stop in HI on way to Asia1820s, Yankee missionaries found schools, churchesMid-1800s, U.S. owned sugar plantations 75% of islands’ wealth1887, U.S. pressures HI to allow naval base at Pearl Harbor (refueling station)1890 McKinley Tariff eliminates duty-free on sugarPlanters call for U.S. to annex

End of a Monarchy

1887, businessmen force King Kalakaua to limit vote to landownersQueen Liliuokalani tried to remove requirementHelp of marines, business groups overthrow queenGovt. set up by Sanford B. DolePres. Cleveland can’t make Dole surrender to queen, Republic of HIPres. McKinley, Congress proclaim HI a U.S. territory

Cubans Rebel Against Spain

U.S. wants to buy Cuba from SpainDuring 1868-78 war for independence, American sympathies with Cuba1886 abolition of slavery leads to U.S. invest in sugar caneJose Marti—poet, journalist, launches revolution in 1895Guerrilla campaigns destroy U.S. owned sugar mills, plantationsU.S. public opinion split—business wants to support Spain, public supports revolutionaries

War Fever Escalates

1896, Gen. Valeriano Weyler of Spain sent to Cuba to restore orderPuts 300,000 Cubans in concentration campsNewspapers exploit Weyler’s actionsYellow Journalism—sensational writing used to lure, enrage readers

War Fever Escalates

Yellow Journalism increased sympathy for CubansMcKinley avoids war, tries diplomacyPrivate letter by Spanish minister to de Lome published calling McKinley weak, swayed by publicSpain apologizes, de Lome resigns; American public angry

U.S.S. Maine Explodes

• U.S.S. Maine sent to pick up U.S. citizens, protect U.S. property

• Ship blows up in Havana harbor; newspapers blame Spain

War with Spain Erupts

Spain agrees to U.S. demands, public opinion favors warU.S. declares war April 1898

War in the Philippines (1898) “That Splendid Little War”

1st battle occurs in Spanish colony of PhilippinesCommodore G. Dewey destroys Spanish fleet in Manila harborFilipinos, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, support DeweyAugust 1898, Spain surrenders to U.S. in Manila

Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!

War in the Caribbean

U.S. blockades Cuba; Spanish fleet in Santiago de Cuba harborUnlike navy, U.S. army has small professional force, volunteers which are ill-prepared, ill-supplied

Rough Riders

Leonard Wood, Theodore Roosevelt lead volunteer cavalryT.R. declared hero of attack on strategic San Juan HillSpanish fleet tries to escape blockade, is destroyed in naval battleU.S. troops invade Puerto Rico soon after

Treaty of Paris

Spain, U.S. sign armistice Aug. 1898; meet in Paris for treatySpain frees Cuba; hands Guam, P.R. to U.S.; sells Philippines to U.S. ($20m)Treaty touches off great debate over imperialismMcKinley tries to justify annexation of Philippines on moral groundsOpponents give political, moral, economic arguments against

Ruling Puerto Rico

U.S. military control – Gen.MilesPeople split on independence, statehood, self-govt. under U.S.P.R. strategic as post in Caribbean for future canal1900 Foraker Act sets up civil govt. Pres. Appoints Governor, upper house1917, Puerto Ricans made U.S. citizens; elect both houses

Cuba and the United States

Cuban independence recognizedTeller Amendment says U.S. has no intention of taking over CubaAfter war U.S. occupies CubaCuban protestors imprisoned or exiledAmerican military govt. helps rebuild the country

Platt Amendment

U.S. makes Cuba add Platt Amendment to its 1901 constitutionPlatt does not allow Cuba to go into debtAlso, no treaties that let foreign power control landU.S. has right to interveneU.S. can buy, lease land for navy (Guantanamo)Protectorate Status – country whose affairs partly controlled by stronger one

The Anti-Imperialist League

McKinley’s reelection confirms most Americans favor imperialismAnti-Imperialist League has prominent people from different fieldsFor various reasons, agree wrong to rule others without their consent

