module 5 leadership & motivation
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International Academy of Management & Entrepreneurship
Leadership & Motivation
MODULE 5
Module 5
Leadership: Leadership Styles –Motivation -Motivation Theories- Maslow- X-Y theory, Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning, Two Factor Theory- Equity theory- Vroom's Expectancy theory-ERG theory-Committees-Teams and Groups.
Leadership
A sound way of exercising leadership is through the use of what are called as three R’s :-
1. Resources2. Relationships 3. Results
How a person operates in this context can make a difference between organization success and failure
Leadership styles
• Leadership based on use of authority
– Autocratic leader– Democratic or participative leader– Free-rein leader
• The managerial grid• Leadership involving variety of styles ranging
from max to min power of influence.
Motivation
A general term applying to the entire class of drives, desires, needs, wishes, and similar forces.
Motivation Theories
• Herzberg’s Motivation – Hygiene theory• Expectancy theory of motivation
Herzberg’s Motivation – Hygiene theory
• Two-factor theory of motivation• Maintenance factors – Dissatisfiers• Motivators - Satisfiers
Challenging workAchievementGrowth in the jobResponsibilityRecognition
StatusQuality of supervisionCompany policy and administrationWorking conditionsJob SecuritySalary
Motivators
Maintenance Factors
Expectancy theory of motivation
• Victor H. Vroom – Psychologist• Feeling towards worth of the goal.• Force = Valence X Expectancy• Force – Individual motivation• Valence – Individual’s preference for an outcome• Expectancy – Probability of desired outcome.
Maslow's Hierarchy of needs
• Physiological needs• Security or safety needs• Social needs• Esteem needs• Self-actualization
Theory X and YTheory X and Y
Douglas McGregor proposed the two different sets of worker assumptions.g Theory X: Assumes the average worker is lazy, dislikes work
and will do as little as possible. Managers must closely supervise and control through
reward and punishment.g Theory Y: Assumes workers are not lazy, want to do a good
job and the job itself will determine if the worker likes the work.
Managers should allow the worker great latitude, and create an organization to stimulate the worker.
Theory X vs. Theory YTheory X vs. Theory Y
Theory Y
Employee is not lazy
Must create work setting to build initiative
Provide authority to workers
Theory X
Employee is lazy
Managers must closely supervise
Create strict rules & defined rewards
Classical Conditioning
• Behavioral learning theory• Ivan Pavlov• Unconditioned stimulus – Smell of favorite food• Unconditioned response – Hunger due to smell• Conditioned stimulus – Sound associated with
smell• Conditioned response – Hunger due to sound
associated with smell of food.• Stimulus generalization
Operant conditioning
• Behaviour based on consequences• Learning based on past incidents and
consequences.• Trail and error method of learning
Equity Theory
• Subjective judgment about reward• Relative to the inputs in comparison with rewards
of others.
Alderfer’s ERG Theory
• Existence needs• Relatedness needs• Growth needs
Committees and groups
A group of persons to whom, as a group, some matter is committed.
4 stages of Group development• Forming – Get know each other• Storming – Determination of Objective • Norming – agreeing on certain norms and rules.• Performing – Getting into action
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