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LTE, UMTS Long Term Evolution LTE measurements from RF to application testing

Reiner Stuhlfauth

[email protected]

Training Centre

Rohde & Schwarz, Germany

Subject to change Data without tolerance limits is not binding.

R&S is a registered trademark of Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG. Trade names are trademarks

of the owners.

2011 ROHDE & SCHWARZ GmbH & Co. KG

Test & Measurement Division

- Training Center -

This folder may be taken outside ROHDE & SCHWARZ facilities.

ROHDE & SCHWARZ GmbH reserves the copy right to all of any part of these course notes.

Permission to produce, publish or copy sections or pages of these notes or to translate them must first

be obtained in writing from

ROHDE & SCHWARZ GmbH & Co. KG, Training Center, Mhldorfstr. 15, 81671 Munich, Germany

November 2012 | LTE measurements| 2

Mobile Communications: Fields for testing

l RF testing for mobile stations and user equipment

l RF testing for base stations

l Drive test solutions and verification of network

planning

l Protocol testing, signaling behaviour

l Testing of data end to end applications

l Audio and video quality testing

l Spectrum and EMC testing


Test Architecture RF-/L3-/IP Application-Test


LTE: EPS Bearer

P-GWS-GW Peer

Entity

UE eNB

EPS Bearer

Radio Bearer S1 Bearer

End-to-end Service

External Bearer

Radio S5/S8

Internet

S1

E-UTRAN EPC

Gi

S5/S8 Bearer


Mobile Radio Testing

Core network

A mobile radio tester emulates a

base station

Perform

RF measurements on

received uplink

Generate downlink

signal and send control

commands

Adjust the downlink

signal to how uplink is

received


Mobile Radio Testing

Signaling testing

Generate downlink

signal and send

signaling information

Non-Signaling testing

Control PC

Generate downlink

signal

No signaling


LTE measurements general aspects


LTE RF Testing Aspects UE requirements according to 3GPP TS 36.521

Power

Maximum output power

Maximum power reduction

Additional Maximum Power

Reduction

Minimum output power

Configured Output Power

Power Control

Absolution Power Control

Relative Power Control

Aggregate Power Control

ON/OFF Power time mask

Output RF spectrum emissions

Occupied bandwidth

Out of band emissions

Spectrum emisssion mask

Additional Spectrum emission mask

Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio

Transmit Intermodulation 36.521: User Equipment (UE) radio

transmission and reception

Transmit signal quality

Frequency error

Modulation quality, EVM

Carrier Leakage

In-Band Emission for non allocated RB

EVM equalizer spectrum flatness


LTE RF Testing Aspects UE requirements according to 3GPP, cont.

Receiver characteristics: Reference sensitivity level

Maximum input level

Adjacent channel selectivity

Blocking characteristics

In-band Blocking

Out of band Blocking

Narrow Band Blocking

Spurious response

Intermodulation characteristics

Spurious emissions

Performance


LTE RF Testing Aspects BS requirements according to 3GPP

l Transmitter Characteristics l Base station output power

l Frequency error

l Output power dynamics

l Transmit ON/OFF power

l Output RF spectrum emissions (Occupied bandwidth, Out of band

emission, BS Spectrum emission mask, ACLR, Spurious emission,

Co-

l Transmit intermodulation

l Modulation quality TR 36.804: Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception


LTE RF Testing Aspects BS requirements according to 3GPP, cont.

l Receiver Characteristics l Reference sensitivity level

l Dynamic range

l Adjacent Channel Selectivity (ACS)

l Blocking characteristics

l Intermodulation characteristics

l Spurious emissions

l Performance


LTE RF Measurements regional requirements

l Regional / band-specific requirements exist (e.g. spurious emissions)

l Since UEs roam implementation has to be dynamic

Concept of network signaled RF requirements has been introduced with

LTE.

-

- transmitted as IE AdditionalSpectrumEmission in SIB2


LTE bands and channel bandwidth E-UTRA band / channel bandwidth

E-UTRA Band 1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz

1 Yes Yes Yes Yes

2 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes[1] Yes[1]

3 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes[1] Yes[1]

4 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

5 Yes Yes Yes Yes[1]

6 Yes Yes[1]



9 Yes Yes Yes[1] Yes[1]

10 Yes Yes Yes Yes

11 Yes Yes[1]

12 Yes Yes Yes[1] Yes[1]

13 Yes[1] Yes[1]

14 Yes[1] Yes[1]

...

17 Yes[1] Yes[1]

...

33 Yes Yes Yes Yes

34 Yes Yes Yes



37 Yes Yes Yes Yes

38 Yes Yes Yes Yes

39 Yes Yes Yes Yes

40 Yes Yes Yes Yes

NOTE 1: bandwidth for which a relaxation of the specified UE receiver sensitivity requirement (Clause 7.3) is allowed.

Not every channel

bandwidth for

every band!


lowest EARFCN possible

and 1 RB at position 0

RF

po

we

r

Frequency = whole LTE band

RF

po

we

r

Frequency

RF

po

we

r

Frequency

mid EARFCN

and 1 RB at position 0

Highest EARFCN

and 1 RB at max position

Nominal frequency described by EARFCN (E-UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number)


Test Environment Test System Uncertainty

36.101 / 36.508

Temperature/Humidity

-normal conditions +15 C to +35 C, relative humidity 25 % to 75 %

-extreme conditions -10 C to +55 C (IEC 68-2-1/68-2-2)

Voltage

Vibration

Acceptable Test System Uncertainty (Test Tolerance, TT) defined for each test individually

in 36.521 Annex F (will be ignored further on for the sake of simplicity)

Test Minimum Requirement in TS

36.101

Test

Tolerance

(TT)

Test Requirement in TS 36.521-

1

6.2.2. UE

Maximum Output

Power

Power class 1: [FFS]


Power class 3: 23dBm 2 dB Power class 4: [FFS]

0.7 dB

0.7 dB

0.7 dB

0.7 dB

Formula:

Upper limit + TT, Lower limit - TT



Power class 3: 23dBm 2.7 dB Power class 4: [FFS]


LTE RF measurements on base stations


OFDM risk: Degradation

f

1

MCT

f0 f2

Sa

mp

les

f1 f3 f0 f2 f1 f3

ls n lr n

Channel (ideal)


OFDM risk: Degradation due to Frequency Offset

f

f

f0 f2

Sa

mp

les

f1 f3 f0 f2 f1 f3

2j nfe

ls n lr n

Channel


OFDM risk: Degradation due to Clock Offset

f

f0 f2

Sa

mp

les

f1 f3 f0 f2 f1 f3

ls n lr n

Channel

f k


Subcarrier zero handling

1/TSYMBOL=15kHz

f f-1 f0

f1

Subcarrier 0 or DC subcarrier

causes problems in DAC for

direct receiver strategies, DC offset!

12/

2/

212

,

RBsc

ULRB

RBsc

ULRB

s,CP)(

NN

NNk

TNtfkj

lklleats

2/

1

2)(

,

1

2/

2)(

,

)(

RBsc

DLRB

s,CP)(

RBsc

DLRB

s,CP)(

NN

k

TNtfkjp

lkNNk

TNtfkjp

lk

pl

ll eaeats

Downlink:

Uplink:

DC subcarrier subcarrier

offset

DC subcarrier,

suppressed

f-1 f+1


LTE: DC subcarrier usage

DC subcarrier or subcarrier 0 is not used in downlink!


DC offset possible reasons

PLL

1st mixer

fLO

fRX=fLO+fBB+f

fBB=fRx-fLO

Idea: set PLL to frequency fLO to get frequency of baseband

as fBB = fRX fLO But: if synthesizer has leakage: f will spread into the input:

At the output we get direct current, DC!

fLO_

fLO f =DC

Non-linearities of

Amplifier also cause

DC in the signal

fBB + DC

DC offset originated by mixer:


Base station test models Parameter 1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz

Reference, Synchronisation Signals

RS boosting, PB = EB/EA 1 1 1 1 1 1

Synchronisation signal EPRE / ERS [dB] 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Reserved EPRE / ERS [dB] -inf -inf -inf -inf -inf -inf

PBCH

PBCH EPRE / ERS [dB] 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Reserved EPRE / ERS [dB] -inf -inf -inf -inf -inf -inf

PCFICH

# of symbols used for control channels 2 1 1 1 1 1

PCFICH EPRE / ERS [dB] 3.222 0 0 0 0 0

PHICH

# of PHICH groups 1 1 1 2 2 3

# of PHICH per group 2 2 2 2 2 2

PHICH BPSK symbol power / ERS [dB] -3.010 -3.010 -3.010 -3.010 -3.010 -3.010

PHICH group EPRE / ERS [dB] 0 0 0 0 0 0

PDCCH

# of available REGs 23 23 43 90 140 187

# of PDCCH 2 2 2 5 7 10

# of CCEs per PDCCH 1 1 2 2 2 2

# of REGs per CCE 9 9 9 9 9 9

# of REGs allocated to PDCCH 18 18 36 90 126 180

# of REGs added for padding 5 5 7 0 14 7

PDCCH REG EPRE / ERS [dB] 0.792 2.290 1.880 1.065 1.488 1.195

REG EPRE / ERS [dB] -inf -inf -inf -inf -inf -inf

PDSCH

# of QPSK PDSCH PRBs which are boosted 6 15 25 50 75 100

PRB PA = EA/ERS [dB] 0 0 0 0 0 0

# of QPSK PDSCH PRBs which are de-boosted 0 0 0 0 0 0

PRB PA = EA/ERS [dB] n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

TS 36.141

Defines several

Test models

For base station

e.g. E-TM1.1


Base station unwanted emissions

Spurious domain

RB

Channel bandwidth Spurious domain

OOB

OOB

E-UTRA Band

Worst case:

Ressource Blocks allocated

at channel edge

ACLR Spurious emissions

Adjacent channel leakage

Operating band unwanted emissions


Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio - eNB

E-UTRA transmitted

signal channel

bandwidth

BWChannel [MHz]

BS adjacent channel

centre

frequency offset

below the first

or above the last

carrier centre

frequency

transmitted

Assumed

adjacent

channel

carrier

(informative)

Filter on the

adjacent

channel

frequency and

corresponding

filter bandwidth

ACLR

lim

it

1.4, 3.0, 5, 10, 15, 20 BWChannel E-UTRA of same

BW

Square (BWConfig) 45 dB

2 x BWChannel E-UTRA of same

BW

Square (BWConfig) 45 dB

BWChannel /2 + 2.5

MHz

3.84 Mcps UTRA RRC (3.84 Mcps) 45 dB

BWChannel /2 + 7.5

MHz

3.84 Mcps UTRA RRC (3.84 Mcps) 45 dB

NOTE 1: BWChannel and BWConfig are the channel bandwidth and transmission bandwidth configuration

of the E-UTRA transmitted signal on the assigned channel frequency.

NOTE 2: The RRC filter shall be equivalent to the transmit pulse shape filter defined in TS 25.104 [6],

with a chip rate as defined in this table. Limit is either -13 / -15dBm absolute or as above

Large bandwidth


Adjacent channel leakage power ratio


A

Ref 0 dBm At t 25 dB

EXT

1 AP

VI EW

Cent er 1. 947 GHz Span 25 MHz2. 5 MHz/

2 AP

VI EW

CLRWR

*

3DB

RBW 10 kHz

SWT 250 ms

VBW 30 kHz

3 AP

*

- 100

- 90

- 80

- 70

- 60

- 50

- 40

- 30

- 20

- 10

0

Date: 21.AUG.2008 15:51:00

ACLR measurement

fCarrier fUTRA, ACLR2 fUTRA, ACLR1

UTRAACLR1

= 33 dB

UTRAACLR2

= 36 dB UTRAACLR2bis

= 43 dB

Additional requirement for

E-UTRA frequency band I,

signaled by network to the UE



dBMHz

offsetfdBm 05.0

_

5

77

Frequency offset

of measurement

filter -3dB point, f

Frequency offset of

measurement filter centre

frequency, f_offset

Minimum requirement Measurem

ent

bandwidth

(Note 1)

0 MHz f < 5

MHz

0.05 MHz f_offset < 5.05

MHz

100 kHz

5 MHz f <

min(10 MHz,

fmax)

5.05 MHz f_offset <

min(10.05 MHz,

f_offsetmax)

-14 dBm 100 kHz

10 MHz f

fmax

10.05 MHz f_offset <

f_offsetmax

-16 dBm (Note 5) 100 kHz

TS 36.104 defines several limits: depending on

Channel bandwidth, additional regional limits and node B

limits category A or B for ITU defined regions

=> Several test setups are possible!

Narrow bandwidth


Unwanted emissions spurious emission

The transmitter spurious emission limits apply from 9 kHz to 12.75 GHz,

excluding the frequency range from 10 MHz below the lowest frequency of the downlink

operating band up to 10 MHz above the highest frequency of the downlink operating band

Frequency range Maximum level Measurement

Bandwidth

Note

9kHz - 150kHz

-13 dBm

1 kHz Note 1

150kHz - 30MHz 10 kHz Note 1

30MHz - 1GHz 100 kHz Note 1

1GHz 12.75 GHz 1 MHz Note 2

NOTE 1: Bandwidth as in ITU-R SM.329 [5] , s4.1

NOTE 2: Bandwidth as in ITU-R SM.329 [5] , s4.1. Upper frequency as in ITU-R SM.329 [5] , s2.5 table 1

Spurious emission limits, Category A


Spurious emissions operating band excluded


Base station maximum power

BS

cabinet

Test port A Test port B

External

device

e.g.

TX filter

(if any)

External

PA

(if any)

Towards

antenna connector

Normal port for

measurements Port to be used for

measurements in case

external equipment is

used

In normal conditions, the base station maximum output power

shall remain within +2 dB and -2 dB of the rated output power

declared by the manufacturer.


LTE DVB interference scenarios

For a BS declared to support Band 20 and to operate in geographic areas within the CEPT in which frequencies are allocated to broadcasting (DTT) service, the manufacturer shall additionally declare the following quantities associated with the applicable test conditions of Table 6.6.3.5.3-4 and information in annex G of [TS 36.104] :

PEM,N Declared emission level for channel N P10MHz Maximum output Power in 10 MHz

Adjacent channel leakage of

Basestation x into DTT channel N

is point of interest


Base station receiver test

70% of required throughput of FRC, Fixed Reference Channel

Example: Rx test, moving condition


Base station receiver test HARQ multiplexing

UE sends PUSCH with alternating data

and data with multiplexed ACK


Base station test power dynamics

BS under

Test

RF-

correc-

tion

FFT

2048 Per

subcarrier

Ampl.

/Phase

correction

Symbol

Detection /

decoding

100

RBs,

1200

sub

carr

CP-

remov

EVM

RETP

Synchronisation

time/frequency

Resource element Tx

power: Distinguish:

OFDM symbol

Reference symbol


[Time]

Downlink Power

[Power]

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

OFDM symbols

-50.00 dBm

PA = -4.77 dB

-54.77 dBm

-58.75 dBm

PB = 3 (-3.98 dB)

PDSCH power to RS, where NO reference

signals are present, is UE specific and

signaled by higher layers as PA.

Reference Signal:

Cell-specific

referenceSignalPower

(-

signaled in SIB Type 2 For PDSCH power in same

symbol as reference signal an

additional cell specific offset

is applied, that is signaled by

higher layers as PB.

PDCCH power

depending

B A

2011

Ro

hd

e&

Sch

warz

RSBAPDSCH EPREEPRE / B B AP MIMO)for exeptions some(with AA P

RS EPRE = Reference Signal

Energy per Resource Element

Reference signal power = linear average of all Ref.

Symbols over whole channel bandwidth


Base station test output power dynamics

Ref. Symbol, always on

OFDM Symbol not active!

OFDM Symbol active!

Measure avg OFDM

symbol power +

Compare active and

non-active case

PDSCH

# of 64QAM PDSCH PRBs within a slot for which EVM is measured

1 1 1 1 1 1

PRB PA = EA/ERS [dB] 0 0 0 0 0 0

# of PDSCH PRBs which are not allocated 5 14 24 49 74 99

PDSCH

# of 64QAM PDSCH PRBs within a slot for which EVM is measured

6 15 25 50 75 100

Test model:

E-TM3.1

All RB allocated

Test model:

E-TM2

Only 1 RB allocated


DL Modulation quality: Constellation diagram LTE downlink: several channels can be seen (example):

PDSCH with

16 QAM

PDCCH +

PBCH with

QPSK

S-SCH with

BPSK

CAZAC

Sequences,

Reference signals


LTE RF measurements on user equipment UEs


LTE Transmitter Measurements 1 Transmit power

1.1 UE Maximum Output Power

1.2 Maximum Power Reduction (MPR)

1.3 Additional Maximum Power Reduction (A-MPR)

1.4 Configured UE transmitted Output Power

2 Output Power Dynamics

2.1 Minimum Output Power

2.2 Transmit OFF power

2.3 ON/OFF time mask

2.3.1 General ON/OFF time mask

2.3.2 PRACH time mask

2.3.3 SRS time mask

2.4 Power Control

2.4.1 Power Control Absolute power tolerance

2.4.2 Power Control Relative power tolerance

2.4.3 Aggregate power control tolerance

3 Transmit signal quality

3.1 Frequency Error

3.2 Transmit modulation

3.2.1 Error Vector Magnitude (EVM)

3.2.2 Carrier leakage

3.2.3 In-band emissions for non allocated RB

3.2.4 EVM equalizer spectrum flatness

4 Output RF spectrum emissions

4.1 Occupied bandwidth

4.2 Out of band emission

4.2.1 Spectrum Emission Mask

4.2.2 Additional Spectrum Emission Mask

4.2.3 Adjacent Channel Leakage power Ratio

4.3 Spurious emissions

4.3.1 Transmitter Spurious emissions

4.3.2 Spurious emission band UE co-existence

4.3.3 Additional spurious emissions

5 Transmit intermodulation


UE Signal quality symbolic structure of mobile radio tester MRT

RF correction FFT

TxRx

equalizer EVM meas. IDFT

Test equipment

Rx

Inband-

emmissions

l Carrier Frequency error

l EVM (Error Vector Magnitude)

l Origin offset + IQ offset

l Unwanted emissions, falling into non allocated resource blocks.