Protecting American Business Interests

U.S. wants strong political presence to protect American businessesSome object to colonialismU.S. state dept. continues to push for control of Latin America

Filipinos Rebel

Outraged at Treaty of Paris, call for annexation1899 Aguinaldo leads fight against U.S.U.S. forces them to live in designated zones in poor conditionsWhite U.S. soldiers see Filipinos as inferior20,000 Filipinos die in fight for independenceGovernor appointed by U.S. Pres. Who appoints upper house, people elect lowerJuly 4, 1946, Philippines become independent

Foreign Influence in China

Chinese seen as vast market for investmentFrance, Britain, Japan, Russia have spheres of influence alreadyJohn Hay, Sec. of State, issues Open Door notesAsks imperialist nations to share trading rights with U.S.Powers reluctantly agree

Boxer Rebellion

Euro’s dominate most large Chinese citiesChinese form secret societies, including Boxers, to expel foreignersBoxers kills hundreds, as well as Chinese converts to ChristianityImperialist nations squash the rebellion

Protecting American Rights

Hay issues new Open Door notes saying U.S. will keep trade openReflects beliefs about U.S. economy.Growth depends on exportsU.S. has right to keep markets openClosing area threatens U.S. survival

T.R. the Peacemaker

T.R. doesn’t want Euros to control world economy, politics1904, Japan, Russia dispute to control KoreaT.R. negotiates Treaty of PortsmouthJapan gets Manchuria, KoreaRoosevelt wins Nobel Peace PrizeU.S., Japan continue diplomatic talks, pledge to respect each other’s possessions

Panama Canal

U.S. wants canal to cut travel time of trade, and military shipsU.S. buys French Co.’s route through PanamaNegotiates with Columbia to build Canal; talks break downFrench Co. agent helps organize Panamanian rebellionU.S. gives military aid U.S., Panama sign treaty; U.S. pays $10 million for Canal Zone

Constructing the CanalTR in Panama(Construction begins in 1904)

Construction of canal is one of world’s greatest engineering featsFights diseases, geographic obstaclesAt height, 43,400 workers employed

Roosevelt Corollary

T.R. fears Euro intervention if Latin America defaults on loansReminds Euros of Monroe Doctrine, demands they stay outCorollary—U.S. to use force to protect economic interests

Dollar Diplomacy

Early 1900s, U.S. exercise police power on several occasionsDollar Diplomacy—U.S. guarantees foreign loans by U.S. business

The Mexican Revolution• Missionary diplomacy—U.S. has moral

respons.; will not recognize regimes that are oppressive, undemocratic

• Dictator Porfirio Diaz, much U.S. investment in Mexico

• 1911, peasants, workers led by Madero overthrow Diaz

• Gen. Huerta takes over govt., Madero is murdered

• Wilson refuses to recognize Huerta’s govt.

The Mexican Revolution: 1910s

The Mexican Revolution: 1910sEmiliano

ZapataEmiliano Zapata

Francisco I Madero

Francisco I Madero

Venustiano Carranza

Venustiano Carranza

Porfirio Diaz

Porfirio Diaz

Pancho Villa

Pancho Villa

Intervention in Mexico

Huerta’s officers arrest U.S. sailors, quickly release themWilson orders Marines to occupy VeracruzABC nations mediate to avoid warHuerta regime falls; nationalist Carranza new president

Rebellion in Mexico

Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata oppose CarranzaZapata wants land reformVilla a fierce nationalistWilson recognizes Carranza’s govt.Villa threatens reprisalsVilla’s men kill Americans

Chasing Villa

• Brig. Gen. J. Pershing leads force to capture Villa

• Carranza demands withdrawal of U.S. troops; Wilson at first refuses

• U.S. faces war in Europe, wants peace on southern border

• Wilson orders Pershing home• Mexico adopts new constitution;

govt. control oil, minerals, restricts foreign investors

• 1920 Alvaro Obregon new pres.; ends civil war, starts reforms