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Chapter 4Social and Personality

Development in Infancy

Forming the Roots of Sociability:

Emotions in Infancy

Across every culture, infants show similar facial expressions relating to basic emotions.

Influenced by bio AND exp.

E.g., rules of display are culturally influenced

Temperament

Emergence of Emotional Expressions:

first expression of relationships

The “self-conscious” emotions (jealousy, empathy, embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt) appear later

• Enables coordinated interactions w/caregivers• Reciprocal changes in expression

Emergence of Emotional Expressions:

first expression of relationshipsCrying: at least three

types:basic cryanger crypain cry

stimulated by physical pain or high-intensity stimulus

Emergence of Emotional Expressions:

first expression of relationshipsSmiling: 2 types:

ReflexiveSocial

4 months

Begins ~ 8 or 9 months; peaks ~14

months. (Slightly later than stranger

anxiety.)

Both stranger & separation anxiety

represent important social progress!

They reflect cognitive advances in

the infant, and growing emotional

and social bonds.

http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/shared_hss_assets/psychology/dev_vid/video_pop-ups/feldman_video_06-2.html

Separation Anxiety (Protest)

Separation Anxiety (Protest)

A universal (but slightly varying) phenomenon

Social Referencing: Feeling What Others Feel

Social Referencing > reading emotional cues to help determine how to act; esp facial expressions

First occurs ~8-9 months. Most likely > uncertain and ambiguous

situations. If Dad and Mom show conflicting emotions?

[next]

Temperament

Chess and Thomas’Easy - 40% Difficult - 10% Slow-to-warm-up - 15%35% cannot be consistently categorized

Kagan’s Behavioral Inhibition/socially bold Effortful Control > high control = self-

soothing; low control = easily agitated Biological foundations and experience

The Consequences of Temperament:Does Temperament Matter?

GOODNESS OF FIT: Development is dependent on the degree of match between children's temperament and the nature and demands of the environment in which they are being raised.

= affect on LT dev’t

Infant Personality Development

Personality - enduring personal characteristics

Includes emotions and temperament

Erikson: Early Py is shaped largely by an infant’s personal experiences [next]

First year of life; Trust Age 2: Independence

“autonomy versus shame and doubt” when caregivers are impatient and do for

toddlers what they are capable of doing themselves, shame and doubt develop

Stages/Crises

The Development of Self

SELF-AWARENESS, knowledge of self, begins to grow ~12 months.

mirror and rouge task. Most infants attempt to wipe

off the rouge b/t 17-24 months.

Ability to assess own physical features emerges in 2nd year.

Crying, when presented with complicated tasks, implies consciousness.

[next]

Attachment

Konrad LorenzImprinting Harry Harlow and one of his monkeys

[next]

Attachment

John Bowlby > attachment has a biological basis

Ainsworth Strange Situation: illustrates the strength of attachment between a child and (typically) his or her mother [next]

Attachment

Individual Differences in Attachment

Responses the Strange Situation securely attachedinsecure avoidantinsecure resistantinsecure disorganized

Individual Differences in Attachment

Attachment: The Roles of Mother & Father

When stressed, infants tend to prefer their mothers. [?]

BUT, no preference when no stress (boredom, fatigue, novel stimuli) present

Fathers > more rough-and-tumble play; mothers > more feeding and nurturing.

An interconnecting constellation of subsystems

Generations, genders, roles, Reciprocal relationships

Attachment

MUTUAL REGULATION MODEL

RECIPROCAL SOCIALIZATION Scaffolding (turn-taking) part of the process

Gender

Dissimilar worlds for members of each sex, even during infancy.

Fathers interact more with sons than daughters; mothers more with daughters.

Fathers > more rough-and-tumble play; mothers > more feeding and nurturing.

Infants wear different clothes and are given different toys based on gender.

Infants' behavior is interpreted differently depending on gender.

Male infants are more active and fussier than females. By age one, infants are able to distinguish between

males and females.

Day care and social and personality development.

2/3 between 4 months and 3 years of age spend time in non-parental child care.

> 80% of infants are cared for by people other than mothers at some point during their first year of life.

Day Care: Assessing Outcomes

Possible advantages Solve problems

better. Pay greater

attention to others. Use language

more effectively. Play well with

others.

Possible disadvantages

Lower attachment. Slower cognitive

development Illness

Where Are Children Cared For?