medical terminology mrs. marr. basic structural levels human body systems organs tissues cells...
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Medical Medical TerminologTerminolog
yyMrs. MarrMrs. Marr
Basic Structural LevelsBasic Structural Levels
HUMAN BODY
Systems
Organs
Tissues
Cells
Integumentary
Skeletal
Respiratory
Heart
Brain
Liver
Lungs Muscular
Basic Structural Basic Structural LevelsLevels
Cells- simplest structural level
cells have structural differences that are closely related to the physiology of each cell type
Basic Structural Basic Structural LevelsLevelsTissues- groups of similar cells joined together to
carry out specific functions
Epithelial- outer protective layer of body, lines various body cavities, ducts, vessels, and, covers the body surface.
Muscular- capable of contraction, allows movement, i.e.. Flow of blood, movement of food through the alimentary canal.
Nervous- transmits messages throughout the body
Connective- varies considerably in form and function. Supports the skeleton, provides attachment of other tissues. I.e. Blood, lymph, adipose, cartilage, loose, dense and irregular connective tissues.
Organs- two or more tissues combined to perform complex tasks. Each organ is a specialized physiologic center for the body.
I.e.. The stomach- walls are muscular, lined with epithelial cells, held with connective tissue, and enervated by nervous tissue.
Systems- certain organs working together, each organ performing a specific part of the human body system. Organs that function cooperatively to accomplish a common goal/function
Basic Structural Basic Structural LevelsLevels
Basic Structural Basic Structural LevelsLevelsSkeletal- bones
Muscular- muscles SystemsSystems
Nervous- brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organsEndocrine- hormone secreting glandsRespiratory- nose, trachea, lungsCirculatory- heart, blood and lymph, blood and
lymphatic vesselsDigestive- mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, gall
bladder, pancreas, salivary glands, small and large intestines
Urinary- kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethraReproductive- ovaries, uterus, prostate, testes,
etc.
Anatomical TermsAnatomical TermsDerive from Greek and Latin
Consists of roots, prefixes, and suffixes
Example ilio- refers to hip, costal refers to ribs.
The iliocostal muscle extends from the hip to the ribs. – “epi” on or above– “gastric” – refers to stomach– “hypo” beneath or under– “chondral”- refers to cartilage
Body PositionsBody Positions Body Positions- The
standard reference body position is called the “anatomical” position. The body is erect with feet together, limbs at the side, palms facing forward, thumbs pointing away from the body.
Postures and Direction of Postures and Direction of MovementMovement
Prone- body horizontal, face face downdown
Supine- body horizontal, face face upup
Right Lateral Right Lateral RecumbentRecumbent – The Right lateral The Right lateral
recumbent, or RLR, recumbent, or RLR, means that the patient means that the patient is lying on their right is lying on their right side. side.
Left Lateral Left Lateral RecumbentRecumbent – The left lateral The left lateral
recumbent, or LLR, recumbent, or LLR, means that the patient means that the patient is lying on their left is lying on their left side. side.
Postures and Direction of Postures and Direction of MovementMovement
Postures and Direction of Postures and Direction of MovementMovement
Fowler's PositionFowler's Position – A person in the Fowler's A person in the Fowler's
position is sitting straight position is sitting straight up or leaning slightly back. up or leaning slightly back. Their legs may either be Their legs may either be straight or bent. straight or bent.
Trendelenberg PositionTrendelenberg Position – A person in the A person in the
Trendelenberg position is Trendelenberg position is lying supine with their lying supine with their head slightly lower than head slightly lower than their feet.their feet.
Postures and Direction of Postures and Direction of MovementMovement
AbductionAbduction – Abduction is Abduction is
movement away from movement away from the midline, or to the midline, or to abduct. abduct.
AdductionAdduction – Adduction is Adduction is
movement toward the movement toward the
midline, or to add.midline, or to add.
Postures and Direction of Postures and Direction of MovementMovement
FlexionFlexion – Flexion is to bend at a Flexion is to bend at a
joint, or to reduce the joint, or to reduce the angle. angle.
ExtensionExtension – Extension is to Extension is to
straighten at a joint, straighten at a joint, or to increase the or to increase the angle, for example, angle, for example, from 90 degrees to from 90 degrees to 180 degrees.180 degrees.
Postures and Direction of Postures and Direction of MovementMovement
FlexionFlexion – Flexion is to bend at a Flexion is to bend at a
joint, or to reduce the joint, or to reduce the angle. angle.
ExtensionExtension – Extension is to Extension is to
straighten at a joint, straighten at a joint, or to increase the or to increase the angle, for example, angle, for example, from 90 degrees to from 90 degrees to 180 degrees.180 degrees.
Postures and Direction of Postures and Direction of MovementMovement
SupinationSupination – Supination is to rotate Supination is to rotate
the forearm so that the forearm so that the palm faces the palm faces forward. forward.
PronationPronation – Pronation is to rotate Pronation is to rotate
the forearm so that the forearm so that the palm faces the palm faces backward.backward.
