lessons from 30+ years of experience no panaceas no cheap solutions no breakthroughs--no miracles...
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LessonsFrom 30+ Years of Experience
• No Panaceas
• No Cheap Solutions
• No Breakthroughs--No Miracles
• Numbers Matter
• Experience Matters
• Size Matters
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Lessons• Always Check the Numbers
Vortec: The Numbers Didn’t Add Up
• Always Check the ReferencesVortec: References Discredited in the USA
• Always GoogleVortec: Ducted Turbine Critics on the Web
• Always Go to the Library. . . Or to Your Neighborhood Bookstore!
Lots of Wind Books Now Available
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Lessons• Always Be Wary of “New” Designs
© VortecPaul Gipe, wind-works.org
Scams, Frauds, & FlakesTell-Tale Signs
• Hype High--Experience Low• New Design-- “Not Like Those Others”• “New” Patents• “Works @ 2 m/s!• Drag Devices (Squirrels in a Cage)• Ducted Turbines!• Pyramid Schemes
“Get in on the Ground Floor Now”• Fancy Web Sites
Cheaper than Hardware
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
Nomenclature
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
• Mid-80s HAWT
• Internal Ladder
• w/ Fall Restraint
• Work Platform
• Tip Brakes
• “Rocket” Tower
Historical Wind Turbines
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Historical Wind Turbines
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Smith-Putnam 1.25 MW
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Smith-Putnam 1.25 MW, 1941~700 hrs
Gedser24 m, 250 kW1957-1967
© Risø National Laboratory
Tvind54 m, 2 MW1978-Present
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Growian100 m, 3 MW,
1981~400 hrs
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Applications-Telecom
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Applications-Yurt Power
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Applications-Marine
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Applications-Cathodic Protection
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Applications-Fence Charging
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Applications--Off-the-Grid
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Applications--Homes
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Applications--Farms
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Applications--Wind Power Plants
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Models of Development
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Small Groups or Clusters
Electric Vehicle Charging
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Electric Vehicle Charging
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Interconnected Wind Turbines
• 90,000 units worldwide--115 TWh/yr
• 600 TWh cumulative generation
• 7,400 million operating hours
• 75% induction (asynchronous)
generators
• 25% AC-DC-AC with inverters
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Single Turbine Interconnection
Arrays
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Wind Plant ArraysRectilinear
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Typical California Spacing
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
3 RD
6 RD
Wind Plant Arrays--Rectilinear
Paul Gipe, wind-works.org
160-250 kW: Mojave, California
750 kW: Lake Benton, Minnesota
750 kW: Lake Benton, Minnesota
1 mi1.7 km
640 kW: Woodstock, Minnesota
1 mi1.7 km
Fence lineField Boundary
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Wind Plant ArraysLinear
Dikes, Breakwaters, Canals
Wind Plant ArraysLinear
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
1 MW: White Deer, Texas
Wind Plant ArraysLinear
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Wind Plant ArraysRidgetops
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Wind Plant ArraysRidgetops
Paul Gipe & Assoc. Zond Windwall, Tehachapi, CA
Wind Plant ArraysWind Walls
Paul Gipe & Assoc. Zond Windwall, Tehachapi, CA
Tehachapi Pass, California
Cluster
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Wind Plant ArraysClusters
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Off-shore
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Vestas, Tuno Knøb, Denmark
2 MW, Thybøren, Denmark
2 MW, Middelgrunden, Denmark
2 MW, Middelgrunden, Denmark
Samsø Offshore Wind Plant Denmark
Sams Offshore Wind PlantBonus 2.3 MW, Installed 03/02
Specific YieldSwept AreaDiameter2004kWh/m2/yrm2mkWh/yrUnit
1,4605,62184.68,213,16511,4905,62184.68,388,72421,4705,62184.68,272,72431,2805,62184.67,207,43041,4605,62184.68,186,21451,4505,62184.68,172,37761,4705,62184.68,237,05771,4605,62184.68,184,79481,4405,62184.68,089,68091,4805,62184.68,301,608101,45056,21281,253,773Total
WindStats, Spring 2005, Vol. 18, No. 2, pg 86.
