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LTE, UMTS Long Term Evolution LTE measurements from RF to application testing
Reiner Stuhlfauth
Reiner.Stuhlfauth@rohde-schwarz.com
Training Centre
Rohde & Schwarz, Germany
Subject to change Data without tolerance limits is not binding.
R&S is a registered trademark of Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG. Trade names are trademarks
of the owners.
2011 ROHDE & SCHWARZ GmbH & Co. KG
Test & Measurement Division
- Training Center -
This folder may be taken outside ROHDE & SCHWARZ facilities.
ROHDE & SCHWARZ GmbH reserves the copy right to all of any part of these course notes.
Permission to produce, publish or copy sections or pages of these notes or to translate them must first
be obtained in writing from
ROHDE & SCHWARZ GmbH & Co. KG, Training Center, Mhldorfstr. 15, 81671 Munich, Germany
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 2
Mobile Communications: Fields for testing
l RF testing for mobile stations and user equipment
l RF testing for base stations
l Drive test solutions and verification of network
planning
l Protocol testing, signaling behaviour
l Testing of data end to end applications
l Audio and video quality testing
l Spectrum and EMC testing
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November 2012 | LTE measurements| 3
Test Architecture RF-/L3-/IP Application-Test
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 4
LTE: EPS Bearer
P-GWS-GW Peer
Entity
UE eNB
EPS Bearer
Radio Bearer S1 Bearer
End-to-end Service
External Bearer
Radio S5/S8
Internet
S1
E-UTRAN EPC
Gi
S5/S8 Bearer
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 5
Mobile Radio Testing
Core network
A mobile radio tester emulates a
base station
Perform
RF measurements on
received uplink
Generate downlink
signal and send control
commands
Adjust the downlink
signal to how uplink is
received
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November 2012 | LTE measurements| 6
Mobile Radio Testing
Signaling testing
Generate downlink
signal and send
signaling information
Non-Signaling testing
Control PC
Generate downlink
signal
No signaling
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November 2012 | LTE measurements| 7
LTE measurements general aspects
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 8
LTE RF Testing Aspects UE requirements according to 3GPP TS 36.521
Power
Maximum output power
Maximum power reduction
Additional Maximum Power
Reduction
Minimum output power
Configured Output Power
Power Control
Absolution Power Control
Relative Power Control
Aggregate Power Control
ON/OFF Power time mask
Output RF spectrum emissions
Occupied bandwidth
Out of band emissions
Spectrum emisssion mask
Additional Spectrum emission mask
Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio
Transmit Intermodulation 36.521: User Equipment (UE) radio
transmission and reception
Transmit signal quality
Frequency error
Modulation quality, EVM
Carrier Leakage
In-Band Emission for non allocated RB
EVM equalizer spectrum flatness
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November 2012 | LTE measurements| 9
LTE RF Testing Aspects UE requirements according to 3GPP, cont.
Receiver characteristics: Reference sensitivity level
Maximum input level
Adjacent channel selectivity
Blocking characteristics
In-band Blocking
Out of band Blocking
Narrow Band Blocking
Spurious response
Intermodulation characteristics
Spurious emissions
Performance
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November 2012 | LTE measurements| 10
LTE RF Testing Aspects BS requirements according to 3GPP
l Transmitter Characteristics l Base station output power
l Frequency error
l Output power dynamics
l Transmit ON/OFF power
l Output RF spectrum emissions (Occupied bandwidth, Out of band
emission, BS Spectrum emission mask, ACLR, Spurious emission,
Co-
l Transmit intermodulation
l Modulation quality TR 36.804: Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception
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November 2012 | LTE measurements| 11
LTE RF Testing Aspects BS requirements according to 3GPP, cont.
l Receiver Characteristics l Reference sensitivity level
l Dynamic range
l Adjacent Channel Selectivity (ACS)
l Blocking characteristics
l Intermodulation characteristics
l Spurious emissions
l Performance
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November 2012 | LTE measurements| 12
LTE RF Measurements regional requirements
l Regional / band-specific requirements exist (e.g. spurious emissions)
l Since UEs roam implementation has to be dynamic
Concept of network signaled RF requirements has been introduced with
LTE.
-
- transmitted as IE AdditionalSpectrumEmission in SIB2
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November 2012 | LTE measurements| 13
LTE bands and channel bandwidth E-UTRA band / channel bandwidth
E-UTRA Band 1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz
1 Yes Yes Yes Yes
2 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes[1] Yes[1]
3 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes[1] Yes[1]
4 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
5 Yes Yes Yes Yes[1]
6 Yes Yes[1]
7 Yes Yes Yes Yes[1]
8 Yes Yes Yes Yes[1]
9 Yes Yes Yes[1] Yes[1]
10 Yes Yes Yes Yes
11 Yes Yes[1]
12 Yes Yes Yes[1] Yes[1]
13 Yes[1] Yes[1]
14 Yes[1] Yes[1]
...
17 Yes[1] Yes[1]
...
33 Yes Yes Yes Yes
34 Yes Yes Yes
35 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
36 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
37 Yes Yes Yes Yes
38 Yes Yes Yes Yes
39 Yes Yes Yes Yes
40 Yes Yes Yes Yes
NOTE 1: bandwidth for which a relaxation of the specified UE receiver sensitivity requirement (Clause 7.3) is allowed.
Not every channel
bandwidth for
every band!
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November 2012 | LTE measurements| 14
lowest EARFCN possible
and 1 RB at position 0
RF
po
we
r
Frequency = whole LTE band
RF
po
we
r
Frequency
RF
po
we
r
Frequency
mid EARFCN
and 1 RB at position 0
Highest EARFCN
and 1 RB at max position
Nominal frequency described by EARFCN (E-UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number)
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November 2012 | LTE measurements| 15
Test Environment Test System Uncertainty
36.101 / 36.508
Temperature/Humidity
-normal conditions +15 C to +35 C, relative humidity 25 % to 75 %
-extreme conditions -10 C to +55 C (IEC 68-2-1/68-2-2)
Voltage
Vibration
Acceptable Test System Uncertainty (Test Tolerance, TT) defined for each test individually
in 36.521 Annex F (will be ignored further on for the sake of simplicity)
Test Minimum Requirement in TS
36.101
Test
Tolerance
(TT)
Test Requirement in TS 36.521-
1
6.2.2. UE
Maximum Output
Power
Power class 1: [FFS]
Power class 2: [FFS]
Power class 3: 23dBm 2 dB Power class 4: [FFS]
0.7 dB
0.7 dB
0.7 dB
0.7 dB
Formula:
Upper limit + TT, Lower limit - TT
Power class 1: [FFS]
Power class 2: [FFS]
Power class 3: 23dBm 2.7 dB Power class 4: [FFS]
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November 2012 | LTE measurements| 16
LTE RF measurements on base stations
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November 2012 | LTE measurements| 17
OFDM risk: Degradation
f
1
MCT
f0 f2
Sa
mp
les
f1 f3 f0 f2 f1 f3
ls n lr n
Channel (ideal)
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 18
OFDM risk: Degradation due to Frequency Offset
f
f
f0 f2
Sa
mp
les
f1 f3 f0 f2 f1 f3
2j nfe
ls n lr n
Channel
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 19
OFDM risk: Degradation due to Clock Offset
f
f0 f2
Sa
mp
les
f1 f3 f0 f2 f1 f3
ls n lr n
Channel
f k
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November 2012 | LTE measurements| 20
Subcarrier zero handling
1/TSYMBOL=15kHz
f f-1 f0
f1
Subcarrier 0 or DC subcarrier
causes problems in DAC for
direct receiver strategies, DC offset!
12/
2/
212
,
RBsc
ULRB
RBsc
ULRB
s,CP)(
NN
NNk
TNtfkj
lklleats
2/
1
2)(
,
1
2/
2)(
,
)(
RBsc
DLRB
s,CP)(
RBsc
DLRB
s,CP)(
NN
k
TNtfkjp
lkNNk
TNtfkjp
lk
pl
ll eaeats
Downlink:
Uplink:
DC subcarrier subcarrier
offset
DC subcarrier,
suppressed
f-1 f+1
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November 2012 | LTE measurements| 21
LTE: DC subcarrier usage
DC subcarrier or subcarrier 0 is not used in downlink!
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November 2012 | LTE measurements| 22
DC offset possible reasons
PLL
1st mixer
fLO
fRX=fLO+fBB+f
fBB=fRx-fLO
Idea: set PLL to frequency fLO to get frequency of baseband
as fBB = fRX fLO But: if synthesizer has leakage: f will spread into the input:
At the output we get direct current, DC!