l Inband transmission

l Spectrum flatness

DUT


UL Power Control: Overview

UL-Power Control is a

combination of:

l Open-loop:

UE estimates the DL-Path-

loss and compensates it

for the UL

l Closed-loop:

in addition, the eNB

controls directly the UL-

Power through power-

control commands

transmitted on the DL


PUSCH power control

l Power level [dBm] of PUSCH is calculated every subframe i based on the following

formula out of TS 36.213

Dynamic offset (closed loop) Basic open-loop starting point

Maximum allowed UE power

in this particular cell,

but at maximum +23 dBm1)

Number of allocated

resource blocks (RB)

Combination of cell- and UE-specific

components configured by L3

Cell-specific

parameter

configured by L3

PUSCH transport

format

Transmit power for PUSCH

in subframe i in dBm

Power control

adjustment derived

from TPC command

received in subframe (i-4)

Downlink

path loss

estimate

Bandwidth factor

1) +23 dBm is maximum allowed power in LTE according to TS 36.101, corresponding to power class 3bis in WCDMA

MPR


upper Pcmax definition

PCMAX_L T(PCMAX_L CMAX CMAX_H + T(PCMAX_H)

corrected

PCMAX_L = min{PEMAX_L, PUMAX } PCMAX_H = min{PEMAX_H, PPowerClass}

lower

Max. power permitted

in cell,

considering bandwidth

confinement

Max. power for UE,

considering maximum

power reduction

Max. power

permitted in cell

Max. power for

UE


PCMAX_L T(PCMAX_L CMAX CMAX_H + T(PCMAX_H),

l PEMAX_L is the maximum allowed power for this particular radio cell

configured by higher layers and corresponds to P-MAX information

element (IE) provided in SIB Type1

l

l PEMAX_L is reduced by 1.5 dB when the transmission BW is confined within

FUL_low and FUL_low+4 MHz or FUL_high 4 MHz and FUL_high,

Pcmax definition

lPCMAX_L = min{PEMAX_L , PUMAX },

FUL_low FUL_high

PPowerClass +

2dB

PPowerClass - 2dB 23dBm

FUL_high- 4MHz

-1.5dB -1.5dB


PCMAX_L T(PCMAX_L CMAX CMAX_H + T(PCMAX_H),

l PUMAX corresponds to maximum power (depending on power class,

taking into account Maximum Power Reduction MPR and additional

A-MPR

Pcmax definition

PCMAX_L = min{PEMAX_L , PUMAX },

UE power class

= 23dBm 2 dB Network may signal

bandwidth restriction

NS_0x

UE may decide to

reduce power


UE Maximum Power Reduction

UE transmits

at maximum power, maximum allowed

TX power reduction is given as

Modulation Channel bandwidth / Transmission bandwidth configuration

[RB]

MPR (dB)

1.4

MHz

3.0

MHz

5

MHz

10

MHz

15

MHz

20

MHz

QPSK > 5 > 4 > 8 > 12 > 16 > 18

16 QAM

16 QAM Full > 5 > 4 > 8 > 12 > 16 > 18

Higher order modulation schemes require

more dynamic -> UE will slightly repeal its

confinement for maximum power


UE Additional Maximum Power Reduction A-MPR

Network

Signaling

value

Requirements

(sub-clause)

E-UTRA Band Channel

Bandwidth

(MHz)

Resource

Blocks

A-MPR (dB)

NS_01 NA NA NA NA NA

NS_03

6.6.2.2.3.1 2,4,35,36 3 >5

6.6.2.2.3.1 2,4,10,35,36 5 >6

6.6.2.2.3.1 2,4,10,35,36 10 >6

6.6.2.2.3.1 2,4,10,35,36 15 >8

6.6.2.2.3.1 2,4,10,35,36 20 >10

NS_04 6.6.2.2.3.2 TBD TBD TBD TBD

NS_05 6.6.3.3.3.1 1 10,15,20

NS_06 6.6.2.2.3.3 12, 13, 14, 17 1.4, 3, 5, 10 n/a n/a

NS_07 6.6.2.2.3.3

6.6.3.3.3.2 13 10 Table 6.2.4.3-2

Table

6.2.4.3-2

NS_08 6.6.3.3.3.3 19 10, 15

> 29

> 39

> 44

[NS_09] 6.6.3.3.3.4 21 TBD TBD TBD

..

NS_32 - - - - -

Additional maximum

power reduction

requirements can be

signaled by the

network as NS value

in SIB2 (IE AdditionalSpectrumEmission)


PUSCH power control Transmit output power ( PUMAX

l In case of EUTRA Band 13 depending on RB allocation as well as

number of contiguously allocated RB different A-MPR needs to be

considered.

Network

Signalling

Value

Requiremen

ts

(sub-clause)

E-UTRA

Band

Channel

bandwidth

(MHz)

Resources

Blocks

A-MPR

(dB)

NS_07 6.6.2.2.3

6.6.3.3.2 13 10

Table

6.2.4

-2

Table

6.2.4

-2

Region A Region B Region C

RBStart 0 12 13 18 19 42 43 49

LCRB [RBs] 6 8 1 5 to 9 50 18

A-MPR [dB] 8 12 12 6 3

Indicates the lowest RB

index of transmitted

resource blocks

Defines the length of a

contiguous RB allocation

DL UL

756 746 787 777

3GPP Band 13



Pcmax definition tolerance values

PCMAx

(dBm)

Tolerance

T(PCMAX) (dB)

CMAX 2.0

CMAX < 21 2.5

CMAX < 20 3.5

CMAX < 19 4.0

CMAX < 18 5.0

CMAX < 13 6.0

- CMAX < 8 7.0

Tolerance is

depending on

power levels



l PEMAX_H is the maximum allowed power for this particular radio

cell configured by higher layers and corresponds to P-MAX

information element (IE) provided in SIB Type 1


PCMAX_H = min{PEMAX_H , PPowerClass },

UE power class

= 23dBm 2 dB



l PPowerClass. There is just one power class specified for LTE,

corresponding to power class 3bis in WCDMA with +23 dBm 2dB, MPR and A-MPR are not taken into account,


PCMAX_H = min{PEMAX_H , PPowerClass },

EUTRA

band

Class 1

(dB

m)

Tolerance

(dB)

Class 2

(dBm)

Tolerance

(dB)

Class 3

(dBm

)

Tolerance (dB) Class 4

(dBm)

Tolerance (dB)

1 23 2

2 23 22

23 22

40 23 2


Pcmax value for power control - analogies

Maximum speed = 280 km/h

=PPowerClass

=PEMAX_H =PEMAX_L =PUMAX

Under those conditions,

I shall drive more carefully!

Not going to the max seed!

-> speed reduction




LTE RF Testing: UE Maximum Power

UE transmits

with 23dBm 2 dB

QPSK modulation is used. All channel bandwidths are

tested separately. Max power is for all band classes

Test is performed for varios uplink allocations


Resource Blocks number and maximum RF power

One active resource block

(RB) provides maximum

absolute RF power RF

po

we

r

Frequency

RF

po

we

r

Frequency

lower RF power in order to

create same integrated

power

1 active resource block (RB),

Nominal band width 10 MHz

RF

po

we

r

Frequency

Additionally, MPR (Max.

Power Reduction) and A -

MPR are defined MPR


UE Maximum Output Power Test Configuration Initial Conditions

Test Environment as specified in TS 36.508 subclause 4.1 Normal, TL/VL, TL/VH, TH/VL, TH/VH

Test Frequencies as specified in TS 36.508 subclause 4.3.1 Low range, Mid range, High range

Test Channel Bandwidths as specified in TS 36.508 subclause 4.3.1 Lowest, 5MHz, Highest

Test Parameters for Channel Bandwidths

Downlink Configuration Uplink Configuration

Ch BW N/A for Max UE output power testing RB allocation

FDD TDD

1.4MHz QPSK 1 1

1.4MHz QPSK 5 5

3MHz QPSK 1 1

3MHz QPSK 4 4

5MHz QPSK 1 1

5MHz QPSK 8 8

10MHz QPSK 1 1

10MHz QPSK 12 12

15MHz QPSK 1 1

15MHz QPSK 16 16

20MHz QPSK 1 1

20MHz QPSK 18 18

Temperature/Voltage

high/low


UE maximum power

FUL_low FUL_high

PPowerClass + 2dB

PPowerClass - 2dB

maximum output

power for any

transmission bandwidth

within the channel bandwidth

23dBm


UE maximum power careful at band edge!

