landscape ecology lecture 14 urban biodiversity in tropical countries
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HADI SUSILO ARIFINBogor Agricultural University (IPB)-Indonesia
hsarifin@ipb.ac.id
NOBUKAZU NAKAGOSHIIDEC - Hiroshima University-Japan
nobu@hiroshima-u.ac.jp
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
Deforestation Rate in Indonesia
3,8 Million ha/year (1 ha/8”)
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
Doc. Citra
Doc. Citra
Doc. Citra
Doc. Citra
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
POPULATION OF WORLD’S CITIES
Year 1800 1900 1950 2000 2030
% 3% 14% 30% 47% 60%
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
Traffics and Air
Pollutant Problem
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
Jakarta
2-3 February 2007
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
2
Courtesy of van Noordwijk
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
Integrate Segregate
Tree cover:
Deforestation,
Reforestation
Less
patchy:
Inte-
grate
More
patchy:
Segre-
gate
More trees
Less trees
Fields,fallow,
forest mosaic
Farm fo-
restry,
agrofo-
rests
100% forest
Fields,
Forests
& Parks
Open field agriculture
Courtesy of van Noordwijk
Structure Function
Change
Landscape
Ecology
Four Basic Concepts in LE
C U L T U R E
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
Natural ecosystemBasic ecological balancing process
ECOLOGICAL BALANCING PROCESS
Courtesy slide from Ong BL
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
MAN
Built Environment
Urban Landscape
NATURE
Plants/Animals
Greenery
Natural ProcessesResources
Resources
Pollution
PollutionTechnology
MAN / NATURE
Courtesy slide from Ong BL
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
Green City image, which is developed by high biodiversity
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
3
• Promotion of Eco-office (7): Reduction of energy use;
Reduction of water use; Reduction of solid wastes; Promotion
of recycling; Green procurement; Conserving water and clean
air; Appropriate control of chemicals
• Promotion of Eco-Project (6): Using e-friendly materials;
Using e-friendly equipment ; Accelerate use of recycled
materials; Green public engineering works; Develop green
technology; Promote greening
• Green City Planning (5): Set green guidelines for public
works; Set green guidelines for housing; Enhance public
transportat-ion; Capacity building; Apply EMS to the whole
city
THREE STEPS TOWARD GREEN CITY
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
THE TRIANGLE OF THE FORCES
COMMUNITIES
INICIATIVES
CORPORATE
SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITY
GOVERNMEN
T SUPPORTS
URBAN
BIODIVERSITY
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
MONSOON &
TROPICAL ASIA
ARIDARID
ARIDARID
ARIDARID
Courtesy of Nakagoshi
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
Land area 1.3% of total world land,- Indonesia has 17%
of total species in the world – more than 38.000 flora
species - in the fifth rank in the world with 55 %
endemic – MEGA BIODIVERSITY
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
MEGA DIVERSITY – COUNTRY DATA(RANK IN THE OVERALL NUMBER OF SPECIES PER GROUP OF ORGANISM)
Conti-nent
Country Higher plants
Mam-als
Birds Reptiles Amphi-bia
LAC Brazil 1 1 3 5 2
LAC Colombia 2 4 1 3 1
SEA Indonesia 3 2 5 4 6
SEA China 4 3 8 7 5
LAC Mexico 5 5 10 2 4
SSA South Africa 6 14 11 9 15
LAC Venezuela 7 10 6 13 9
LAC Ecuador 8 13 4 8 3
LAC Peru 9 9 2 12 7
NA USA 10 6 12 16 12
SEA Papua New Guinea 11 15 13 10 10
SA India 12 8 7 6 8
OCE Australia 13 12 14 1 11
SEA Malaysia 14 11 15 14 14
SSA Madagascar 15 17 17 11 13
SSA Dem. Rep. Congo 16 7 9 14 16
SEA Philippines 17 16 16 17 17
So
urc
e: w
ww
.co
nse
rvatio
n.o
rg/w
eb
/fied
act/m
eg
ad
iv/ta
ble
s
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
Vavilov Centers of Plant Genetic DiversityAreas of High Crop Diversity and Origins of Food Crops,
according to N. Vavilov
8. Central America ... bean, corn, tomato9. Peru-Ecuador-Bolivia ... bean, potato,
squash10. Southern Chile ... potato11. Brazil-Paraguay ... peanut12. North America ... sunflower13. West Africa ... millet, sorghum14. Northern Europe ... oats, rye
Source: http://www.wri.org/sustag/lba-01b.html; Copyright © 1997. World Resources Institute
1. Ethiopia ... barley, coffee, sorghum2. Mediterranean ... oats, olives, wheat3. Asia Minor ... barley, lentil, oats, wheat4. Central Asia ... apple, chickpeas, lentil5. Indo-Burma ... eggplant, rice, yam6. Indo-Malaya ... banana, coconut, sugar
cane7. China ... sorghum, millet, soybean
Source: N. Vavilov, 1949, Chronica Botanica Vol 13. Waltham, Massachusetts, adapted by Reid, Walter and Kenton Miller, 1989. Keeping Options Alive: The Scientific Basis for Conserving Biodiversity. World Resources Institute, Washington DC.