fLO_
fLO f =DC
Non-linearities of
Amplifier also cause
DC in the signal
fBB + DC
DC offset originated by mixer:
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November 2012 | LTE measurements| 23
Base station test models Parameter 1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz
Reference, Synchronisation Signals
RS boosting, PB = EB/EA 1 1 1 1 1 1
Synchronisation signal EPRE / ERS [dB] 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Reserved EPRE / ERS [dB] -inf -inf -inf -inf -inf -inf
PBCH
PBCH EPRE / ERS [dB] 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Reserved EPRE / ERS [dB] -inf -inf -inf -inf -inf -inf
PCFICH
# of symbols used for control channels 2 1 1 1 1 1
PCFICH EPRE / ERS [dB] 3.222 0 0 0 0 0
PHICH
# of PHICH groups 1 1 1 2 2 3
# of PHICH per group 2 2 2 2 2 2
PHICH BPSK symbol power / ERS [dB] -3.010 -3.010 -3.010 -3.010 -3.010 -3.010
PHICH group EPRE / ERS [dB] 0 0 0 0 0 0
PDCCH
# of available REGs 23 23 43 90 140 187
# of PDCCH 2 2 2 5 7 10
# of CCEs per PDCCH 1 1 2 2 2 2
# of REGs per CCE 9 9 9 9 9 9
# of REGs allocated to PDCCH 18 18 36 90 126 180
# of REGs added for padding 5 5 7 0 14 7
PDCCH REG EPRE / ERS [dB] 0.792 2.290 1.880 1.065 1.488 1.195
REG EPRE / ERS [dB] -inf -inf -inf -inf -inf -inf
PDSCH
# of QPSK PDSCH PRBs which are boosted 6 15 25 50 75 100
PRB PA = EA/ERS [dB] 0 0 0 0 0 0
# of QPSK PDSCH PRBs which are de-boosted 0 0 0 0 0 0
PRB PA = EA/ERS [dB] n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
TS 36.141
Defines several
Test models
For base station
e.g. E-TM1.1
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November 2012 | LTE measurements| 24
Base station unwanted emissions
Spurious domain
RB
Channel bandwidth Spurious domain
OOB
OOB
E-UTRA Band
Worst case:
Ressource Blocks allocated
at channel edge
ACLR Spurious emissions
Adjacent channel leakage
Operating band unwanted emissions
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November 2012 | LTE measurements| 25
Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio - eNB
E-UTRA transmitted
signal channel
bandwidth
BWChannel [MHz]
BS adjacent channel
centre
frequency offset
below the first
or above the last
carrier centre
frequency
transmitted
Assumed
adjacent
channel
carrier
(informative)
Filter on the
adjacent
channel
frequency and
corresponding
filter bandwidth
ACLR
lim
it
1.4, 3.0, 5, 10, 15, 20 BWChannel E-UTRA of same
BW
Square (BWConfig) 45 dB
2 x BWChannel E-UTRA of same
BW
Square (BWConfig) 45 dB
BWChannel /2 + 2.5
MHz
3.84 Mcps UTRA RRC (3.84 Mcps) 45 dB
BWChannel /2 + 7.5
MHz
3.84 Mcps UTRA RRC (3.84 Mcps) 45 dB
NOTE 1: BWChannel and BWConfig are the channel bandwidth and transmission bandwidth configuration
of the E-UTRA transmitted signal on the assigned channel frequency.
NOTE 2: The RRC filter shall be equivalent to the transmit pulse shape filter defined in TS 25.104 [6],
with a chip rate as defined in this table. Limit is either -13 / -15dBm absolute or as above
Large bandwidth
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November 2012 | LTE measurements| 26
Adjacent channel leakage power ratio
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November 2012 | LTE measurements| 27
A
Ref 0 dBm At t 25 dB
EXT
1 AP
VI EW
Cent er 1. 947 GHz Span 25 MHz2. 5 MHz/
2 AP
VI EW
CLRWR
*
3DB
RBW 10 kHz
SWT 250 ms
VBW 30 kHz
3 AP
*
- 100
- 90
- 80
- 70
- 60
- 50
- 40
- 30
- 20
- 10
0
Date: 21.AUG.2008 15:51:00
ACLR measurement
fCarrier fUTRA, ACLR2 fUTRA, ACLR1
UTRAACLR1
= 33 dB
UTRAACLR2
= 36 dB UTRAACLR2bis
= 43 dB
Additional requirement for
E-UTRA frequency band I,
signaled by network to the UE
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November 2012 | LTE measurements| 28
Operating band unwanted emissions
dBMHz
offsetfdBm 05.0
_
5
77
Frequency offset
of measurement
filter -3dB point, f
Frequency offset of
measurement filter centre
frequency, f_offset
Minimum requirement Measurem
ent
bandwidth
(Note 1)
0 MHz f < 5
MHz
0.05 MHz f_offset < 5.05
MHz
100 kHz
5 MHz f <
min(10 MHz,
fmax)
5.05 MHz f_offset <
min(10.05 MHz,
f_offsetmax)
-14 dBm 100 kHz
10 MHz f
fmax
10.05 MHz f_offset <
f_offsetmax
-16 dBm (Note 5) 100 kHz
TS 36.104 defines several limits: depending on
Channel bandwidth, additional regional limits and node B
limits category A or B for ITU defined regions
=> Several test setups are possible!
Narrow bandwidth
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November 2012 | LTE measurements| 29
Operating band unwanted emissions
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November 2012 | LTE measurements| 30
Unwanted emissions spurious emission
The transmitter spurious emission limits apply from 9 kHz to 12.75 GHz,
excluding the frequency range from 10 MHz below the lowest frequency of the downlink
operating band up to 10 MHz above the highest frequency of the downlink operating band
Frequency range Maximum level Measurement
Bandwidth
Note
9kHz - 150kHz
-13 dBm
1 kHz Note 1
150kHz - 30MHz 10 kHz Note 1
30MHz - 1GHz 100 kHz Note 1
1GHz 12.75 GHz 1 MHz Note 2
NOTE 1: Bandwidth as in ITU-R SM.329 [5] , s4.1
NOTE 2: Bandwidth as in ITU-R SM.329 [5] , s4.1. Upper frequency as in ITU-R SM.329 [5] , s2.5 table 1
Spurious emission limits, Category A
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November 2012 | LTE measurements| 31
Spurious emissions operating band excluded
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 32
Base station maximum power
BS
cabinet
Test port A Test port B
External
device
e.g.
TX filter
(if any)
External
PA
(if any)
Towards
antenna connector
Normal port for
measurements Port to be used for
measurements in case
external equipment is
used
In normal conditions, the base station maximum output power
shall remain within +2 dB and -2 dB of the rated output power
declared by the manufacturer.
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November 2012 | LTE measurements| 33
LTE DVB interference scenarios
For a BS declared to support Band 20 and to operate in geographic areas within the CEPT in which frequencies are allocated to broadcasting (DTT) service, the manufacturer shall additionally declare the following quantities associated with the applicable test conditions of Table 6.6.3.5.3-4 and information in annex G of [TS 36.104] :
PEM,N Declared emission level for channel N P10MHz Maximum output Power in 10 MHz
Adjacent channel leakage of
Basestation x into DTT channel N
is point of interest
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November 2012 | LTE measurements| 34
Base station receiver test
70% of required throughput of FRC, Fixed Reference Channel
Example: Rx test, moving condition
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 35
Base station receiver test HARQ multiplexing
UE sends PUSCH with alternating data
and data with multiplexed ACK
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November 2012 | LTE measurements| 36
Base station test power dynamics
BS under
Test
RF-
correc-
tion
FFT
2048 Per
subcarrier
Ampl.
/Phase
correction
Symbol
Detection /
decoding
100
RBs,
1200
sub
carr
CP-
remov
EVM
RETP
Synchronisation
time/frequency
Resource element Tx
power: Distinguish:
OFDM symbol
Reference symbol
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November 2012 | LTE measurements| 37
[Time]
Downlink Power
[Power]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
OFDM symbols
-50.00 dBm
PA = -4.77 dB
-54.77 dBm
-58.75 dBm
PB = 3 (-3.98 dB)
PDSCH power to RS, where NO reference
signals are present, is UE specific and
signaled by higher layers as PA.
Reference Signal:
Cell-specific
referenceSignalPower
(-
signaled in SIB Type 2 For PDSCH power in same
symbol as reference signal an
additional cell specific offset
is applied, that is signaled by
higher layers as PB.
PDCCH power
depending
B A
2011
Ro
hd
e&
Sch
warz
RSBAPDSCH EPREEPRE / B B AP MIMO)for exeptions some(with AA P
RS EPRE = Reference Signal
Energy per Resource Element
Reference signal power = linear average of all Ref.
Symbols over whole channel bandwidth
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 38
Base station test output power dynamics
Ref. Symbol, always on
OFDM Symbol not active!
OFDM Symbol active!
Measure avg OFDM
symbol power +
Compare active and
non-active case
PDSCH
# of 64QAM PDSCH PRBs within a slot for which EVM is measured
1 1 1 1 1 1
PRB PA = EA/ERS [dB] 0 0 0 0 0 0
# of PDSCH PRBs which are not allocated 5 14 24 49 74 99
PDSCH
# of 64QAM PDSCH PRBs within a slot for which EVM is measured
6 15 25 50 75 100
Test model:
E-TM3.1
All RB allocated
Test model:
E-TM2
Only 1 RB allocated
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November 2012 | LTE measurements| 39
DL Modulation quality: Constellation diagram LTE downlink: several channels can be seen (example):
PDSCH with
16 QAM
PDCCH +
PBCH with
QPSK
S-SCH with
BPSK
CAZAC
Sequences,
Reference signals
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November 2012 | LTE measurements| 40
LTE RF measurements on user equipment UEs
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 41
LTE Transmitter Measurements 1 Transmit power
1.1 UE Maximum Output Power
1.2 Maximum Power Reduction (MPR)
1.3 Additional Maximum Power Reduction (A-MPR)
1.4 Configured UE transmitted Output Power
2 Output Power Dynamics
2.1 Minimum Output Power
2.2 Transmit OFF power
2.3 ON/OFF time mask
2.3.1 General ON/OFF time mask
2.3.2 PRACH time mask
2.3.3 SRS time mask
2.4 Power Control
2.4.1 Power Control Absolute power tolerance
2.4.2 Power Control Relative power tolerance
2.4.3 Aggregate power control tolerance
3 Transmit signal quality
3.1 Frequency Error
3.2 Transmit modulation
3.2.1 Error Vector Magnitude (EVM)
3.2.2 Carrier leakage
3.2.3 In-band emissions for non allocated RB
3.2.4 EVM equalizer spectrum flatness
4 Output RF spectrum emissions
4.1 Occupied bandwidth
4.2 Out of band emission
4.2.1 Spectrum Emission Mask
4.2.2 Additional Spectrum Emission Mask
4.2.3 Adjacent Channel Leakage power Ratio
4.3 Spurious emissions
4.3.1 Transmitter Spurious emissions
4.3.2 Spurious emission band UE co-existence
4.3.3 Additional spurious emissions
5 Transmit intermodulation
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 42
UE Signal quality symbolic structure of mobile radio tester MRT
RF correction FFT
TxRx
equalizer EVM meas. IDFT
Test equipment
Rx
Inband-
emmissions
l Carrier Frequency error
l EVM (Error Vector Magnitude)
l Origin offset + IQ offset
l Unwanted emissions, falling into non allocated resource blocks.