FUL_low FUL_high

PPowerClass + 2dB

PPowerClass - 2dB

23dBm

FUL_high- 4MHz FUL_low+4MHz

For transmission bandwidths confined within FUL_low and FUL_low + 4 MHz or

FUL_high 4 MHz and FUL_high, the maximum output power requirement is relaxed

by reducing the lower tolerance limit by 1.5 dB

-1.5dB -1.5dB


UE maximum power - examples

FUL_low FUL_high

PPowerClass + 2dB

PPowerClass - 2dB

23dBm

Example 1: No maximum power reduction by higher layers



Max. power permitted in cell,

considering bandwidth

confinement

Max. power for UE,

considering maximum power

reduction

Max. power permitted in

cell Max. power for UE

PEMAX_L = none PUMAX = power class 3 = +23 dBm

PEMAX_H = none PPowerClass = power class 3 = +23 dBm 25dBm

21dBm

T(PCMAX_L) = T(PCMAX_H)=2dB



FUL_low FUL_high

PCMAX_H + 7dB

PCMAX_L - 7dB

0 dBm

Example 2: max cell power = 0 dBm + band edge maximum power reduction



PEMAX_L = 0dBm -1.5 dB relaxation = -1.5dBm

PUMAX = power class 3 band relaxation = +21.5 dBm

+7dBm

-8.5dBm

T(PCMAX_L) = T(PCMAX_H)=7dB

PEMAX_H = 0 dBm

PPowerClass = power class 3 = +23 dBm

PCMAX_L=-1.5dBm PCMAX_H=0 dBm

FUL_low+4MHz



RB start = 13 FUL_high

PCMAX_H +2dB

PCMAX_L - 6dB

23 dBm

Example 3: Band 13 with NS_07 signalled ( = A-MPR). No Max Power restriction

16 QAM, 12 Resource blocks and RB start = 13. Bandwidth = 10 MHz



PEMAX_L = none

PUMAX = power class 3 MPR A.MPR = +10 dBm

+25dBm

4 dBm

T(PCMAX_L) = 6 dB

T(PCMAX_H)=2dB

PEMAX_H = none


PCMAX_L=10 dBm PCMAX_H=23 dBm

12 Resource blocks

MPR = 1dB, A-MPR = 12 dB, no band edge relaxation



FUL_low FUL_high

PCMAX_H + 2dB

PCMAX_L 2 dB

23 dBm

Example 4: band edge power relaxation no higher layer reduction signalled

QPSK, 15 RBs allocated, Band 2, RB allocated at band edge



PEMAX_L =none

PUMAX = power class 3 MPR-A-MPR-band relaxation

= 23-1-1-1.5=+19.5 dBm

+25 dBm

+16 dBm

PEMAX_H = none


PCMAX_L=19.5dBm

PCMAX_H= 23 dBm

FUL_low+4MHz

MPR = 1dB, A-MPR = 1 dB, band edge relaxation of 1.5dB

T(PCMAX_L) = 3.5 dB

T(PCMAX_H)=2dB

PCMAX_L 3.5 dB


LTE RF Testing: UE Minimum Power

UE transmits

with -40dBm

All channel bandwidths are tested separately.

Minimum power is for all band classes < -39 dBm


LTE RF Testing: UE Off Power

The transmit OFF power is defined as the mean power in a duration of at least one

sub-frame (1ms) excluding any transient periods. The transmit OFF power shall not

exceed the values specified in table below

Channel bandwidth / Minimum output power / measurement bandwidth

1.4

MHz

3.0

MHz

5

MHz

10

MHz

15

MHz

20

MHz

Transmit OFF power -50 dBm

Measurement

bandwidth 1.08 MHz 2.7 MHz 4.5 MHz 9.0 MHz 13.5 MHz 18 MHz


Power Control Related test items

l Absolute Power Control Tolerance -- PUSCH open loop

power control

l Relative Power Control Tolerance PUSCH relative power

control, including both power ramping and power change due

to Ressource block allocation change or TPC commands

l Aggregate Power Control PUSCH and PUCCH power

control ability when RB changes every subframe


Absolute Power Control Tolerance

l

ability to set its initial output power to a specific value at the

start of a contiguous transmission or non-contiguous

transmission with a long transmission gap.


Power Control - Absolute Power Tolerance

l

contiguous transmission or non-contiguous transmission with a long

transmission gap (>20ms).

l Set p0-NominalPUSCH to -105 (test point 1) and -93 (test point 2)

l Test requirement example for test point 1:

Channel bandwidth / expected output power (dBm)

1.4

MHz

3.0

MHz

5

MHz

10

MHz

15

MHz

20

MHz

Expected Measured

power Normal

conditions

-14.8 10.0

-10.8 10.0

-8.6 10.0

-5.6 10.0

-3.9 10.0

-2.6 10.0

Expected Measured

power Extreme

conditions

-14.8 13.0

-10.8 13.0

-8.6 13.0

-5.6 13.0

-3.9 13.0

-2.6 13.0


Configured UE transmitted Output Power

Test: set P-Max to -10, 10 and 15 dBm, measure PCMAX

IE P-Max (SIB1) = PEMAX

Channel bandwidth / maximum output power

1.4

MHz

3.0

MHz

5

MHz

10

MHz

15

MHz

20

MHz

PCMAX test point 1 -10 dBm 7.7

PCMAX test point 2 10 dBm 6.7

PCMAX test point 3 15 dBm 5.7

To verify that UE follows rules sent via

system information, SIB


LTE Power versus time

)}())(()())((log10,min{)( TFO_PUSCHPUSCH10MAXPUSCH ifiTFPLjPiMPiP

Bandwidth allocation TPC commands Given by higher layers

or not used

RB allocation

is main source for

power change

Not scheduled

Resource block


2

Accumulative TPC commands

TPC Command Field

In DCI format 0/3

Accumulated

[dB]

0 -1

1 0

2 1

3 3

PUSCH

minimum

power in LTE


Absolute TPC commands

TPC Command Field

In DCI format 0/3

Absolute [dB]

only DCI format 0

0 -4

1 -1

2 1

3 4

PUSCH

Pm

)}())(()())((log10,min{)( TFO_PUSCHPUSCH10MAXPUSCH ifiTFPLjPiMPiP

-4 -1


Relative Power Control

0 .. 9 sub-frame# 1 2 3 4 radio frame


RB change

RB change

Power pattern A

Power pattern C


RB change

Power pattern B

l The purpose of this test is to verify

the ability of the UE transmitter to set

its output power relatively to the

power in a target sub-frame, relatively

to the power of the most recently

transmitted reference sub-frame, if the

transmission gap between these sub-


Power Control Relative Power Tolerance

l

frame, relative to the power of the most recently transmitted

reference sub-frame, if the transmission gap between these

sub-


Power Control Relative Power Tolerance

l Various power ramping patterns are defined

ramping up

ramping down

alternating


UE power measurements relative power change

Power step P

(Up or down)

[dB]

All combinations of

PUSCH and

PUCCH

transitions [dB]

All combinations of

PUSCH/PUCCH

and SRS

transitions

between sub-

frames [dB]

PRACH [dB]

2.5 (Note 3) 3.0 2.5

2 3.0 4.0 3.0

3 3.5 5.0 3.5

4 4.0 6.0 4.0

10 5.0 8.0 5.0

15 6.0 9.0 6.0

P

time

Power tolerance relative given by table


UE power measurements relative power change

Power

FDD test patterns

0 1 9 sub-frame#

Power

TDD test patterns

0 2 3 7 8 9 sub-frame#

Sub-test Uplink RB allocation TPC command Expected power

step size

(Up or

down)

Power step size

range (Up or

down)

PUSCH/

[dB]

A Fixed = 25 Alternating TPC =

+/-1dB 1 1 (1.7)

B Alternating 10 and 18 TPC=0dB 2.55 2 2.55 (3.7)

C Alternating 10 and 24 TPC=0dB 3.80 3 3.80 (42.)

D Alternating 2 and 8 TPC=0dB 6.02 4 6.02 (4.7)

E Alternating 1 and 25 TPC=0dB 13.98 10 13.98 (5.7)

F Alternating 1 and 50 TPC=0dB 16.99 15 16.99 (6.7)

test for

each

bandwidth,

here 10MHz


UE aggregate power tolerance

Aggregate power control tolerance is the ability of a UE to maintain its power in

non-contiguous transmission within 21 ms in response to 0 dB TPC commands

TPC command UL channel Aggregate power tolerance within 21 ms

0 dB PUCCH 2.5 dB

0 dB PUSCH 3.5 dB

Note:

1. The UE transmission gap is 4 ms. TPC command is transmitted via PDCCH 4 subframes preceding

each PUCCH/PUSCH transmission.