4
PROTECTED FLORA & FAUNA
IN INDONESIA
Ministry of Forestry (2007) was declared:
• Fauna: mammalian (70 species), birds (93 species),reptilian (31 species), fish (9 species), insects (20species), anthozoa (1 species), dan bivalvia (14 species)
• Flora : palmae (14 species), rafflessiacea (1 species), orchidaceae (29 species), nephentaceae (1 species), dipterocarpaceae (13 species).
• Endangered Flora –fauna ratified CITESconvention and registered 1.053 species flora and1.384 species fauna into Appendix I and II.
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
Landscape structure or
pattern can be quantified
at three levels:
Population level
Community level
Landscape level
synonymousLANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT BIODIVERSITY
MANAGEMENT &
ASSESSMENT
Genetic diversity
Species diversity
Habitat diversity
Courtesy of Nakagoshi
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
THE ROLE OF FOREST/GREEN
SPACE IN CLIMATE CHANGE
• Emission (Source) and Carbon stock (Sink).
• As a sink, it is depended on the deviation between Carbon absorption from the atmosphere and Carbon stock throgh vegetation growth, forestation and Carbon sequestration
• As source, it is depended on the emission from plant respiration, harvesting, deforestation, forest fire and other disturbances which influence to biomass and soil.
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
CARBON STOCK
• The vegetation and soils in the earth have
stocked ~ 7500 Gton CO2, a double
amount of CO2 in the atmospher.
• The existing Carbon in forest ecosystem ~
4500 Gton CO2
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
DEFORESTATION EMISSION ~
GREEN HOUSE GASES/GHGS
• Deforestation contributes 18% to global Green House Gases (GHGs) ~ 42 Gton CO2e per annum (WRI, 2000).
• On the other hands, IPCC (2007) notified 17% of otal GHGs global emission came from deforestation.
• 75% of deforestation was held in developing countries.
• Deforestation of 8,22 million ha/year by ten developing countries (FAO, 2005)
• Brazil and Indonesia contribute 3,10 million ha/year and 1,87 million ha/year.
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
Peningkatan stokcarbon
Restorasi hutan
Pencegahan/Pengurangan Emisi
Pencegahan
/pengurangandeforestasi dandegradasi
hutan
Type of hazards:
• Drought
• Flood
• Dengue
• Forest fire
CLIMATE RISK MAPPING
Peningkatan kapasitas penyerapancarbon (enhancing sink)
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
5
CARBON STOCK ESTIMATION
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
INCREASING CARBON STOCK
Mitigation for enhancing sink increasing Carbon
sequestration Reforestation as national program:
• Production Forest
• Social Forest
• Community Forest
• Forest Rehabilitation Movement
• 1 ~ 100 Million Trees Planting Movement
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
FOREST REHABILITATION AND REFORESTATION MOVEMENT 2006-2008
No Project Activity Planting Area (ha) antara 2006-2008
20006 2007 2008
1 Land Rehabilitation 545.868,00 - -
2 GERHAN 48.525,00 339.446,00 78.421,00
3 Social Forest 596,00 - -
4 Community Forest 248.133,00 - -
5 APSI - 52.214,43 -
6 GPTPP - 8.200.63 3.095,76
7 HMPI-BMN - - 60.832,56
Total 843.122,00 399.861,06 142.349,32
Source: Ditjen Rehabilitasi Lahan dan Perhutanan Sosial (2009)
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
BIODIVERSITY
IN THE CITY LEVEL
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
No. Study Sites
1 Taman Monas
2 Taman Gunung Agung
3 Taman Surupati
4 Complex Senayan
5 Taman Langsat
6 Taman Cisanggiri
7 Taman Seno
8 Taman Kodok
9 Taman Jalambar Hadiah
10 Srengseng
11 Hutan Kota
Study Sites in Jakarta
Courtesy slide from Nakagoshi N.