l Inband transmission
l Spectrum flatness
DUT
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November 2012 | LTE measurements| 43
UL Power Control: Overview
UL-Power Control is a
combination of:
l Open-loop:
UE estimates the DL-Path-
loss and compensates it
for the UL
l Closed-loop:
in addition, the eNB
controls directly the UL-
Power through power-
control commands
transmitted on the DL
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November 2012 | LTE measurements| 44
PUSCH power control
l Power level [dBm] of PUSCH is calculated every subframe i based on the following
formula out of TS 36.213
Dynamic offset (closed loop) Basic open-loop starting point
Maximum allowed UE power
in this particular cell,
but at maximum +23 dBm1)
Number of allocated
resource blocks (RB)
Combination of cell- and UE-specific
components configured by L3
Cell-specific
parameter
configured by L3
PUSCH transport
format
Transmit power for PUSCH
in subframe i in dBm
Power control
adjustment derived
from TPC command
received in subframe (i-4)
Downlink
path loss
estimate
Bandwidth factor
1) +23 dBm is maximum allowed power in LTE according to TS 36.101, corresponding to power class 3bis in WCDMA
MPR
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 45
upper Pcmax definition
PCMAX_L T(PCMAX_L CMAX CMAX_H + T(PCMAX_H)
corrected
PCMAX_L = min{PEMAX_L, PUMAX } PCMAX_H = min{PEMAX_H, PPowerClass}
lower
Max. power permitted
in cell,
considering bandwidth
confinement
Max. power for UE,
considering maximum
power reduction
Max. power
permitted in cell
Max. power for
UE
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November 2012 | LTE measurements| 46
PCMAX_L T(PCMAX_L CMAX CMAX_H + T(PCMAX_H),
l PEMAX_L is the maximum allowed power for this particular radio cell
configured by higher layers and corresponds to P-MAX information
element (IE) provided in SIB Type1
l
l PEMAX_L is reduced by 1.5 dB when the transmission BW is confined within
FUL_low and FUL_low+4 MHz or FUL_high 4 MHz and FUL_high,
Pcmax definition
lPCMAX_L = min{PEMAX_L , PUMAX },
FUL_low FUL_high
PPowerClass +
2dB
PPowerClass - 2dB 23dBm
FUL_high- 4MHz
-1.5dB -1.5dB
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 47
PCMAX_L T(PCMAX_L CMAX CMAX_H + T(PCMAX_H),
l PUMAX corresponds to maximum power (depending on power class,
taking into account Maximum Power Reduction MPR and additional
A-MPR
Pcmax definition
PCMAX_L = min{PEMAX_L , PUMAX },
UE power class
= 23dBm 2 dB Network may signal
bandwidth restriction
NS_0x
UE may decide to
reduce power
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 48
UE Maximum Power Reduction
UE transmits
at maximum power, maximum allowed
TX power reduction is given as
Modulation Channel bandwidth / Transmission bandwidth configuration
[RB]
MPR (dB)
1.4
MHz
3.0
MHz
5
MHz
10
MHz
15
MHz
20
MHz
QPSK > 5 > 4 > 8 > 12 > 16 > 18
16 QAM
16 QAM Full > 5 > 4 > 8 > 12 > 16 > 18
Higher order modulation schemes require
more dynamic -> UE will slightly repeal its
confinement for maximum power
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 49
UE Additional Maximum Power Reduction A-MPR
Network
Signaling
value
Requirements
(sub-clause)
E-UTRA Band Channel
Bandwidth
(MHz)
Resource
Blocks
A-MPR (dB)
NS_01 NA NA NA NA NA
NS_03
6.6.2.2.3.1 2,4,35,36 3 >5
6.6.2.2.3.1 2,4,10,35,36 5 >6
6.6.2.2.3.1 2,4,10,35,36 10 >6
6.6.2.2.3.1 2,4,10,35,36 15 >8
6.6.2.2.3.1 2,4,10,35,36 20 >10
NS_04 6.6.2.2.3.2 TBD TBD TBD TBD
NS_05 6.6.3.3.3.1 1 10,15,20
NS_06 6.6.2.2.3.3 12, 13, 14, 17 1.4, 3, 5, 10 n/a n/a
NS_07 6.6.2.2.3.3
6.6.3.3.3.2 13 10 Table 6.2.4.3-2
Table
6.2.4.3-2
NS_08 6.6.3.3.3.3 19 10, 15
> 29
> 39
> 44
[NS_09] 6.6.3.3.3.4 21 TBD TBD TBD
..
NS_32 - - - - -
Additional maximum
power reduction
requirements can be
signaled by the
network as NS value
in SIB2 (IE AdditionalSpectrumEmission)
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 50
PUSCH power control Transmit output power ( PUMAX
l In case of EUTRA Band 13 depending on RB allocation as well as
number of contiguously allocated RB different A-MPR needs to be
considered.
Network
Signalling
Value
Requiremen
ts
(sub-clause)
E-UTRA
Band
Channel
bandwidth
(MHz)
Resources
Blocks
A-MPR
(dB)
NS_07 6.6.2.2.3
6.6.3.3.2 13 10
Table
6.2.4
-2
Table
6.2.4
-2
Region A Region B Region C
RBStart 0 12 13 18 19 42 43 49
LCRB [RBs] 6 8 1 5 to 9 50 18
A-MPR [dB] 8 12 12 6 3
Indicates the lowest RB
index of transmitted
resource blocks
Defines the length of a
contiguous RB allocation
DL UL
756 746 787 777
3GPP Band 13
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 51
PCMAX_L T(PCMAX_L CMAX CMAX_H + T(PCMAX_H)
Pcmax definition tolerance values
PCMAx
(dBm)
Tolerance
T(PCMAX) (dB)
CMAX 2.0
CMAX < 21 2.5
CMAX < 20 3.5
CMAX < 19 4.0
CMAX < 18 5.0
CMAX < 13 6.0
- CMAX < 8 7.0
Tolerance is
depending on
power levels
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 52
Pcmax definition tolerance values
l PEMAX_H is the maximum allowed power for this particular radio
cell configured by higher layers and corresponds to P-MAX
information element (IE) provided in SIB Type 1
PCMAX_L T(PCMAX_L CMAX CMAX_H + T(PCMAX_H)
PCMAX_H = min{PEMAX_H , PPowerClass },
UE power class
= 23dBm 2 dB
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 53
Pcmax definition tolerance values
l PPowerClass. There is just one power class specified for LTE,
corresponding to power class 3bis in WCDMA with +23 dBm 2dB, MPR and A-MPR are not taken into account,
PCMAX_L T(PCMAX_L CMAX CMAX_H + T(PCMAX_H)
PCMAX_H = min{PEMAX_H , PPowerClass },
EUTRA
band
Class 1
(dB
m)
Tolerance
(dB)
Class 2
(dBm)
Tolerance
(dB)
Class 3
(dBm
)
Tolerance (dB) Class 4
(dBm)
Tolerance (dB)
1 23 2
2 23 22
23 22
40 23 2
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 54
Pcmax value for power control - analogies
Maximum speed = 280 km/h
=PPowerClass
=PEMAX_H =PEMAX_L =PUMAX
Under those conditions,
I shall drive more carefully!
Not going to the max seed!
-> speed reduction
PCMAX_L T(PCMAX_L CMAX CMAX_H + T(PCMAX_H)
PCMAX_L = min{PEMAX_L, PUMAX } PCMAX_H = min{PEMAX_H, PPowerClass}
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 55
LTE RF Testing: UE Maximum Power
UE transmits
with 23dBm 2 dB
QPSK modulation is used. All channel bandwidths are
tested separately. Max power is for all band classes
Test is performed for varios uplink allocations
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 56
Resource Blocks number and maximum RF power
One active resource block
(RB) provides maximum
absolute RF power RF
po
we
r
Frequency
RF
po
we
r
Frequency
lower RF power in order to
create same integrated
power
1 active resource block (RB),
Nominal band width 10 MHz
RF
po
we
r
Frequency
Additionally, MPR (Max.
Power Reduction) and A -
MPR are defined MPR
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 57
UE Maximum Output Power Test Configuration Initial Conditions
Test Environment as specified in TS 36.508 subclause 4.1 Normal, TL/VL, TL/VH, TH/VL, TH/VH
Test Frequencies as specified in TS 36.508 subclause 4.3.1 Low range, Mid range, High range
Test Channel Bandwidths as specified in TS 36.508 subclause 4.3.1 Lowest, 5MHz, Highest
Test Parameters for Channel Bandwidths
Downlink Configuration Uplink Configuration
Ch BW N/A for Max UE output power testing RB allocation
FDD TDD
1.4MHz QPSK 1 1
1.4MHz QPSK 5 5
3MHz QPSK 1 1
3MHz QPSK 4 4
5MHz QPSK 1 1
5MHz QPSK 8 8
10MHz QPSK 1 1
10MHz QPSK 12 12
15MHz QPSK 1 1
15MHz QPSK 16 16
20MHz QPSK 1 1
20MHz QPSK 18 18
Temperature/Voltage
high/low
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 58
UE maximum power
FUL_low FUL_high
PPowerClass + 2dB
PPowerClass - 2dB
maximum output
power for any
transmission bandwidth
within the channel bandwidth
23dBm
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 59
UE maximum power careful at band edge!