P

Time = 21 milliseconds

UE power with

TPC = 0

Tolerated UE power

deviation


Aggregate Power Control

l

maintain its power level during a non-contiguous

transmission within 21 ms in response to 0 dB TPC

commands with respect to the first UE transmission, when

the power control parameters specified in TS 36.213 are

constant.

l Both PUSCH mode and PUCCH mode need to be tested

Power

FDD test patterns

0 5 0 5 0

sub-frame#

Power

TDD test patterns

3 8 3 8 3

sub-frame#


UE aggregate power tolerance

Power

FDD test patterns

0 5 0 5 0

sub-frame#

Power

TDD test patterns

3 8 3 8 3

sub-frame#

Test performed with scheduling gap of 4 subframes


UE power measurement timing masks

End of OFF power

20s 20s

Transient period Transient period

Start of OFF power

Start of ON power

requirement

Start Sub-frame End sub-frame

End of ON power

requirement

* The OFF power requirements does not

apply for DTX and measurement gaps

Timing definition OFF ON commands

Timing definition ON OFF commands


Power dynamics

PUSCH = ON PUSCH = OFF PUSCH = OFF time

Please note: scheduling cadence for power dynamics


General ON/OFF time mask Measured subframe = 2

UL/DL Scheduling should be configured properly.

TDD Issues: - Special Subframe

Configuration

- >off power before is

highter than off

power after

- tune down DL

power


PRACH time mask

ON power requirement

requirement

20s 20s


PRACH

End of OFF power Start of OFF power

requirement

PRACH

preamble

format

Measurement

period (ms)

0 0.9031

1 1.4844

2 1.8031

3 2.2844

4 0.1479

Channel bandwidth / Output Power [dBm] / measurement

bandwidth

1.4

MHz

3.0

MHz

5

MHz

10

MHz

15

MHz

20

MHz

Transmit OFF

power -48.5 dBm

Transmission OFF

Measurement

bandwidth

1.08 MHz 2.7 MHz 4.5 MHz 9.0 MHz 13.5 MHz 18 MHz

Expected PRACH

Transmission ON

Measured power

-1 7.5 -1 7.5 -1 7.5 -1 7.5 -1 7.5 -1 7.5


UE power measurement PRACH timing mask

ON power requirement

requirement

20s 20s


PRACH

End of OFF power Start of OFF power

requirement

PRACH preamble format Measurement period (ms)

0 0.9031

1 1.4844

2 1.8031

3 2.2844

4 0.1479


PRACH measurements

For PRACH

you have to

set a trigger Reminder:

PRACH is

CAZAC

sequence


PRACH measurement: constellation diagram

Reminder:

PRACH is

CAZAC

sequence


PRACH measurement: power dynamics


Sounding Reference Signal Time Mask


UE power measurement SRS timing mask

requirement

20s 20s


End of OFF

power requirement

SRS

SRS ON power

requirement

Start of OFF power

End of OFF

20s 20s 20s 20s

* Transient period is only specifed in the case of frequency hopping or a power change between SRS symbols

*Transient periodTransient period

SRS SRS

requirement

Transient period

Start of OFF power

power requirement

SRS ON power

requirement

SRS ON power

requirement

Single Sounding

Reference Symbol

Double Sounding

Reference Symbol


UE power measurement Subframe / slot boundary

20s 20s 20s 20s 20s 20s

Transient period Transient period Transient period

Start of N+1 power

requirement

End of N+1 power

requirement

N+1 Sub-frame

Sloti Sloti+1 N0 Sub-frame N+2 Sub-frame

Periods where power changes may occur

If intra-slot hopping is enabled


Tx power aspects RB power = Ressource Block Power, power of 1 RB TX power = integrated power of all assigned RBs


Resource allocation versus time

PUSCH allocation, different #RB and RB offset

PUCCH

allocation

No resource

scheduled


TTI based scheduling


LTE scheduling impact on power versus time

TTI based scheduling.

Different RB allocation

Impact

on UE

power


Transmit signal quality


Transmit signal quality carrier leakage

f

Parameters Relative Limit (dBc)

Output power >0 dBm -25

- -20

-40 dBm Output power < -30 dBm -10

Carrier leakage (The IQ origin offset) is an additive sinusoid waveform

that has the same frequency as the modulated waveform carrier frequency.

Frequency error

fc Fc+


Frequency Error

PPM + 15 Hz)

observed over a period of one time slot (0.5ms)


Impact on Tx modulation accuracy evaluation

l 3 modulation accuracy requirements

l EVM for the allocated RBs

l LO leakage for the centred RBs ! LO spread on all RBs

l I/Q imbalance in the image RBs

frequency

RF carrier

RB0 RB1 RB2 RB3 RB4 RB5

level

signal

noise

LO leakage

I/Q imbalance

EVM


Inband emissions

Used

allocation <

channel

bandwidth

channel bandwidth

3 types of inband emissions: general, DC and IQ image


Carrier Leakage Carrier leakage (the I/Q origin offset) is a form of interference caused by crosstalk or DC offset.

It expresses itself as an un-modulated sine wave with the carrier frequency.

I/Q origin offset interferes with the center sub carriers of the UE under test.

The purpose of this test is to evaluate the UE transmitter to verify its modulation quality in

terms of carrier leakage.

DC carrier leakage

due to IQ offset

LO

Leakage

Parameters Relative

Limit (dBc)

Output power >0 dBm -25

- -20

-40 dBm Output power < -30 dBm -10


Inband emmission error cases DC carrier leakage

due to IQ offset


Inband emmission error cases Inband image

due to IQ inbalance


UL Modulation quality: Constellation diagram LTE PUSCH uses

QPSK, 16QAM

and 64 QAM (optional)

modulation schemes.

In UL there is only 1 scheme

allowed per subframe


Error Vector Magnitude, EVM

Error Vector

Q

I

Ideal (Reference) Signal

Measured

Signal

Phase Error (IQ error phase)

Magnitude Error (IQ error magnitude)

Demodulator Ideal

Modulator Input Signal

-

+

Reference Waveform

Measured Waveform

Difference Signal


Error Vector Magnitude, EVM 7 symbols / slot

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 time

frequency

PUSCH symbol

Demodulation Reference

symbol, DMRS

Parameter

Unit Level

QPSK % 17.5

16QAM % 12.5

64QAM % [tbd]

Limit values



Cyclic

prefix

OFDM

Symbol

Part equal

to CP

1 SC-FDMA symbol, including Cyclic Prefix, CP CP center

FFT Window size

FFT window size depends

on channel bandwidth and

extended/normal CP length



Cyclic

prefix

OFDM

Symbol

Part equal

to CP

1 SC-FDMA symbol, including Cyclic Prefix, CP CP center

FFT Window size

cpN

Cyclic prefix length

cpNChannel Bandwidt

h MHz

for symbol 0 for symbols 1

to 6

Nominal

FFT size

Cyclic prefix

for symbols

1 to 6 in FFT

samples

EVM

window

length

W

Ratio of

W to CP

for

symbols 1

to 6*

1.4

160 144

128 9 [5] [55.6]

3 256 18 [12] [66.7]

5 512 36 [32] [88.9]

10 1024 72 [66] [91.7]

15 1536 108 [102] [94.4]

20 2048 144 [136] [94.4]

* Note: These percentages are informative and apply to symbols 1 through 6. Symbol 0 has a

longer CP and therefore a lower percentage.

FFT window size depends on channel bandwidth

and extended/normal CP length

Table from TS 36.101 for normal CP

FFT window does

not capture the

full length: OFDM

Symbol + CP


EVM measurement according to Spec

l Applies to PUSCH, PUCCH

and PRACH

l PUSCH and PUCCH UL Tx

Pwer

l @ Max & -36.8 dBm

l PRACH UL Tx Power

l FDD: @ -31 dBm & 14 dBm*

l TDD: @ -39 dBm & 6 dBm

Test Parameters for Channel Bandwidths

Downlink

Configuration

Uplink Configuration

Ch BW N/A for PUSCH EVM

testing

RB allocation

FDD TDD

1.4MHz QPSK 6 6

1.4MHz QPSK 1 1

1.4MHz 16QAM 6 6

1.4MHz 16QAM 1 1

3MHz QPSK 15 15

3MHz QPSK 4 4

3MHz 16QAM 15 15

3MHz 16QAM 4 4

5MHz QPSK 25 25

5MHz QPSK 8 8

5MHz 16QAM 25 25

5MHz 16QAM 8 8

10MHz QPSK 50 50

10MHz QPSK 12 12

10MHz 16QAM 50

(Note 3)

50

(Note 3)

10MHz 16QAM 12 12

15MHz QPSK 75 75

15MHz QPSK 16 16

15MHz 16QAM 75

(Note 3)

75

(Note 3)

15MHz 16QAM 16 16

20MHz QPSK 100 100

20MHz QPSK 18 18

20MHz 16QAM 100

(Note 3)

100

(Note 3)

20MHz 16QAM 18 18

Note 1: Test Channel Bandwidths are checked separately for each E-

UTRA band, which applicable channel bandwidths are specified in Table

5.4.2.1-1.

Note 2: For partial RB allocation, the starting resource block shall be

RB #0 and RB# (max+1 - RB allocation) of the channel bandwidth.

Note 3: Applies only for UE-Categories 2-5

* 20MHz, we can only reach 13 dBm


Cyclic prefix aspects

OFDM symbol is periodic!

