middle ages europe 500-1300 from rome to the middle ages
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Decline of Trade, Industry, and Towns
• Fear of bandits reduced shipping distances
• Roads deteriorated• Industry shut down
– lack of markets
• Move to countryside– Europe becomes rural
• Money replaced by barter
Decline of Learning and Culture
• Roman schools, libraries, museums destroyed
• Arts and science neglected• Illiteracy except
– monks and nuns
• Survival
Decline of Strong Central Government
• Weak Germanic Kingdoms controlled government but failed to – provide protection– insure justice– maintain order
• Changes in citizenship– Family ties not to king who was
a stranger
Images of the West
Muslim Viewpoint• Backwards• Stupid• Brutish
Reality• Newer civilization• Economy less
advanced• Manners less
polished
King and Pope
Pope Gregory the Great , 590– Papacy political and spiritual power – Churchly kingdom—ruled by pope
• Central theme in Middle Ages
Charles Martel– Battle of Tours-732
• Pepin the Short-741– Roman Catholic Church
Carolingian Dynasty
Charlemagne [Charles the Great]• Leadership
– Warfare
»Aix la Chapelle»Conversion by the Sword»Pope Leo III crowns
Charlemagne
Leadership Continued
• Government– counties/counts– missi dominici
• Education– schools– Latin manuscripts– Palace School
• Death, Succession– Son Louis the Pious weak ruler– Treaty of Verdun divides kingdom
• Louis the German, Charles the Bald, and Lothair
The Vikings
1. Scandinavian
Pagans
2. Raided European settlements-800-1000
Ireland to Russia
3. Traders, farmers, and explorers
4. Settled Iceland;
5. Explored Greenland (Eric the Red) and Newfoundland (Leif Ericson)
6. Kingdoms in Ireland and much of England – stopped by Alfred the Great in 886
7. Last great raiders of Western Europe
8. Settled in French Normandy (Northmen or Norsemen = Normans)
9. Adopted Christianity
10. Decline after AD 1000
Feudalism- Political System
The Monarch
Nobles
Serfs
Knights
Lords provide Knights to protect Kingdom
Knights promise to fight for the Lord
Serfs provide food & labor for the kingdom
Religious OrdersBenedictine rule1.Benedict 2.Monasteries 3.Poverty, chastity, obedience4.Monasteries operated
schools, maintained libraries, and copied books (manuscripts)
Influence of MonasteriesSent out missionaries,• By mid-1000’s most western
Europeans were Roman Catholic.• Preserved ancient religious works and
manuscripts.• Provided :
- Hospitals- Food for the needy- Guest houses- Schools
Lay Investiture
• Practice of lay ( non-clergy like a King or noble) official investing (bestowing) a Church title on someone
• Kings would choose Bishops instead of the Church
Problems Between Pope and Emperor
1075- Pope Gregory VII -bans lay investiture
Henry IV (Holy Roman Emperor)
refuses to stop the practice
Henry with help of Bishops he appointed orders Pope to step down
Pope excommunicates Henry
Concordat of Worms1122
Church and Emperor reach a compromise over layinvestiture.
- Emperor may nominate Bishops and grant
land but Church alone could appoint Bishop
- Pope could reject unworthy candidates - Emperor could veto Pope’s choice
The Church Hierarchy Pope The
Papacy
Cardinals
Bishops
Priests, Monks, Nuns -- the lower clergy
Upper clergy
The Church taught that:
• All people were sinners and dependent on God’s grace.
• To get grace one had to take part in sacraments.
Power of the Church
Church helped govern western Europe.1. Own courts and laws Canon Law2. Disobedience to church laws had severe penalties.
Church received money and land from nobles to ensure salvation.
Power of the Church
Nobles influenced church policies by having
relatives appointed to church positions.
Many church officials were nobles whoreceived land from kings in return for
militaryservice.
- knights would fight in their place if called upon
1000-1300Agriculture• Need for increased
food supply• Warmer climate
– More land cultivated• New farm methods• Horse Collar• Horseshoe• Three Field System• Increased population
Trade• Merchant Guilds
– Controlled production and prices– Provided security in trade
• Craft Guilds– Husbands and wives worked together– Cloth making had more female workers– Quality control– Training guidelines
• Local and long distance trade-mostly in towns– Trade Fairs
Finance
Commercial Revolution• Need for large amounts of cash or
credit and ways to exchange different currencies– Bills of Exchange– Letters of Credit
• New Markets– Usury and the Church
Commercial Revolution
Increased Trade
More workers needed
More cash, banking, &
lending services available
Merchant’s wealthand power
expand
Merchant’s taxesIncrease the king’s power and wealth
More moneyavailable for
building businesses
Serfs move to townWorkers paid for
labor
Growth of Towns
• Increased population• Relatively small populations• Located at crossroads and waterways• Narrow streets
– Dirty– Lack of fresh air, light, clean water
• Houses built of wood with thatched roofs• Serfs flee to towns to seek freedom• Rising merchant class
Middle Ages EuropeEarly High
Kings
Lords Bishops
Lower lords
Peasants Parish priests
Serfs
Crusades
Black Death
2nd Agricultural Revolution
New Economy
Kings
Lords Bishops
GUILDS (university)
journeyman Lower lords
apprentice laborers
Peasants Parish priests
Townsmen
Attempts to Stop the PlaguePogroms against the Jews
Required “Jewish” hat
“Golden Circle” obligatory badge
William the Conqueror
• Rivalry for throne vs. Harold of Essex
• Pope sides with William of Normandy
• Battle of Hastings-1066
• Feudalism• Domesday Book• Link with Europe and
Scandinavia
English Law and Government
•Henry I [1100-1135]
•Exchequer•King’s Court
•Common Law– Collection of most
recent court rulings
Henry II
• Archbishop of Canterbury--Thomas Becket
• Fees instead of military service
• Circuit courts• Jury system
1215 King John and Magna
Carta• King must obey
laws• King could not
limit church• Great Council
must meet to tax• Trial prior to
imprisonment• Jury of peers• Speedy trial
Results of Magna Carta
• Guaranteed rights for all English people
• Basic principles of limited government and rules of law
Parliament
• House of Commons
• House of Lords
Common Law
• Basis for legal systems of England and United States
Capetian Dynasty France
• Phillip II—1180-1223– Seized Normandy from King John – Increased land and power
Challenges to Church Authority
John Wycliffe 1328-1384
– England– Christ not pope
head of Church– Clergy should
have no wealth– Bible alone final
authority on Christian life
– English translation of Bible
John Hus 1369-1415
– Bohemia [Czech Republic]
– Bible authority higher than Pope
– Excommunicated– Burned at stake
Church Divided
• Pope Boniface VIII– Kings must always obey Pope
• Philip IV– Refuses– Estates General– Imprisons Pope– French Pope at Avignon
• Great Schism 1378-1417– Council of Constance 1414
Hundred Years’ War1337-1453
Causes• Dispute over French
territory claimed by English King
******************************
• Joan of Arc
Effects• Longbow and cannon
weakened feudalism• Castles no longer
invincible• Parliament
temporarily gains power
• English nationalism• Calais only French
territory that England retains
War of the Roses1455-1485
• Conflicts over claims to throne
• Lancaster and York
• Henry VII and Tudor Dynasty
• Marriage to Elizabeth of York
• Increased power of king
• Death of many nobles
• Confiscation of noble land increased wealth of king
• Middle class rallies to support Tudor reign
• Tudor rulers strong and capable
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