FUL_low FUL_high
PPowerClass + 2dB
PPowerClass - 2dB
23dBm
FUL_high- 4MHz FUL_low+4MHz
For transmission bandwidths confined within FUL_low and FUL_low + 4 MHz or
FUL_high 4 MHz and FUL_high, the maximum output power requirement is relaxed
by reducing the lower tolerance limit by 1.5 dB
-1.5dB -1.5dB
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 60
UE maximum power - examples
FUL_low FUL_high
PPowerClass + 2dB
PPowerClass - 2dB
23dBm
Example 1: No maximum power reduction by higher layers
PCMAX_L T(PCMAX_L CMAX CMAX_H + T(PCMAX_H)
PCMAX_L = min{PEMAX_L, PUMAX } PCMAX_H = min{PEMAX_H, PPowerClass}
Max. power permitted in cell,
considering bandwidth
confinement
Max. power for UE,
considering maximum power
reduction
Max. power permitted in
cell Max. power for UE
PEMAX_L = none PUMAX = power class 3 = +23 dBm
PEMAX_H = none PPowerClass = power class 3 = +23 dBm 25dBm
21dBm
T(PCMAX_L) = T(PCMAX_H)=2dB
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 61
UE maximum power - examples
FUL_low FUL_high
PCMAX_H + 7dB
PCMAX_L - 7dB
0 dBm
Example 2: max cell power = 0 dBm + band edge maximum power reduction
PCMAX_L T(PCMAX_L CMAX CMAX_H + T(PCMAX_H)
PCMAX_L = min{PEMAX_L, PUMAX } PCMAX_H = min{PEMAX_H, PPowerClass}
PEMAX_L = 0dBm -1.5 dB relaxation = -1.5dBm
PUMAX = power class 3 band relaxation = +21.5 dBm
+7dBm
-8.5dBm
T(PCMAX_L) = T(PCMAX_H)=7dB
PEMAX_H = 0 dBm
PPowerClass = power class 3 = +23 dBm
PCMAX_L=-1.5dBm PCMAX_H=0 dBm
FUL_low+4MHz
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 62
UE maximum power - examples
RB start = 13 FUL_high
PCMAX_H +2dB
PCMAX_L - 6dB
23 dBm
Example 3: Band 13 with NS_07 signalled ( = A-MPR). No Max Power restriction
16 QAM, 12 Resource blocks and RB start = 13. Bandwidth = 10 MHz
PCMAX_L T(PCMAX_L CMAX CMAX_H + T(PCMAX_H)
PCMAX_L = min{PEMAX_L, PUMAX } PCMAX_H = min{PEMAX_H, PPowerClass}
PEMAX_L = none
PUMAX = power class 3 MPR A.MPR = +10 dBm
+25dBm
4 dBm
T(PCMAX_L) = 6 dB
T(PCMAX_H)=2dB
PEMAX_H = none
PPowerClass = power class 3 = +23 dBm
PCMAX_L=10 dBm PCMAX_H=23 dBm
12 Resource blocks
MPR = 1dB, A-MPR = 12 dB, no band edge relaxation
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 63
UE maximum power - examples
FUL_low FUL_high
PCMAX_H + 2dB
PCMAX_L 2 dB
23 dBm
Example 4: band edge power relaxation no higher layer reduction signalled
QPSK, 15 RBs allocated, Band 2, RB allocated at band edge
PCMAX_L T(PCMAX_L CMAX CMAX_H + T(PCMAX_H)
PCMAX_L = min{PEMAX_L, PUMAX } PCMAX_H = min{PEMAX_H, PPowerClass}
PEMAX_L =none
PUMAX = power class 3 MPR-A-MPR-band relaxation
= 23-1-1-1.5=+19.5 dBm
+25 dBm
+16 dBm
PEMAX_H = none
PPowerClass = power class 3 = +23 dBm
PCMAX_L=19.5dBm
PCMAX_H= 23 dBm
FUL_low+4MHz
MPR = 1dB, A-MPR = 1 dB, band edge relaxation of 1.5dB
T(PCMAX_L) = 3.5 dB
T(PCMAX_H)=2dB
PCMAX_L 3.5 dB
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 64
LTE RF Testing: UE Minimum Power
UE transmits
with -40dBm
All channel bandwidths are tested separately.
Minimum power is for all band classes < -39 dBm
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 65
LTE RF Testing: UE Off Power
The transmit OFF power is defined as the mean power in a duration of at least one
sub-frame (1ms) excluding any transient periods. The transmit OFF power shall not
exceed the values specified in table below
Channel bandwidth / Minimum output power / measurement bandwidth
1.4
MHz
3.0
MHz
5
MHz
10
MHz
15
MHz
20
MHz
Transmit OFF power -50 dBm
Measurement
bandwidth 1.08 MHz 2.7 MHz 4.5 MHz 9.0 MHz 13.5 MHz 18 MHz
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 66
Power Control Related test items
l Absolute Power Control Tolerance -- PUSCH open loop
power control
l Relative Power Control Tolerance PUSCH relative power
control, including both power ramping and power change due
to Ressource block allocation change or TPC commands
l Aggregate Power Control PUSCH and PUCCH power
control ability when RB changes every subframe
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 67
Absolute Power Control Tolerance
l
ability to set its initial output power to a specific value at the
start of a contiguous transmission or non-contiguous
transmission with a long transmission gap.
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 68
Power Control - Absolute Power Tolerance
l
contiguous transmission or non-contiguous transmission with a long
transmission gap (>20ms).
l Set p0-NominalPUSCH to -105 (test point 1) and -93 (test point 2)
l Test requirement example for test point 1:
Channel bandwidth / expected output power (dBm)
1.4
MHz
3.0
MHz
5
MHz
10
MHz
15
MHz
20
MHz
Expected Measured
power Normal
conditions
-14.8 10.0
-10.8 10.0
-8.6 10.0
-5.6 10.0
-3.9 10.0
-2.6 10.0
Expected Measured
power Extreme
conditions
-14.8 13.0
-10.8 13.0
-8.6 13.0
-5.6 13.0
-3.9 13.0
-2.6 13.0
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 69
Configured UE transmitted Output Power
Test: set P-Max to -10, 10 and 15 dBm, measure PCMAX
IE P-Max (SIB1) = PEMAX
Channel bandwidth / maximum output power
1.4
MHz
3.0
MHz
5
MHz
10
MHz
15
MHz
20
MHz
PCMAX test point 1 -10 dBm 7.7
PCMAX test point 2 10 dBm 6.7
PCMAX test point 3 15 dBm 5.7
To verify that UE follows rules sent via
system information, SIB
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 70
LTE Power versus time
)}())(()())((log10,min{)( TFO_PUSCHPUSCH10MAXPUSCH ifiTFPLjPiMPiP
Bandwidth allocation TPC commands Given by higher layers
or not used
RB allocation
is main source for
power change
Not scheduled
Resource block
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 71
2
Accumulative TPC commands
TPC Command Field
In DCI format 0/3
Accumulated
[dB]
0 -1
1 0
2 1
3 3
PUSCH
minimum
power in LTE
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 72
Absolute TPC commands
TPC Command Field
In DCI format 0/3
Absolute [dB]
only DCI format 0
0 -4
1 -1
2 1
3 4
PUSCH
Pm
)}())(()())((log10,min{)( TFO_PUSCHPUSCH10MAXPUSCH ifiTFPLjPiMPiP
-4 -1
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 73
Relative Power Control
0 .. 9 sub-frame# 1 2 3 4 radio frame
0 .. 9 sub-frame# 1 2 3 4 radio frame
RB change
RB change
Power pattern A
Power pattern C
0 .. 9 sub-frame# 1 2 3 4 radio frame
RB change
Power pattern B
l The purpose of this test is to verify
the ability of the UE transmitter to set
its output power relatively to the
power in a target sub-frame, relatively
to the power of the most recently
transmitted reference sub-frame, if the
transmission gap between these sub-
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 74
Power Control Relative Power Tolerance
l
frame, relative to the power of the most recently transmitted
reference sub-frame, if the transmission gap between these
sub-
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 75
Power Control Relative Power Tolerance
l Various power ramping patterns are defined
ramping up
ramping down
alternating
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 76
UE power measurements relative power change
Power step P
(Up or down)
[dB]
All combinations of
PUSCH and
PUCCH
transitions [dB]
All combinations of
PUSCH/PUCCH
and SRS
transitions
between sub-
frames [dB]
PRACH [dB]
2.5 (Note 3) 3.0 2.5
2 3.0 4.0 3.0
3 3.5 5.0 3.5
4 4.0 6.0 4.0
10 5.0 8.0 5.0
15 6.0 9.0 6.0
P
time
Power tolerance relative given by table
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 77
UE power measurements relative power change
Power
FDD test patterns
0 1 9 sub-frame#
Power
TDD test patterns
0 2 3 7 8 9 sub-frame#
Sub-test Uplink RB allocation TPC command Expected power
step size
(Up or
down)
Power step size
range (Up or
down)
PUSCH/
[dB]
A Fixed = 25 Alternating TPC =
+/-1dB 1 1 (1.7)
B Alternating 10 and 18 TPC=0dB 2.55 2 2.55 (3.7)
C Alternating 10 and 24 TPC=0dB 3.80 3 3.80 (42.)