Cyclic prefix does not provoque

phase shift

OFDM symbol n OFDM symbol n-1

We can observe a phase shift

Content is

different in each

OFDM symbol

CP CP

part CP

CP

part


Time windowing

Cyclic

prefix

OFDM

Symbol

Part equal

to CP

1 SC-FDMA symbol, including Cyclic Prefix, CP

Cyclic

prefix

OFDM

Symbol

Part equal

to CP

1 SC-FDMA symbol, including Cyclic Prefix, CP

Continuous phase shift

Difference in phase shift

Phase shift between SC-FDMA

symbols will cause side lobes

in spectrum display!


Time windowing

Cyclic

prefix

OFDM

Symbol

Part equal

to CP

Cyclic

prefix

OFDM

Symbol

Part equal

to CP

Continuous phase shift Difference in phase shift

Tx Time window Tx Time window

Tx time window creates

some kind of clipping in

symbol transitions

Tx time window can be used

to shape the Tx spectrum in


Time windowing

Cyclic

prefix

OFDM

Symbol

Part equal

to CP

Cyclic

prefix

OFDM

Symbol

Part equal

to CP

Continuous phase shift Difference in phase shift

Tx Time window Tx Time window

Tx time window creates

some kind of clipping in

symbol transitions

Tx time window will create

a higher Error Vector Magnitude!

Here the Tx time window of 5sec causes

Some mismatch between the 2 EVM

Measurements of the first SC-FDMA symbol


EVM vs. subcarrier

f

f0 f2 f1 f3

Nominal subcarriers

Each subcarrier

Modulated with

e.g. QPSK

. . . .

Integration of all

Error Vectors to

Display EVM curve

Error vector

Error vector

Note: simplified figure: in reality you

compare the waveforms due to SC-FDMA


EVM vs. subcarrier


EVM Equalizer Spectrum Flatness

2

2

*12

|)((|

|))((|*12

1

log*10)(fECA

fECAN

fP RBNRB

f

f0 f2 f1 f3

Nominal subcarriers

Subcarriers before

equalization

Amplitude Equalizer

coefficients

Integration of all

amplitude equalizer

coefficients to display

spectral flatness curve

The EVM equalizer spectrum flatness is defined as the variation in dB of the equalizer coefficients

generated by the EVM measurement process.

The EVM equalizer spectrum flatness requirement does not limit the correction applied to the signal

in the EVM measurement process but for the EVM result to be valid,

the equalizer correction that was applied must meet the

EVM equalizer spectral flatness minimum requirements.


Equalization

A(f)

f

Equalizer tries to

set same power level for

all subcarriers

1-tap equalization =

Interpreting the frequency

Selectivity as scalar factor


Calculating scalar to

amplify or attenuate


Spectrum flatness calculation

A(f)

f

Equalizer tries to

set same power level for

all subcarriers


Interpreting the frequency

Selectivity as scalar factor


Calculating scalar to

amplify or attenuate 2

2

*12

|)((|

|))((|*12

1

log*10)(fECA

fECAN

fP RBNRB


Spectral flatness


Spectrum Flatness

Frequency Range

Maximum Ripple [dB]

FUL_Meas FUL_Low UL_High FUL_Meas

(Range 1)

5.4 (p-p)

FUL_Meas FUL_Low < 3 MHz or FUL_High FUL_Meas < 3 MHz

(Range 2)

9.4 (p-p)

Note 1: FUL_Meas refers to the sub-carrier frequency for which the equalizer

coefficient is evaluated

Note 2: FUL_Low and FUL_High refer to each E-UTRA frequency band specified in

Table 5.2-1

FUL_High FUL_High 3(5) MHz

< 5.4(5.4)

dBp-p

Range 1 Range 2

max(Range 1)-min(Range 2) < 6.4(7.4) dB max(Range 2)-min(Range 1) < 8.4(11.4) dB < 9.4(13.4) dBp-p


Harmonics, parasitic

emissions, intermodulation

and frequency conversion

from

modulation

process

Output RF Spectrum Emissions

Spurious domain

RB


OOB

OOB

E-UTRA Band

Worst case:

Resource Blocks allocated at

channel edge

Spectrum Emission Mask SEM

-> measurement point by point (RBW)

Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio ACLR

-> integration (channel bandwidth)

occupied

bandwidth

Out-of-band emissions Spurious Emissions


Impact on SEM definition

l SEM defined for worst case scenario: RBs allocated at channel edge

l OOB emission scales with channel BW

>> a SEM per channel BW configuration

Channel

bandwidth

BWChannel

[MHz]

1.4 3 5 10 15 20

Length of OOB

domain on one

side [MHz]

5 6 10 15 20 25

5 MHz QPSK LTE Tx spectrum : +23.0 dBm / +22.0 dBm

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

offset (MHz)

level (d

Bm

/100kH

z)

1 RB MPR 0dB

5 RBs MPR 0dB

6 RBs MPR 0dB

7 RBs MPR 0dB

8 RBs MPR 0dB

9 RBs MPR 1dB

10 RBs MPR 1dB

11 RBs MPR 1dB

12 RBs MPR 1dB

13 RBs MPR 1dB

14 RBs MPR 1dB

15 RBs MPR 1dB

16 RBs MPR 1dB

18 RBs MPR 1dB

20 RBs MPR 1dB

25 RBs MPR 1dB


Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio - ACLR

l UTRA ACLR 1+2

l EUTRA ACLR

l EUTRA measured with rectangular filter,

WCDMA measured with RRC filter

E-UTRAACLR1 UTRA ACLR2 UTRAACLR1

RB

E-UTRA channel

Channel

OOB

The purpose of this test is to verify that the UE transmitter does not cause unacceptable

interference to adjacent channels.

This is accomplished by determining the adjacent channel leakage [power] ratio (ACLR).


Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio, ACLR

2 adjacent WCDMA

carriers, 5MHz BW

1 adjacent LTE

carrier, 20MHz BW

Active LTE

carrier, 20MHz BW


Occupied Bandwidth - OBW

99% of mean power

Occupied bandwidth is defined

as the bandwidth containing 99 %

of the total integrated mean power

of the transmitted spectrum

Transmission

Bandwidth [RB]

Transmission Bandwidth Configuration [RB]

Channel Bandwidth [MHz]

Res

ou

rce

blo

ck

Ch

an

nel e

dg

e

Ch

an

nel e

dg

e

DC carrier (downlink only)Active Resource Blocks


Spectrum Emission Mask, SEM

99% of mean power

OBW: Occupied bandwidth, defined as 99% of mean power

1 MHz RBW

1 MHz or 30 kHz RBW

30 kHz RBW


Impact on SEM limit definition

Spectrum emission limit (dBm)/ Channel bandwidth

OOB

(MHz)

1.4

MH

z

3.0

M

Hz

5

M

Hz

10

M

Hz

15

M

Hz

20

M

Hz

Measurement

bandwidth

0-1 -10 -13 -15 -18 -20 -21 30 kHz

1-2.5 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 1 MHz

2.5-5 -25 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 1 MHz

5-6 -25 -13 -13 -13 -13 1 MHz

6-10 -25 -13 -13 -13 1 MHz

10-15 -25 -13 -13 1 MHz

15-20 -25 -13 1 MHz

20-25 -25 1 MHz

Limits depend

on channel

bandwidth

Limits vary

dependent on offset

from assigned BW


SEM definition depends on band

Spectrum emission limit (dBm)/ Channel bandwidth

OOB

(MHz)

1.4

MHz

3.0

MHz

5

MHz

10

MHz

Measurement

bandwidth

0-0.1 -13 -13 -15 -18 30 kHz

0.1-1 -13 -13 -13 -13 100 kHz

1-2.5 -13 -13 -13 -13 1 MHz

2.5-5 -25 -13 -13 -13 1 MHz

5-6 -25 -13 -13 1 MHz

6-10 -25 -13 1 MHz

10-15 -25 1 MHz

Spectrum emission mask depends on additionally signalled band values NS_0x

e.g.

NS_07

=band 13


Transmitter Spurious Emissions

Spurious domain

RB


OOB

OOB

E-UTRA Band

Frequency Range Maximum

Level

Measurement

Bandwidth

9 kHz f < 150 kHz -36 dBm 1 kHz

150 kHz f < 30 MHz -36 dBm 10 kHz

30 MHz f < 1000 MHz -36 dBm 100 kHz

1 GHz f < 12.75 GHz -30 dBm 1 MHz

The spurious emission limits apply for the frequency

edge of the channel bandwidth

Channel

bandwidth

1.4

MHz

3.0

MHz

5

MHz

10

MHz

15

MHz

20

MHz

OOB (MHz) 2.8 6 10 15 20 25

to other channels or other systems in terms of transmitter spurious emissions.


LTE Uplink: PUCCH

frequency

Allocation of

PUCCH only.


PUCCH measurements

PUCCH is transmitted on the 2 side

parts of the channel bandwidth


Transmit intermodulation

The transmit intermodulation performance is a measure of the capability of the transmitter

to inhibit the generation of signals in its non linear elements caused by presence of the

wanted signal and an interfering signal reaching the transmitter via the antenna.

User Equipment(s) transmitting in close vicinity of each other can produce intermodulation products,

which can fall into the UE, or eNode B receive band as an unwanted interfering signal.