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Measures of Productivity
• Capacity (Plant) FactorMisleading Indicator
Used for Fossil-Fired Plants
Not Suited for Wind Energy Use
• kWh/kW/yr (for Planning Purposes)When Sufficient Data is Unavailable
• Annual Specific Yield (kWh/m2/yr)The Only Measure Specific to Wind Energy
Measures of Cost
• $/kW of Installed CapacityOften a Misleading Indicator
• $/m2 of Installed Swept AreaMost Useful When Resource is
Unknown
• $/kWh/yr of Annual GenerationMost Important Criteria in the End
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Elements of a Wind Plant
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
• Market/Load
• Wind Resource
• Land
• Financing
• Project Development
• Wind Turbine
Elements of a Wind Plant Market/ Load
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
• Transport (Transmission)• Distance to Market
Urban or Rural Areas
• Capacity (10 MW?)• Contracts between Equals?• Price• Length & Terms• Political Climate
Elements of a Wind Plant Wind Resource
• Average Speed & PowerAt 80 m?
• Speed Distribution
• Seasonal & Diurnal Variations
• ExtremesTurbine Types I, II, III
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Elements of a Wind Plant Land
• Availability (Who Owns It?)
• Accessibility (Can You Get To It?)Road Design & Construction
• Conflicts (Who Doesn’t Want It?)Stakeholders-Interested Parties
Open Space Preservation
Environmental
• Cost
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Elements of a Wind Plant Project Development
• Who Develops Project?
• Who Owns It?
• Who Operates It?
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Elements of a Wind Plant Financing
• Local/Regional/International• Project Financed• Collateral for Small Projects• Timing
Construction > Completion
• Debt Ratios & Triggers• Off Balance Sheet?
Enron Wind
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Elements of a Wind Plant Wind Turbine
• Technology Often Not the Focus
• Nearing Commodity Status
• Terms & Conditions Can Trump Technology
• Warranties & Service ContractsWho Backs Warranties & Service
Contracts
• Track RecordNews Reports, WindStats
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Large Turbine Manufacturers
• Vestas (DK)• Bonus-Siemans• NEG-Micon (DK)• Enercon (D)• GE Wind (D-US)• Gamesa (ES)• Mitsubishi (JP)
• Nordex (DK)• Ecotecnia (ES)• DeWind (D)• Suzlon (India)• Lagerwey (NL)• RePower (D)• Fuhrländer (D)
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Bonus 63 m, 1.3 MW
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
© Bonus
Nordex N50
Paul Gipe & Assoc. © Nordex
DeWind D8, 80 m, 2 MW
Paul Gipe & Assoc. © DeWind
Gamesa G80, 2 MW
Paul Gipe & Assoc. © Gamesa
Ecotecnia 1.6 MW
Paul Gipe & Assoc. © Ecotecnia
General Electric
GE Mod-1, 60 m, 1979, USDOE
GE 1.5 MW, 77 m, 2003
Vestas
V80, 1.8 MW, Kincardine, Ontario
Direct-Drive Wind Turbines• Enercon (D)
• Lagerwey (NL)
• Jeumont-Industrie (F)
Paul Gipe & Assoc.© Enercon
Lagerwey Direct-Drive
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
© Lagerwey
Jeumont-Industrie Direct Drive
• DiscoidFrench Nuclear Submarines
• 50 Units Built
J48 © Jeumont-Industrie
Direct-Drive Wind TurbinesUnder Development
• WinWin (FL)
• Vensys (D)Permanent Magnet
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Vensys © Hugo Denker
© Vensys
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Very Big Wind Turbines
Diameter m
Swept Area m2
Capacity MW
Nacelle Mass tonnes
Year
GE Wind 104 8,500 3.6 295 2003
Siemens 107 9,000 3.6 210 2004
Enercon E112 114 10,200 6 500 2004
Multibrid 116 10,600 5 310 2004
Vestas V120 120 11,300 4.5 210 2005
Repower 5M 126 12,500 5 410 2004
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