D Alternating 2 and 8 TPC=0dB 6.02 4 6.02 (4.7)
E Alternating 1 and 25 TPC=0dB 13.98 10 13.98 (5.7)
F Alternating 1 and 50 TPC=0dB 16.99 15 16.99 (6.7)
test for
each
bandwidth,
here 10MHz
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 78
UE aggregate power tolerance
Aggregate power control tolerance is the ability of a UE to maintain its power in
non-contiguous transmission within 21 ms in response to 0 dB TPC commands
TPC command UL channel Aggregate power tolerance within 21 ms
0 dB PUCCH 2.5 dB
0 dB PUSCH 3.5 dB
Note:
1. The UE transmission gap is 4 ms. TPC command is transmitted via PDCCH 4 subframes preceding
each PUCCH/PUSCH transmission.
P
Time = 21 milliseconds
UE power with
TPC = 0
Tolerated UE power
deviation
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 79
Aggregate Power Control
l
maintain its power level during a non-contiguous
transmission within 21 ms in response to 0 dB TPC
commands with respect to the first UE transmission, when
the power control parameters specified in TS 36.213 are
constant.
l Both PUSCH mode and PUCCH mode need to be tested
Power
FDD test patterns
0 5 0 5 0
sub-frame#
Power
TDD test patterns
3 8 3 8 3
sub-frame#
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 80
UE aggregate power tolerance
Power
FDD test patterns
0 5 0 5 0
sub-frame#
Power
TDD test patterns
3 8 3 8 3
sub-frame#
Test performed with scheduling gap of 4 subframes
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 81
UE power measurement timing masks
End of OFF power
20s 20s
Transient period Transient period
Start of OFF power
Start of ON power
requirement
Start Sub-frame End sub-frame
End of ON power
requirement
* The OFF power requirements does not
apply for DTX and measurement gaps
Timing definition OFF ON commands
Timing definition ON OFF commands
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 82
Power dynamics
PUSCH = ON PUSCH = OFF PUSCH = OFF time
Please note: scheduling cadence for power dynamics
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 83
General ON/OFF time mask Measured subframe = 2
UL/DL Scheduling should be configured properly.
TDD Issues: - Special Subframe
Configuration
- >off power before is
highter than off
power after
- tune down DL
power
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 84
PRACH time mask
ON power requirement
requirement
20s 20s
Transient period Transient period
PRACH
End of OFF power Start of OFF power
requirement
PRACH
preamble
format
Measurement
period (ms)
0 0.9031
1 1.4844
2 1.8031
3 2.2844
4 0.1479
Channel bandwidth / Output Power [dBm] / measurement
bandwidth
1.4
MHz
3.0
MHz
5
MHz
10
MHz
15
MHz
20
MHz
Transmit OFF
power -48.5 dBm
Transmission OFF
Measurement
bandwidth
1.08 MHz 2.7 MHz 4.5 MHz 9.0 MHz 13.5 MHz 18 MHz
Expected PRACH
Transmission ON
Measured power
-1 7.5 -1 7.5 -1 7.5 -1 7.5 -1 7.5 -1 7.5
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 85
UE power measurement PRACH timing mask
ON power requirement
requirement
20s 20s
Transient period Transient period
PRACH
End of OFF power Start of OFF power
requirement
PRACH preamble format Measurement period (ms)
0 0.9031
1 1.4844
2 1.8031
3 2.2844
4 0.1479
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 86
PRACH measurements
For PRACH
you have to
set a trigger Reminder:
PRACH is
CAZAC
sequence
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 87
PRACH measurement: constellation diagram
Reminder:
PRACH is
CAZAC
sequence
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 88
PRACH measurement: power dynamics
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 89
Sounding Reference Signal Time Mask
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 90
UE power measurement SRS timing mask
requirement
20s 20s
Transient period Transient period
End of OFF
power requirement
SRS
SRS ON power
requirement
Start of OFF power
End of OFF
20s 20s 20s 20s
* Transient period is only specifed in the case of frequency hopping or a power change between SRS symbols
*Transient periodTransient period
SRS SRS
requirement
Transient period
Start of OFF power
power requirement
SRS ON power
requirement
SRS ON power
requirement
Single Sounding
Reference Symbol
Double Sounding
Reference Symbol
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 91
UE power measurement Subframe / slot boundary
20s 20s 20s 20s 20s 20s
Transient period Transient period Transient period
Start of N+1 power
requirement
End of N+1 power
requirement
N+1 Sub-frame
Sloti Sloti+1 N0 Sub-frame N+2 Sub-frame
Periods where power changes may occur
If intra-slot hopping is enabled
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 92
Tx power aspects RB power = Ressource Block Power, power of 1 RB TX power = integrated power of all assigned RBs
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 93
Resource allocation versus time
PUSCH allocation, different #RB and RB offset
PUCCH
allocation
No resource
scheduled
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 94
TTI based scheduling
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 95
LTE scheduling impact on power versus time
TTI based scheduling.
Different RB allocation
Impact
on UE
power
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 96
Transmit signal quality
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 97
Transmit signal quality carrier leakage
f
Parameters Relative Limit (dBc)
Output power >0 dBm -25
- -20
-40 dBm Output power < -30 dBm -10
Carrier leakage (The IQ origin offset) is an additive sinusoid waveform
that has the same frequency as the modulated waveform carrier frequency.
Frequency error
fc Fc+
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 98
Frequency Error
PPM + 15 Hz)
observed over a period of one time slot (0.5ms)
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 99
Impact on Tx modulation accuracy evaluation
l 3 modulation accuracy requirements
l EVM for the allocated RBs
l LO leakage for the centred RBs ! LO spread on all RBs
l I/Q imbalance in the image RBs
frequency
RF carrier
RB0 RB1 RB2 RB3 RB4 RB5
level
signal
noise
LO leakage
I/Q imbalance
EVM
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 100
Inband emissions
Used
allocation <
channel
bandwidth
channel bandwidth
3 types of inband emissions: general, DC and IQ image
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 101
Carrier Leakage Carrier leakage (the I/Q origin offset) is a form of interference caused by crosstalk or DC offset.
It expresses itself as an un-modulated sine wave with the carrier frequency.
I/Q origin offset interferes with the center sub carriers of the UE under test.
The purpose of this test is to evaluate the UE transmitter to verify its modulation quality in
terms of carrier leakage.
DC carrier leakage
due to IQ offset
LO
Leakage
Parameters Relative
Limit (dBc)
Output power >0 dBm -25
- -20
-40 dBm Output power < -30 dBm -10
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 102
Inband emmission error cases DC carrier leakage
due to IQ offset
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 103
Inband emmission error cases Inband image
due to IQ inbalance
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 104
Inband emmission error cases Inband image
due to IQ inbalance
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 105
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 106
UL Modulation quality: Constellation diagram LTE PUSCH uses
QPSK, 16QAM
and 64 QAM (optional)
modulation schemes.
In UL there is only 1 scheme
allowed per subframe
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 107
Error Vector Magnitude, EVM
Error Vector
Q
I
Ideal (Reference) Signal
Measured
Signal
Phase Error (IQ error phase)
Magnitude Error (IQ error magnitude)
Demodulator Ideal
Modulator Input Signal
-
+
Reference Waveform
Measured Waveform
Difference Signal
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 108
Error Vector Magnitude, EVM 7 symbols / slot
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 time
frequency
PUSCH symbol
Demodulation Reference
symbol, DMRS
Parameter
Unit Level
QPSK % 17.5
16QAM % 12.5
64QAM % [tbd]
Limit values
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 109
Error Vector Magnitude, EVM
Cyclic
prefix
OFDM
Symbol
Part equal
to CP
1 SC-FDMA symbol, including Cyclic Prefix, CP CP center
FFT Window size
FFT window size depends
on channel bandwidth and
extended/normal CP length
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 110
Error Vector Magnitude, EVM
Cyclic
prefix
OFDM
Symbol
Part equal
to CP
1 SC-FDMA symbol, including Cyclic Prefix, CP CP center
FFT Window size
cpN
Cyclic prefix length
cpNChannel Bandwidt
h MHz
for symbol 0 for symbols 1
to 6
Nominal
FFT size
Cyclic prefix
for symbols
1 to 6 in FFT
samples
EVM
window
length
W
Ratio of
W to CP
for
symbols 1
to 6*
1.4
160 144
128 9 [5] [55.6]
3 256 18 [12] [66.7]
5 512 36 [32] [88.9]
10 1024 72 [66] [91.7]
15 1536 108 [102] [94.4]
20 2048 144 [136] [94.4]
* Note: These percentages are informative and apply to symbols 1 through 6. Symbol 0 has a
longer CP and therefore a lower percentage.
FFT window size depends on channel bandwidth
and extended/normal CP length
Table from TS 36.101 for normal CP
FFT window does
not capture the
full length: OFDM
Symbol + CP
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 111
EVM measurement according to Spec
l Applies to PUSCH, PUCCH
and PRACH
l PUSCH and PUCCH UL Tx
Pwer
l @ Max & -36.8 dBm
l PRACH UL Tx Power
l FDD: @ -31 dBm & 14 dBm*
l TDD: @ -39 dBm & 6 dBm
Test Parameters for Channel Bandwidths
Downlink
Configuration
Uplink Configuration
Ch BW N/A for PUSCH EVM
testing
RB allocation
FDD TDD
1.4MHz QPSK 6 6
1.4MHz QPSK 1 1
1.4MHz 16QAM 6 6
1.4MHz 16QAM 1 1
3MHz QPSK 15 15
3MHz QPSK 4 4
3MHz 16QAM 15 15
3MHz 16QAM 4 4
5MHz QPSK 25 25
5MHz QPSK 8 8
5MHz 16QAM 25 25
5MHz 16QAM 8 8
10MHz QPSK 50 50
10MHz QPSK 12 12
10MHz 16QAM 50
(Note 3)
50
(Note 3)
10MHz 16QAM 12 12
15MHz QPSK 75 75
15MHz QPSK 16 16
15MHz 16QAM 75
(Note 3)
75
(Note 3)
15MHz 16QAM 16 16
20MHz QPSK 100 100
20MHz QPSK 18 18
20MHz 16QAM 100
(Note 3)
100
(Note 3)
20MHz 16QAM 18 18
Note 1: Test Channel Bandwidths are checked separately for each E-
UTRA band, which applicable channel bandwidths are specified in Table
5.4.2.1-1.