PLANES PLANES In anatomy, a body plane is an imaginary flat surface that is used to define a particular area of anatomy. We usually use the umbilicus as a point of reference
PLANESPLANES FRONTAL (or coronal)
separates the body into Anterior and Posterior parts
MEDIAN (or midsagittal) separates body into Right and Left parts
HORIZONTAL (transverse or Cross-Section) separates the body into Superior and Inferior parts
SAGITTAL any plane parallel to the median plane– Parasagittal plane-
Longitudinal section that divides the body in unequal left and right sections
Terms of Relation or Terms of Relation or PositionPosition
Directional Terms- paired terms, each indication opposite directions. There are different terms when relating to humans and other animals
Superior (closer to the head)Inferior (closer to the feet)
reference point -- horizontal plane
Medial (lying closer to the midline)
Lateral (lying further away from the midline)
reference point -- sagittal plane
Posterior (dorsal) closer to the posterior surface of the body Anterior (ventral) closer to the anterior surface of the body
– reference point -- frontal or coronal plane Proximal- closer to the origin of a structure Distal- further away from the origin of a structure
– reference point -- the origin of a structure
Terms of Relation or Terms of Relation or PositionPosition
Terms of Relation or PositionTerms of Relation or Position
Superficial or Deep reference point -- surface of body or organ
Median- midlinereference point -- along the midsagittal or median plane
Intermediate -between two other structures
Terms of Relation or PositionTerms of Relation or Position
External or Internal refers to a hollow structure (external being outside and internal being inside)
Supine - face or palm up when lying on back
Prone- face or palm down when lying on
anterior surface of body
Terms of Relation or PositionTerms of Relation or Position
Cephalad- toward the head (higher in position)
Caudad- toward the tail (feet- lower in position)
Regional TermsRegional TermsRegional Terms-refer to
special areas of the body
Cervical- refer to the neck
Palmar- the anterior surface of the hand; the posterior surface of the hand is the dorsal surface
Regional TermsRegional Terms
Thoracic- the portion of the body between the neck and the abdomen that is commonly referred to as the chest or thorax
Dorsum- the top of the foot
Plantar- the sole of the foot
Axilla (armpit)- the depression on the inferior surface of the attachment of the upper limb and the body trunk
Arm- the portion of the upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow
Forearm- the potion of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist
Regional TermsRegional Terms
Groin (inguinal region)- the junction of the thigh with the abdominal wall
Thigh- the portion of the lower limb between the hip and knee
Leg- the portion of the lower limb between the knee and ankle
Regional TermsRegional Terms
Low BackLow Backo Lumbar- the
portion of the back between the thorax and the pelvis
o Sacral- the lower portion of the back, just superior to the buttocks
MUSCLE MUSCLE CONTRACTIONCONTRACTION
Terms of MovementTerms of Movement Extension
decreasing angle with frontal plane
Flexion increasing angle with frontal plane
Terms of MovementTerms of Movement
Abduction moving away from the sagittal plane
Adduction toward the sagittal plane
Terms of MovementTerms of Movement Protraction moving forward along
a surface
Retraction backward along a surface
Terms of MovementTerms of Movement Elevation raising a structure
Depression lowering a structure
Terms of MovementTerms of Movement
Medial Rotation movement around an axis of a bone
Lateral Rotation movement around an axis of a bone
Terms of MovementTerms of Movement Pronation placing palm backward
(in anatomical position) Supination placing palm forward
(in anatomical position)
Terms of MovementTerms of Movement Circumduction-combined
movements of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction medial and lateral rotation (circumscribe a cone)
Opposition- bringing tips of fingers and thumb together as in picking something up
AbdomenAbdomenBefore getting into the nitty gritty of
the abdomen, keep in mind that you want to be able to use your knowledge to project the anatomy onto the surface of the abdomen. You will want to be able to visualize the relative positions of abdominal organs as they lie within the abdomen. Clinicians might use several different ways of subdividing the surface of the anterior abdominal wall but I will only present two of them here. By subdividing the surface into regions, one person can tell another person exactly where to look for possible problems.
Abdominopelvic area is
divided into four quadrants
:
Right Upper Right Lower Left Upper Left Lower
1.upper left quadrant ULQ
2.lower left quadrant LLQ
3.upper right quadrant URQ
4.lower right quadrant LRQ
These quadrants are developed by dropping a vertical line down the middle of the sternum MSP
and a horizontal line across and through the umbilicus TUP
The abdominal cavity can also be The abdominal cavity can also be divided into nine regions to make it divided into nine regions to make it
easier to identify organseasier to identify organs1. Right hypochondriac
2. Epigastric 3. Left hypochondriac4. Right lumbar 5. Umbilical 6. Left lumbar7. Right iliac (inguinal)
8. Hypogastric 9. Left iliac (inguinal)
1. right hypochondriac RH 2. epigastric E 3. left hypochondriac LH 4. right lumbar RL 5. umbilical U6. left lumbar LL 7. right iliac RI 8. hypogastric H 9. left iliac LI
These regions are formed by two vertical planes and two horizontal planes.
The two vertical planes are the lateral lines LLL and RLL. These lines are dropped from a point half way between the jugular notch and the acromion process.
The two horizontal planes are the transpyloric plane TPP and the transtubercular plane TTP. The tubercles are the tubercles of the iliac crests.
9 abdominal regions: 9 abdominal regions:
Body CavitiesBody CavitiesBody cavities- lined with
membranes and contains fluid that surrounds structures within the cavities.
Dorsal (posterior) Cavity- contains the cranial cavity (brain) and spinal cavity (spinal cord)
Ventral (anterior) Cavity- thoracic cavity – consists of the pericardial (heart) and pleural (left & right lungs) cavities
Abdominopelvic cavity- consists of the abdominal (stomach, spleen, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, small & large intestines) and pelvic cavity, “true pelvis", bladder, rectum, female internal reproductive organs).
QUESTIONS / COMMENTS?QUESTIONS / COMMENTS?
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