The UE intermodulation attenuation is defined by the ratio of the mean power of the wanted signal

to the mean power of the intermodulation product when an interfering CW signal is added at a level

below the wanted signal at each of the transmitter antenna port with the other antenna port(s)

if any is terminated.

BWChannel (UL) 5MHz 10MHz 15MHz 20MHz

Interference Signal

Frequency Offset 5MHz 10MHz 10MHz 20MHz 15MHz 30MHz 20MHz 40MHz

Interference CW Signal

Level -40dBc

Intermodulation Product -29dBc -35dBc -29dBc -35dBc -29dBc -35dBc -29dBc -35dBc

Measurement bandwidth 4.5MHz 4.5MHz 9.0MHz 9.0MHz 13.5MHz 13.5MHz 18MHz 18MHz


Spurious Emissions

Frequency Band Measurement

Bandwidth

Maximum

level

30MHz f < 1GHz 100 kHz -57 dBm

1GHz f 12.75 GHz 1 MHz -47 dBm

General receiver spurious emission requirements

The spurious emissions power is the power of emissions generated or

amplified in a receiver that appear at the UE antenna connector.


SEM effect of scrambling

Modulation mapper

Transform

precoderScrambling

SC-FDMA

signal gen.

Resource

element mapper

Constant

Bit pattern

Scrambling

should

randomize the

bit stream

Scrambling

disabled +

constant bit

stream


LTE Receiver Measurements

1 Reference sensitivity level

2 Maximum input level

3 Adjacent Channel Selectivity (ACS)

4 Blocking characteristics

4.1 In-band blocking

4.2 Out-of-band blocking

4.3 Narrow band blocking

5 Spurious response

6 Intermodulation characteristics

6.1 Wide band Intermodulation

7 Spurious emissions


LTE open loop power control and RSRP reporting

UE

UE measures RSRP:

Reference Signal

Receive Power

System Information:

referenceSignalPower

[-60 .. 50]dBm

PDSCH, PUCCH or

SRS transmit power

at UE

PDSCH, PUCCH or

SRS receive power

at eNodeB

Pathloss =

referenceSignalPower - RSRP

UE reports RSRP:

back to the eNB


Reference Signal Receive Power, RSRP

R

R

R

R

Entire bandwidth

Scan over entire bandwidth,

RSRP = power of 1 symbol, as mean power


Received Signal Strength Indicator, RSSI

R

R

Entire bandwidth R

R

interferer

noise


LTE measurements

RSRP = Reference Signal Received Power

Definition Reference signal received power, the mean measured power of the

reference symbols during the measurement period.

Applicable for TBD

E-UTRA Carrier RSSI

Definition E-UTRA Carrier Received Signal Strength Indicator, comprises the total

received wideband power observed by the UE from all sources, including co-

channel serving and non-serving cells, adjacent channel interference, thermal

noise etc.

Applicable for TBD


LTE measurements: RSRQ Reference Signal Received Quality

Definition Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) is defined as the ratio NRSRP/(E-

UTRA carrier RSSI), where N -UTRA carrier

RSSI measurement bandwidth. The measurements in the numerator and

denominator shall be made over the same set of resource blocks.

E-UTRA Carrier Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), comprises the

linear average of the total received power (in [W]) observed only in OFDM

symbols containing reference symbols for antenna port 0, in the

measurement bandwidth, over N number of resource blocks by the UE

from all sources, including co-channel serving and non-serving cells,

adjacent channel interference, thermal noise etc.

The reference point for the RSRQ shall be the antenna connector of the UE.

If receiver diversity is in use by the UE, the reported value shall not be lower

than the corresponding RSRQ of any of the individual diversity branches.

Applicable for RRC_CONNECTED intra-frequency,

RRC_CONNECTED inter-frequency

RSRQ = RSRP

RSSI


RX Measurements general setup

Receive Sensitivity Tests

User

definable

DL

assignment

Table

(TTI based)

Specifies DL scheduling

parameters like

RB allocation

Modulation, etc.

for every TTI (1ms)

Transmit data

according to

table on PDSCH

ACK/NACK/DTX

Counting

Receive feedback

on PUSCH

or PUCCH

+

AWGN

Blockers

Adjacent channels

requirements in terms of throughput (BLER) instead of BER

Use both

Rx Antennas


Downlink channel power for Rx tests Physical Channel EPRE Ratio

PBCH PBCH_RA = 0 dB

PBCH_RB = 0 dB

PSS PSS_RA = 0 dB

SSS SSS_RA = 0 dB

PCFICH PCFICH_RB = 0 dB

PDCCH PDCCH_RA = 0 dB

PDCCH_RB = 0 dB

PDSCH PDSCH_RA = 0 dB

PDSCH_RB = 0 dB

PHICH PHICH_RB = 0 dB

Physical Channel EPRE Ratio

PBCH PBCH_RA = A

PBCH_RB = B

PSS PSS_RA = A

SSS SSS_RA = A

PCFICH PCFICH_RB =

B

PDCCH PDCCH_RA = A

PDCCH_RB = B

PDSCH PDSCH_RA = A

PDSCH_RB = B

PHICH PHICH_RB = B

For tests where no Ref. Signal

boosting is applied

For tests where Ref. Signal

boosting is applied, e.g. A = -3dB


Fixed reference channels

Parameter Unit Value

Channel bandwidth MHz 1.4 3 5 10 15 20

Allocated resource blocks 6 15 25 50 75 100

Subcarriers per resource block 12 12 12 12 12 12

Allocated subframes per Radio Frame 10 10 10 10 10 10

Modulation QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK

Target Coding Rate 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3

Number of HARQ Processes Processes 8 8 8 8 8 8

Maximum number of HARQ transmissions 1 1 1 1 1 1

Transport block CRC Bits 24 24 24 24 24 24

Number of Code Blocks per Sub-Frame

(Note 4)

For Sub-Frames 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9 Bits 1368 3780 6300 13800 20700 27600

For Sub-Frame 5 Bits n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

For Sub-Frame 0 Bits 528 2940 5460 12960 19860 26760

Max. Throughput averaged over 1 frame kbps 341.6 1143.2 1952.8 3952.8 6040.8 7884

UE Category 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5

Fixed reference channels defined in TS 36.101 for receiver quality measurements


RX sensitivity level

Channel bandwidth

E-UTRA

Ban

d

1.4 MHz

(dBm)

3 MHz

(dBm)

5 MHz

(dBm)

10 MHz

(dBm)

15 MHz

(dBm)

20 MHz

(dBm)

Duplex

Mode

1 - - -100 -97 -95.2 -94 FDD

2 -104.2 -100.2 -98 -95 -93.2 -92 FDD

3 -103.2 -99.2 -97 -94 -92.2 -91 FDD

4 -106.2 -102.2 -100 -97 -95.2 -94 FDD

5 -104.2 -100.2 -98 -95 FDD

6 - - -100 -97 FDD

Criterion: throughput shall be > 95% of possible maximum

(depend on RMC)

Sensitivity depends on band,

channel bandwidth and RMC

under test

Extract from TS 36.521


Block Error Ratio and Throughput

Rx

quality DL

signal

Channel

setup Criterion: throughput shall be

> 95% of possible maximum

(depending on RMC)


Details LTE FDD signaling Rx Measurements

l Rx Measurements

l Counting

ACKnowledgement (ACK)

NonACKnowledgement

(NACK)

DTX (no answer from UE)

l Calculating

l BLER (NACK/ALL)

l Throughput [kbps]


Rx measurements: BLER definition

PDCCH, scheduling info

PDSCH, as PRBS

ACK/NACK feedback

Count

#NACKs

and

calculate

BLER

Assumption is that eNB

Power = UE Rx power


Rx measurements: BLER definition

PDCCH, scheduling info

PDSCH, user data

ACK/NACK feedback

ACK = UE properly

Receives PDCCH + PDSCH

NACK = UE properly receives

PDCCH but does not understand

PDSCH

DTX = UE does not understand

PDCCH

ACK relative =

NACK relative =

DTX relativ =

DTXNACKACK

ACK

###

#

DTXNACKACK

NACK

###

#

DTXNACKACK

DTX

###

#

BLER = DTXNACKACK

DTXNACK

###

##


BLER verification

Downlink error

insertion to verify

the UE reports


Transportation Block Size Index

Transportation block size

FEC User data

Flexible ratio between data and FEC = adaptive coding

TBS Idx

0

9

15

26

Modulation

QPSK

16-QAM

64-QAM

S/N

Data

rate

No change in data

rate, but in reliability


Throughput versus SNR


UE sensitivity maximum input level

Rx Parameter Units Channel bandwidth

1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz

Wanted signal mean power dBm -25

Maximum input level


UE sensitivity RF sensitivity measurement

minimum input level

Channel bandwidth

E-UTRA

Ban

d

1.4 MHz

(dBm)

3 MHz

(dBm)

5 MHz

(dBm)

10 MHz

(dBm)

15 MHz

(dBm)

20 MHz

(dBm)