Note 2: For partial RB allocation, the starting resource block shall be
RB #0 and RB# (max+1 - RB allocation) of the channel bandwidth.
Note 3: Applies only for UE-Categories 2-5
* 20MHz, we can only reach 13 dBm
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 112
Cyclic prefix aspects
OFDM symbol is periodic!
Cyclic prefix does not provoque
phase shift
OFDM symbol n OFDM symbol n-1
We can observe a phase shift
Content is
different in each
OFDM symbol
CP CP
part CP
CP
part
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 113
Time windowing
Cyclic
prefix
OFDM
Symbol
Part equal
to CP
1 SC-FDMA symbol, including Cyclic Prefix, CP
Cyclic
prefix
OFDM
Symbol
Part equal
to CP
1 SC-FDMA symbol, including Cyclic Prefix, CP
Continuous phase shift
Difference in phase shift
Phase shift between SC-FDMA
symbols will cause side lobes
in spectrum display!
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 114
Time windowing
Cyclic
prefix
OFDM
Symbol
Part equal
to CP
Cyclic
prefix
OFDM
Symbol
Part equal
to CP
Continuous phase shift Difference in phase shift
Tx Time window Tx Time window
Tx time window creates
some kind of clipping in
symbol transitions
Tx time window can be used
to shape the Tx spectrum in
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 115
Time windowing
Cyclic
prefix
OFDM
Symbol
Part equal
to CP
Cyclic
prefix
OFDM
Symbol
Part equal
to CP
Continuous phase shift Difference in phase shift
Tx Time window Tx Time window
Tx time window creates
some kind of clipping in
symbol transitions
Tx time window will create
a higher Error Vector Magnitude!
Here the Tx time window of 5sec causes
Some mismatch between the 2 EVM
Measurements of the first SC-FDMA symbol
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 116
EVM vs. subcarrier
f
f0 f2 f1 f3
Nominal subcarriers
Each subcarrier
Modulated with
e.g. QPSK
. . . .
Integration of all
Error Vectors to
Display EVM curve
Error vector
Error vector
Note: simplified figure: in reality you
compare the waveforms due to SC-FDMA
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 117
EVM vs. subcarrier
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 118
EVM Equalizer Spectrum Flatness
2
2
*12
|)((|
|))((|*12
1
log*10)(fECA
fECAN
fP RBNRB
f
f0 f2 f1 f3
Nominal subcarriers
Subcarriers before
equalization
Amplitude Equalizer
coefficients
Integration of all
amplitude equalizer
coefficients to display
spectral flatness curve
The EVM equalizer spectrum flatness is defined as the variation in dB of the equalizer coefficients
generated by the EVM measurement process.
The EVM equalizer spectrum flatness requirement does not limit the correction applied to the signal
in the EVM measurement process but for the EVM result to be valid,
the equalizer correction that was applied must meet the
EVM equalizer spectral flatness minimum requirements.
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 119
Equalization
A(f)
f
Equalizer tries to
set same power level for
all subcarriers
1-tap equalization =
Interpreting the frequency
Selectivity as scalar factor
1-tap equalization =
Calculating scalar to
amplify or attenuate
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 120
Spectrum flatness calculation
A(f)
f
Equalizer tries to
set same power level for
all subcarriers
1-tap equalization =
Interpreting the frequency
Selectivity as scalar factor
1-tap equalization =
Calculating scalar to
amplify or attenuate 2
2
*12
|)((|
|))((|*12
1
log*10)(fECA
fECAN
fP RBNRB
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 121
Spectral flatness
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 122
Spectrum Flatness
Frequency Range
Maximum Ripple [dB]
FUL_Meas FUL_Low UL_High FUL_Meas
(Range 1)
5.4 (p-p)
FUL_Meas FUL_Low < 3 MHz or FUL_High FUL_Meas < 3 MHz
(Range 2)
9.4 (p-p)
Note 1: FUL_Meas refers to the sub-carrier frequency for which the equalizer
coefficient is evaluated
Note 2: FUL_Low and FUL_High refer to each E-UTRA frequency band specified in
Table 5.2-1
FUL_High FUL_High 3(5) MHz
< 5.4(5.4)
dBp-p
Range 1 Range 2
max(Range 1)-min(Range 2) < 6.4(7.4) dB max(Range 2)-min(Range 1) < 8.4(11.4) dB < 9.4(13.4) dBp-p
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 123
Harmonics, parasitic
emissions, intermodulation
and frequency conversion
from
modulation
process
Output RF Spectrum Emissions
Spurious domain
RB
Channel bandwidth Spurious domain
OOB
OOB
E-UTRA Band
Worst case:
Resource Blocks allocated at
channel edge
Spectrum Emission Mask SEM
-> measurement point by point (RBW)
Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio ACLR
-> integration (channel bandwidth)
occupied
bandwidth
Out-of-band emissions Spurious Emissions
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 124
Impact on SEM definition
l SEM defined for worst case scenario: RBs allocated at channel edge
l OOB emission scales with channel BW
>> a SEM per channel BW configuration
Channel
bandwidth
BWChannel
[MHz]
1.4 3 5 10 15 20
Length of OOB
domain on one
side [MHz]
5 6 10 15 20 25
5 MHz QPSK LTE Tx spectrum : +23.0 dBm / +22.0 dBm
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
offset (MHz)
level (d
Bm
/100kH
z)
1 RB MPR 0dB
5 RBs MPR 0dB
6 RBs MPR 0dB
7 RBs MPR 0dB
8 RBs MPR 0dB
9 RBs MPR 1dB
10 RBs MPR 1dB
11 RBs MPR 1dB
12 RBs MPR 1dB
13 RBs MPR 1dB
14 RBs MPR 1dB
15 RBs MPR 1dB
16 RBs MPR 1dB
18 RBs MPR 1dB
20 RBs MPR 1dB
25 RBs MPR 1dB
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 125
Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio - ACLR
l UTRA ACLR 1+2
l EUTRA ACLR
l EUTRA measured with rectangular filter,
WCDMA measured with RRC filter
E-UTRAACLR1 UTRA ACLR2 UTRAACLR1
RB
E-UTRA channel
Channel
OOB
The purpose of this test is to verify that the UE transmitter does not cause unacceptable
interference to adjacent channels.
This is accomplished by determining the adjacent channel leakage [power] ratio (ACLR).
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 126
Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio, ACLR
2 adjacent WCDMA
carriers, 5MHz BW
1 adjacent LTE
carrier, 20MHz BW
Active LTE
carrier, 20MHz BW
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 127
Occupied Bandwidth - OBW
99% of mean power
Occupied bandwidth is defined
as the bandwidth containing 99 %
of the total integrated mean power
of the transmitted spectrum
Transmission
Bandwidth [RB]
Transmission Bandwidth Configuration [RB]
Channel Bandwidth [MHz]
Res
ou
rce
blo
ck
Ch
an
nel e
dg
e
Ch
an
nel e
dg
e
DC carrier (downlink only)Active Resource Blocks
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 128
Spectrum Emission Mask, SEM
99% of mean power
OBW: Occupied bandwidth, defined as 99% of mean power
1 MHz RBW
1 MHz or 30 kHz RBW
30 kHz RBW
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 129
Impact on SEM limit definition
Spectrum emission limit (dBm)/ Channel bandwidth
OOB
(MHz)
1.4
MH
z
3.0
M
Hz
5
M
Hz
10
M
Hz
15
M
Hz
20
M
Hz
Measurement
bandwidth
0-1 -10 -13 -15 -18 -20 -21 30 kHz
1-2.5 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 1 MHz
2.5-5 -25 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 1 MHz
5-6 -25 -13 -13 -13 -13 1 MHz
6-10 -25 -13 -13 -13 1 MHz
10-15 -25 -13 -13 1 MHz
15-20 -25 -13 1 MHz
20-25 -25 1 MHz
Limits depend
on channel
bandwidth
Limits vary
dependent on offset
from assigned BW
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 130
SEM definition depends on band
Spectrum emission limit (dBm)/ Channel bandwidth
OOB
(MHz)
1.4
MHz
3.0
MHz
5
MHz
10
MHz
Measurement
bandwidth
0-0.1 -13 -13 -15 -18 30 kHz
0.1-1 -13 -13 -13 -13 100 kHz
1-2.5 -13 -13 -13 -13 1 MHz
2.5-5 -25 -13 -13 -13 1 MHz
5-6 -25 -13 -13 1 MHz
6-10 -25 -13 1 MHz
10-15 -25 1 MHz
Spectrum emission mask depends on additionally signalled band values NS_0x
e.g.
NS_07
=band 13
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 131
Transmitter Spurious Emissions
Spurious domain
RB
Channel bandwidth Spurious domain
OOB
OOB
E-UTRA Band
Frequency Range Maximum
Level
Measurement
Bandwidth
9 kHz f < 150 kHz -36 dBm 1 kHz
150 kHz f < 30 MHz -36 dBm 10 kHz
30 MHz f < 1000 MHz -36 dBm 100 kHz
1 GHz f < 12.75 GHz -30 dBm 1 MHz
The spurious emission limits apply for the frequency
edge of the channel bandwidth
Channel
bandwidth
1.4
MHz
3.0
MHz
5
MHz
10
MHz
15
MHz
20
MHz
OOB (MHz) 2.8 6 10 15 20 25
to other channels or other systems in terms of transmitter spurious emissions.
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 132
LTE Uplink: PUCCH
frequency
Allocation of
PUCCH only.
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 133
PUCCH measurements
PUCCH is transmitted on the 2 side
parts of the channel bandwidth
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 134
Transmit intermodulation
The transmit intermodulation performance is a measure of the capability of the transmitter
to inhibit the generation of signals in its non linear elements caused by presence of the
wanted signal and an interfering signal reaching the transmitter via the antenna.
User Equipment(s) transmitting in close vicinity of each other can produce intermodulation products,
which can fall into the UE, or eNode B receive band as an unwanted interfering signal.
The UE intermodulation attenuation is defined by the ratio of the mean power of the wanted signal
to the mean power of the intermodulation product when an interfering CW signal is added at a level
below the wanted signal at each of the transmitter antenna port with the other antenna port(s)
if any is terminated.
BWChannel (UL) 5MHz 10MHz 15MHz 20MHz
Interference Signal
Frequency Offset 5MHz 10MHz 10MHz 20MHz 15MHz 30MHz 20MHz 40MHz
Interference CW Signal
Level -40dBc
Intermodulation Product -29dBc -35dBc -29dBc -35dBc -29dBc -35dBc -29dBc -35dBc
Measurement bandwidth 4.5MHz 4.5MHz 9.0MHz 9.0MHz 13.5MHz 13.5MHz 18MHz 18MHz
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 135
Spurious Emissions
Frequency Band Measurement
Bandwidth
Maximum
level
30MHz f < 1GHz 100 kHz -57 dBm
1GHz f 12.75 GHz 1 MHz -47 dBm
General receiver spurious emission requirements
The spurious emissions power is the power of emissions generated or
amplified in a receiver that appear at the UE antenna connector.
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 136
SEM effect of scrambling
Modulation mapper
Transform
precoderScrambling
SC-FDMA
signal gen.
Resource
element mapper
Constant
Bit pattern
Scrambling
should
randomize the
bit stream
Scrambling
disabled +
constant bit
stream
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 137
LTE Receiver Measurements
1 Reference sensitivity level
2 Maximum input level
3 Adjacent Channel Selectivity (ACS)
4 Blocking characteristics
4.1 In-band blocking
4.2 Out-of-band blocking
4.3 Narrow band blocking
5 Spurious response
6 Intermodulation characteristics
6.1 Wide band Intermodulation
7 Spurious emissions
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 138
LTE open loop power control and RSRP reporting
UE
UE measures RSRP:
Reference Signal
Receive Power
System Information:
referenceSignalPower
[-60 .. 50]dBm
PDSCH, PUCCH or
SRS transmit power
at UE
PDSCH, PUCCH or
SRS receive power
at eNodeB
Pathloss =
referenceSignalPower - RSRP
UE reports RSRP:
back to the eNB
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 139
Reference Signal Receive Power, RSRP
R
R
R
R
Entire bandwidth
Scan over entire bandwidth,
RSRP = power of 1 symbol, as mean power
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 140
Received Signal Strength Indicator, RSSI
R
R
Entire bandwidth R
R
interferer
noise
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 141
LTE measurements
RSRP = Reference Signal Received Power
Definition Reference signal received power, the mean measured power of the
reference symbols during the measurement period.
Applicable for TBD
E-UTRA Carrier RSSI
Definition E-UTRA Carrier Received Signal Strength Indicator, comprises the total
received wideband power observed by the UE from all sources, including co-
channel serving and non-serving cells, adjacent channel interference, thermal
noise etc.
Applicable for TBD
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 142
LTE measurements: RSRQ Reference Signal Received Quality
Definition Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) is defined as the ratio NRSRP/(E-
UTRA carrier RSSI), where N -UTRA carrier
RSSI measurement bandwidth. The measurements in the numerator and
denominator shall be made over the same set of resource blocks.
E-UTRA Carrier Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), comprises the
linear average of the total received power (in [W]) observed only in OFDM
symbols containing reference symbols for antenna port 0, in the
measurement bandwidth, over N number of resource blocks by the UE
from all sources, including co-channel serving and non-serving cells,
adjacent channel interference, thermal noise etc.
The reference point for the RSRQ shall be the antenna connector of the UE.
If receiver diversity is in use by the UE, the reported value shall not be lower
than the corresponding RSRQ of any of the individual diversity branches.
Applicable for RRC_CONNECTED intra-frequency,
RRC_CONNECTED inter-frequency
RSRQ = RSRP
RSSI
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 143
RX Measurements general setup
Receive Sensitivity Tests
User
definable
DL
assignment
Table
(TTI based)
Specifies DL scheduling
parameters like
RB allocation
Modulation, etc.
for every TTI (1ms)
Transmit data
according to
table on PDSCH
ACK/NACK/DTX
Counting
Receive feedback
on PUSCH
or PUCCH
+
AWGN
Blockers
Adjacent channels
requirements in terms of throughput (BLER) instead of BER
Use both
Rx Antennas
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 144
Downlink channel power for Rx tests Physical Channel EPRE Ratio
PBCH PBCH_RA = 0 dB
PBCH_RB = 0 dB
PSS PSS_RA = 0 dB
SSS SSS_RA = 0 dB
PCFICH PCFICH_RB = 0 dB
PDCCH PDCCH_RA = 0 dB
PDCCH_RB = 0 dB
PDSCH PDSCH_RA = 0 dB
PDSCH_RB = 0 dB
PHICH PHICH_RB = 0 dB
Physical Channel EPRE Ratio
PBCH PBCH_RA = A
PBCH_RB = B
PSS PSS_RA = A
SSS SSS_RA = A
PCFICH PCFICH_RB =
B
PDCCH PDCCH_RA = A
PDCCH_RB = B
PDSCH PDSCH_RA = A
PDSCH_RB = B
PHICH PHICH_RB = B
For tests where no Ref. Signal
boosting is applied
For tests where Ref. Signal
boosting is applied, e.g. A = -3dB
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 145
Fixed reference channels
Parameter Unit Value
Channel bandwidth MHz 1.4 3 5 10 15 20
Allocated resource blocks 6 15 25 50 75 100
Subcarriers per resource block 12 12 12 12 12 12
Allocated subframes per Radio Frame 10 10 10 10 10 10
Modulation QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK
Target Coding Rate 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3
Number of HARQ Processes Processes 8 8 8 8 8 8
Maximum number of HARQ transmissions 1 1 1 1 1 1
Transport block CRC Bits 24 24 24 24 24 24
Number of Code Blocks per Sub-Frame
(Note 4)
For Sub-Frames 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9 Bits 1368 3780 6300 13800 20700 27600
For Sub-Frame 5 Bits n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
For Sub-Frame 0 Bits 528 2940 5460 12960 19860 26760
Max. Throughput averaged over 1 frame kbps 341.6 1143.2 1952.8 3952.8 6040.8 7884
UE Category 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5
Fixed reference channels defined in TS 36.101 for receiver quality measurements
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 146
RX sensitivity level
Channel bandwidth
E-UTRA
Ban
d
1.4 MHz
(dBm)
3 MHz
(dBm)
5 MHz
(dBm)
10 MHz
(dBm)
15 MHz
(dBm)
20 MHz
(dBm)
Duplex
Mode
1 - - -100 -97 -95.2 -94 FDD
2 -104.2 -100.2 -98 -95 -93.2 -92 FDD
3 -103.2 -99.2 -97 -94 -92.2 -91 FDD
4 -106.2 -102.2 -100 -97 -95.2 -94 FDD
5 -104.2 -100.2 -98 -95 FDD
6 - - -100 -97 FDD
Criterion: throughput shall be > 95% of possible maximum
(depend on RMC)
Sensitivity depends on band,
channel bandwidth and RMC
under test
Extract from TS 36.521
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 147
Block Error Ratio and Throughput
Rx
quality DL
signal
Channel
setup Criterion: throughput shall be
> 95% of possible maximum
(depending on RMC)
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 148
Details LTE FDD signaling Rx Measurements
l Rx Measurements
l Counting
ACKnowledgement (ACK)
NonACKnowledgement
(NACK)
DTX (no answer from UE)
l Calculating
l BLER (NACK/ALL)
l Throughput [kbps]
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 149
Rx measurements: BLER definition
PDCCH, scheduling info
PDSCH, as PRBS
ACK/NACK feedback
Count
#NACKs
and
calculate
BLER
Assumption is that eNB
Power = UE Rx power
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 150
Rx measurements: BLER definition
PDCCH, scheduling info
PDSCH, user data
ACK/NACK feedback
ACK = UE properly
Receives PDCCH + PDSCH
NACK = UE properly receives
PDCCH but does not understand
PDSCH
DTX = UE does not understand
PDCCH
ACK relative =
NACK relative =
DTX relativ =
DTXNACKACK
ACK
###
#
DTXNACKACK
NACK
###
#
DTXNACKACK
DTX
###
#
BLER = DTXNACKACK
DTXNACK
###
##
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 151
BLER verification
Downlink error
insertion to verify
the UE reports
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 152