Duplex

Mode

1 - - -100 -97 -95.2 -94 FDD

2 -104.2 -100.2 -98 -95 -93.2 -92 FDD

3 -103.2 -99.2 -97 -94 -92.2 -91 FDD

4 -106.2 -102.2 -100 -97 -95.2 -94 FDD

5 -104.2 -100.2 -98 -95 FDD

6 - - -100 -97 FDD

PRBS

ACK/NACK


Adjacent Channel Selectivity (ACS)

Requirement per BW, LTE interferer

AC

S=

33

dB

[1.4MHz]

1.4MHz LTE 1.4MHz LTE

Pown = - 88.5

Padj = - 57.5

1.4MHz

2dB IM Nt = - 90.5

AC

S=

33

dB

[1.4MHz]

1.4MHz LTE 1.4MHz LTE

Pown = - 88.5

- 57.5

1.4MHz

2dB IM 2dB IM Nt = - 90.5

[3MHz]

AC

S=

33

dB

3MHz LTE 3MHz LTE

Pown = - 84.5

Nt = - 86.5

Padj = - 53.5

3MHz

2dB IM

[3MHz]

AC

S=

33

dB

3MHz LTE 3MHz LTE

Pown = - 84.5

Nt = - 86.5

= - 53.5

3MHz

2dB IM 2dB IM

AC

S=

33

dB

5MHz

5MHz LTE 5MHz LTE

Pown = - 82.3

Nt = - 84.3

Padj = - 51.3

5MHz

2dB IM

AC

S=

33

dB

5MHz

5MHz LTE 5MHz LTE

Pown = - 82.3

Nt = - 84.3

= - 51.3

5MHz

2dB IM 2dB IM

AC

S=

33

dB

10MHz

5MHz LTE 10MHz LTE

Pown = - 79.3

Nt = - 81.3

Padj = - 48.3

7.5MHz

2dB IM

AC

S=

33

dB

10MHz

5MHz LTE 10MHz LTE

Pown = - 79.3

Nt = - 81.3

= - 48.3

7.5MHz

2dB IM 2dB IM

Pown = - 77.5

Nt = - 79.5

Padj = - 49.5

AC

S=

3

0d

B

15MHz

5MHz LTE 15MHz LTE

10MHz

2dB IM Pown = - 77.5

Nt = - 79.5

= - 49.5

AC

S=

3

0d

B

15MHz

5MHz LTE 15MHz LTE

10MHz

2dB IM 2dB IM

Pown= -76.3

Nt= -78.3

Padj,wcdma= -51.3

ACS=

27

dB

20MHz

5MHz LTE20MHz LTE

12.5MHz

2dB IMPown= -76.3

Nt= -78.3

Padj,wcdma= -51.3

ACS=

27

dB

20MHz

5MHz LTE20MHz LTE

12.5MHz

2dB IM2dB IM

-UTRA signal at its assigned channel frequency

in the presence of an adjacent channel signal at a given frequency offset from the centre frequency of

the assigned channel and with the given power


Adjacent Channel selectivity

Channel bandwidth

Rx Parameter Units 1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz

ACS dB 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 30 27

Rx Parameter Units Channel bandwidth

1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz

Wanted signal

mean

power

dBm

REFSENS + 14 dB

PInterferer

dBm REFSENS

+45.5d

B

REFSENS

+45.5

dB

REFSENS

+45.5dB*

REFSENS

+45.5d

B

REFSENS

+42.5d

B

REFSENS

+39.5dB

BWInterferer MHz 1.4 3 5 5 5 5

FInterferer (offset) MHz 1.4+0.0025 /

-1.4-0.0025

3+0.0075

/

-3-0.0075

5+0.0025

/

-5-0.0025

7.5+0.0075

/

-7.5-0.0075

10+0.0125

/

-10-0.0125

12.5+0.0025

/

-12.5-0.0025

Adjacent Channel Selectivity (ACS) is a measure of a receiver's ability to receive a E-UTRA

signal at its assigned channel frequency in the presence of an adjacent channel signal at a given

frequency offset from the centre frequency of the assigned channel and with the given power


Receiver performance - Blocking tests

frequency

f >> system bandwidth

fc fB

In-band blocking

Out-of-band blocking

Narrow band blocking

Throughput

shall be

95%

CW interferer at a frequency,

which is less than the nominal channel spacing

5MHz LTE interferer

15MHz below to 15MHz above the UE receive band

CW interferer , more than 15MHz below to

15MHz above the UE receive band


Spurious Response Spurious response verifies the receiver's ability to receive a wanted signal on its assigned

channel frequency without exceeding a given degradation due to the presence of an unwanted

CW interfering signal at any other frequency at which a response is obtained i.e. for which

the out of band blocking limit as specified in sub-clause 7.6.2 is not met.

6/6,24max RBN

RBN

8/)2(,8max CRBsRB LN

RBN

CRBsL

For Table 7.6.2.3-2 in frequency range 1, 2 and 3, up to

exceptions are allowed for spurious response frequencies in each assigned frequency channel when measured using a 1MHz step size, where

is the number of resource blocks in the downlink transmission bandwidth configuration (see Figure 5.4.2-1).

For these exceptions the requirements of clause 7.7 Spurious Response are applicable. For Table 7.6.2.3-2 in frequency range 4, up to

exceptions are allowed for spurious response frequencies in each assigned frequency channel when measured using a 1MHz step size, where

is the number of resource blocks in the downlink transmission bandwidth configurations (see Figure 5.4.2-1) and

is the number of resource blocks allocated in the uplink. For these exceptions the requirements of clause 7.7 Spurious Response are applicable.

Out of band blocking

E-UTRA

band

Parameter Units Frequency

range 1 range 2 range 3 range 4

PInterferer dBm -44 -30 -15 -15

1, 2, 3, 4, 5,

6, 7, 8, 9, 10,

11, 12, 13,

17, 18, 19,

20, 21,

33,34,35,36,3

7,38,39,40

FInterferer (CW)

MHz

FDL_low -15 to

FDL_low -60

FDL_low -60 to

FDL_low -85

FDL_low -85 to

1 MHz -

FDL_high +15 to

FDL_high + 60

FDL_high +60 to

FDL_high +85

FDL_high +85 to

+12750 MHz -

2, 5, 12, 17 FInterferer MHz - - - FUL_low - FUL_high

NOTE: For the UE which supports both Band 11 and Band 21 the out of blocking is FFS.


Rx quality - Intermodulation

frequency

Wanted Signal C

Modulated

Interferer Imod

f

Unmodulated

Interferer Icw

f

fc fcw fmod

Throughput

shall be

95%

See TS 36.101 for power and frequency offset definitions


CQI reporting

SIR

high

low

high low

n

n-1

n-2

n+2

n+1

Prevailing conditions of SIR

Optimum throughput

if the UE reports

CQI n

SIR changes, CQI reporting must follow!

Underrated

CQI report

Overrated

CQI report

Th

rou

gh

pu

t


CQI reporting

Calculate Median CQI,

Evaluate if more than 90% of reported CQI

Are in range of median CQI 1

Network sends median CQI evaluate BLER on median CQI

BLER on median CQI BLER must be

> 10%

BLER on median CQI > 10%

Network sends CQI -1

-> BLER must be

< 10%


Rx tests test mode UE SS

ACTIVATE TEST MODE

ACTIVATE TEST MODE COMPLETE

UE SS

CLOSE UE TEST LOOP

CLOSE UE TEST LOOP COMPLETE

Test modes defined to perform

Rx measurements, loop back

possible in test mode


UTRAN stack: 2 loop back mode defined

PHYSICAL LAYER

Medium Access Control

MAC

Packet Data Convergence

Protocol PDCP

Radio Link Control

RLC

Loop back above

PDCP, i.e. Layer 2


Test loop mode A

Uplink

and downlink

may have

various

capacity

UE Test Loop Mode A Function

u 0 ,u 1 .......u K .................u N - 1

User data

Down link

User data

Uplink

u 0 ,u 1 .......u K - 1 u 0 ,u 1 .......u K - 1

UE Test Loop Mode A Function

User data

Down link

User data

Uplink

u 0 .. u K - 1 ..u N - 1 u 0 ..u K - 1 u 0 ...u N - 1 u 0 ...u N - 1


Test loop mode B

Packet Data Convergence

Protocol PDCP

Loop back above

PDCP, i.e. Layer 2

buffer

PDU size

must match

Delayed loop back


Throughput measurements

Max throughput

possible in SISO


Rx measurements - throughput

Throughput

Measurement,

Settings for max

throughput

for SISO:

Number of

Resource blocks

Modulation scheme

Transport block size


LTE Downlink BLER and throughput

Rx quality,

Indicating NACKs when

Lowering the RS EPRE

Of the serving cell.


Throughput + CQI in LTE

Change of

RF

condition-

> lower

data rate

UE sends

different

CQI

values


MIMO testing For MIMO, enable cell

One antenna Two antennas Four antennas

eNode B Correlation 1eNBR

1

1eNBR

1

1

1

1

*9

1*9

4*

91*

91*

94

94

91*

91

94

91

eNBR

MIMO correlation

Models from

TS 36.521


MIMO in LTE: BLER and throughput


Throughput measurements

MIMO active,

2 streams with

differe

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