Transportation Block Size Index
Transportation block size
FEC User data
Flexible ratio between data and FEC = adaptive coding
TBS Idx
0
9
15
26
Modulation
QPSK
16-QAM
64-QAM
S/N
Data
rate
No change in data
rate, but in reliability
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 153
Throughput versus SNR
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 154
UE sensitivity maximum input level
Rx Parameter Units Channel bandwidth
1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz
Wanted signal mean power dBm -25
Maximum input level
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 155
UE sensitivity RF sensitivity measurement
minimum input level
Channel bandwidth
E-UTRA
Ban
d
1.4 MHz
(dBm)
3 MHz
(dBm)
5 MHz
(dBm)
10 MHz
(dBm)
15 MHz
(dBm)
20 MHz
(dBm)
Duplex
Mode
1 - - -100 -97 -95.2 -94 FDD
2 -104.2 -100.2 -98 -95 -93.2 -92 FDD
3 -103.2 -99.2 -97 -94 -92.2 -91 FDD
4 -106.2 -102.2 -100 -97 -95.2 -94 FDD
5 -104.2 -100.2 -98 -95 FDD
6 - - -100 -97 FDD
PRBS
ACK/NACK
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 156
Adjacent Channel Selectivity (ACS)
Requirement per BW, LTE interferer
AC
S=
33
dB
[1.4MHz]
1.4MHz LTE 1.4MHz LTE
Pown = - 88.5
Padj = - 57.5
1.4MHz
2dB IM Nt = - 90.5
AC
S=
33
dB
[1.4MHz]
1.4MHz LTE 1.4MHz LTE
Pown = - 88.5
- 57.5
1.4MHz
2dB IM 2dB IM Nt = - 90.5
[3MHz]
AC
S=
33
dB
3MHz LTE 3MHz LTE
Pown = - 84.5
Nt = - 86.5
Padj = - 53.5
3MHz
2dB IM
[3MHz]
AC
S=
33
dB
3MHz LTE 3MHz LTE
Pown = - 84.5
Nt = - 86.5
= - 53.5
3MHz
2dB IM 2dB IM
AC
S=
33
dB
5MHz
5MHz LTE 5MHz LTE
Pown = - 82.3
Nt = - 84.3
Padj = - 51.3
5MHz
2dB IM
AC
S=
33
dB
5MHz
5MHz LTE 5MHz LTE
Pown = - 82.3
Nt = - 84.3
= - 51.3
5MHz
2dB IM 2dB IM
AC
S=
33
dB
10MHz
5MHz LTE 10MHz LTE
Pown = - 79.3
Nt = - 81.3
Padj = - 48.3
7.5MHz
2dB IM
AC
S=
33
dB
10MHz
5MHz LTE 10MHz LTE
Pown = - 79.3
Nt = - 81.3
= - 48.3
7.5MHz
2dB IM 2dB IM
Pown = - 77.5
Nt = - 79.5
Padj = - 49.5
AC
S=
3
0d
B
15MHz
5MHz LTE 15MHz LTE
10MHz
2dB IM Pown = - 77.5
Nt = - 79.5
= - 49.5
AC
S=
3
0d
B
15MHz
5MHz LTE 15MHz LTE
10MHz
2dB IM 2dB IM
Pown= -76.3
Nt= -78.3
Padj,wcdma= -51.3
ACS=
27
dB
20MHz
5MHz LTE20MHz LTE
12.5MHz
2dB IMPown= -76.3
Nt= -78.3
Padj,wcdma= -51.3
ACS=
27
dB
20MHz
5MHz LTE20MHz LTE
12.5MHz
2dB IM2dB IM
-UTRA signal at its assigned channel frequency
in the presence of an adjacent channel signal at a given frequency offset from the centre frequency of
the assigned channel and with the given power
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 157
Adjacent Channel selectivity
Channel bandwidth
Rx Parameter Units 1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz
ACS dB 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 30 27
Rx Parameter Units Channel bandwidth
1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz
Wanted signal
mean
power
dBm
REFSENS + 14 dB
PInterferer
dBm REFSENS
+45.5d
B
REFSENS
+45.5
dB
REFSENS
+45.5dB*
REFSENS
+45.5d
B
REFSENS
+42.5d
B
REFSENS
+39.5dB
BWInterferer MHz 1.4 3 5 5 5 5
FInterferer (offset) MHz 1.4+0.0025 /
-1.4-0.0025
3+0.0075
/
-3-0.0075
5+0.0025
/
-5-0.0025
7.5+0.0075
/
-7.5-0.0075
10+0.0125
/
-10-0.0125
12.5+0.0025
/
-12.5-0.0025
Adjacent Channel Selectivity (ACS) is a measure of a receiver's ability to receive a E-UTRA
signal at its assigned channel frequency in the presence of an adjacent channel signal at a given
frequency offset from the centre frequency of the assigned channel and with the given power
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 158
Receiver performance - Blocking tests
frequency
f >> system bandwidth
fc fB
In-band blocking
Out-of-band blocking
Narrow band blocking
Throughput
shall be
95%
CW interferer at a frequency,
which is less than the nominal channel spacing
5MHz LTE interferer
15MHz below to 15MHz above the UE receive band
CW interferer , more than 15MHz below to
15MHz above the UE receive band
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 159
Spurious Response Spurious response verifies the receiver's ability to receive a wanted signal on its assigned
channel frequency without exceeding a given degradation due to the presence of an unwanted
CW interfering signal at any other frequency at which a response is obtained i.e. for which
the out of band blocking limit as specified in sub-clause 7.6.2 is not met.
6/6,24max RBN
RBN
8/)2(,8max CRBsRB LN
RBN
CRBsL
For Table 7.6.2.3-2 in frequency range 1, 2 and 3, up to
exceptions are allowed for spurious response frequencies in each assigned frequency channel when measured using a 1MHz step size, where
is the number of resource blocks in the downlink transmission bandwidth configuration (see Figure 5.4.2-1).
For these exceptions the requirements of clause 7.7 Spurious Response are applicable. For Table 7.6.2.3-2 in frequency range 4, up to
exceptions are allowed for spurious response frequencies in each assigned frequency channel when measured using a 1MHz step size, where
is the number of resource blocks in the downlink transmission bandwidth configurations (see Figure 5.4.2-1) and
is the number of resource blocks allocated in the uplink. For these exceptions the requirements of clause 7.7 Spurious Response are applicable.
Out of band blocking
E-UTRA
band
Parameter Units Frequency
range 1 range 2 range 3 range 4
PInterferer dBm -44 -30 -15 -15
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13,
17, 18, 19,
20, 21,
33,34,35,36,3
7,38,39,40
FInterferer (CW)
MHz
FDL_low -15 to
FDL_low -60
FDL_low -60 to
FDL_low -85
FDL_low -85 to
1 MHz -
FDL_high +15 to
FDL_high + 60
FDL_high +60 to
FDL_high +85
FDL_high +85 to
+12750 MHz -
2, 5, 12, 17 FInterferer MHz - - - FUL_low - FUL_high
NOTE: For the UE which supports both Band 11 and Band 21 the out of blocking is FFS.
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 160
Rx quality - Intermodulation
frequency
Wanted Signal C
Modulated
Interferer Imod
f
Unmodulated
Interferer Icw
f
fc fcw fmod
Throughput
shall be
95%
See TS 36.101 for power and frequency offset definitions
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 161
CQI reporting
SIR
high
low
high low
n
n-1
n-2
n+2
n+1
Prevailing conditions of SIR
Optimum throughput
if the UE reports
CQI n
SIR changes, CQI reporting must follow!
Underrated
CQI report
Overrated
CQI report
Th
rou
gh
pu
t
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 162
CQI reporting
Calculate Median CQI,
Evaluate if more than 90% of reported CQI
Are in range of median CQI 1
Network sends median CQI evaluate BLER on median CQI
BLER on median CQI BLER must be
> 10%
BLER on median CQI > 10%
Network sends CQI -1
-> BLER must be
< 10%
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 163
Rx tests test mode UE SS
ACTIVATE TEST MODE
ACTIVATE TEST MODE COMPLETE
UE SS
CLOSE UE TEST LOOP
CLOSE UE TEST LOOP COMPLETE
Test modes defined to perform
Rx measurements, loop back
possible in test mode
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 164
UTRAN stack: 2 loop back mode defined
PHYSICAL LAYER
Medium Access Control
MAC
Packet Data Convergence
Protocol PDCP
Radio Link Control
RLC
Loop back above
PDCP, i.e. Layer 2
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 165
Test loop mode A
Uplink
and downlink
may have
various
capacity
UE Test Loop Mode A Function
u 0 ,u 1 .......u K .................u N - 1
User data
Down link
User data
Uplink
u 0 ,u 1 .......u K - 1 u 0 ,u 1 .......u K - 1
UE Test Loop Mode A Function
User data
Down link
User data
Uplink
u 0 .. u K - 1 ..u N - 1 u 0 ..u K - 1 u 0 ...u N - 1 u 0 ...u N - 1
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 166
Test loop mode B
Packet Data Convergence
Protocol PDCP
Loop back above
PDCP, i.e. Layer 2
buffer
PDU size
must match
Delayed loop back
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 167
Throughput measurements
Max throughput
possible in SISO
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 168
Rx measurements - throughput
Throughput
Measurement,
Settings for max
throughput
for SISO:
Number of
Resource blocks
Modulation scheme
Transport block size
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 169
LTE Downlink BLER and throughput
Rx quality,
Indicating NACKs when
Lowering the RS EPRE
Of the serving cell.
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 170
Throughput + CQI in LTE
Change of
RF
condition-
> lower
data rate
UE sends
different
CQI
values
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 171
MIMO testing For MIMO, enable cell
One antenna Two antennas Four antennas
eNode B Correlation 1eNBR
1
1eNBR
1
1
1
1
*9
1*9
4*
91*
91*
94
94
91*
91
94
91
eNBR
MIMO correlation
Models from
TS 36.521
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 172
MIMO in LTE: BLER and throughput
-
November 2012 | LTE measurements| 173
Throughput measurements
MIMO active,
2 streams with
differe
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