Jakarta, Capital of Indonesia
COURTESY SLIDE OF PROF NOBUKAZU NAKAGOSHI
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
6
Parks in Jakarta
Improvement of Ecosystem Function
COURTESY SLIDE OF PROF NOBUKAZU NAKAGOSHI
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
No Species Origin Remark
1 Swietenea macrophylla Latin America Exotic
2 Pterocarpus indicus Willd. Indonesia Native
3 Mimusops elengi L. Indonesia Native
4 Polyalthya fragrans India Exotic
5 Cerbera manghas L. Indonesia Native
6 Ficus benjamina Indonesia Native
7 Diallium indum Indonesia Native
8 Ryostonia regia Amerika Latin Exotic
9 Polyaltya longifolia India Exotic
10 Bauhinia purpurea Asia Continental Exotic
11 Canarium indicum L. Indonesia, New Guinea Native
12 Tamarindus indica L. Tropical Africa, West Asia Exotic
13 Khaya senegalensis Africa Exotic
14 Ficus lyrata Wareb. Africa Exotic
15 Artocarpus integer (Thunb.)Merr.). Thailand, Malay, Indonesia Native
16 Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. Tropical America Exotic
17 Cocos nucifera L. Pantropical Native
18 Areca catechu L. India – Indonesia Native
19 Mangifera indica L. India – Burma Exotic
The most frequent species of road tress
in Jakarta and their origin
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
DIVERSITY OF LANDUSES IN STUDY SITES OF
CILIWUNG WATERSHED, JAKARTA-BOGOR-PUNCAK
BIOREGION
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
N
Green
Networks in
Bogor and Its
Vicinity
IPB Forest
FORDA Litbang Hutan
LIPI EcoparkCibinong
Urban Forest
BBG
Halimun Mount
Salak Mount
Pangrango Mount
Gede Mount
Salak Endah
Cilember Forest
Safari Park
Puncak
Sentul City & Pancar Mount
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
BOGOR & BBG
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
Oriolus chinensis
Pyvnnotus aurigaster
Ptilinopus melanospila
Copsychus saularis
Orthotomus sepium
Land use diversity ~ bio-diversity
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
7
URBAN DIVERSITY IN SENTUL CITY
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
Courtesy of
Utama
Reinventing Sentul City, 4 pillars, new development concept
The development of a city needs to focus on the
harmony of nature, to have a conception of nature
so it can minimize the negative side effect caused
by the actual building of its developments.
With its potential by being on the touristic belt
Jakarta-Puncak. Sentul City, supported by its
nature profile and a prime accessibility, will be
an international level tourism destination.
Sentul City strives to be a complete education
place. Not only for formal education, but also for
non-formal education where the public can benefit
from. Offering education facilities ranging from
Play group to College is one of the main
purposes.
Cultural and art aspects is also one of the focal
point in a development of a city. The
completion of Sentul International Convention
Center and Taman Budaya Edutainment
Center is an important milestone in the
development of Sentul City.
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
Courtesy of
Utama
To strengthen the Eco City and Education City pillars, on July
21st, 2009, Sentul City have signed an MOU with IPB to
cooperate in 4 (four) fields, i.e.:
1. Development of Eco City Concept
2. Developing Green Implementation in Buildings
3. Developing Environment Management Method.
4. Developing IPB Education Facility in Sentul City
IPB – Sentul City Cooperation
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
Courtesy of
Utama
Preservations, Life style ……………………
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
Courtesy of
Utama
The Largest Street Garden Map
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
Courtesy of
Utama
Plants placement & species ~ BIODIVERSITY
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
Courtesy of
Utama
8
Housing Development with Green Spirit ……………………
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
Courtesy of
Utama
• The movement of biodiversity conservation and green
city needs community participation.
• International Association for Public Participation (IAPP),
the approach to community through activities: inform,
consult, involve, collaborate and empower.
• Sustainable community development should be
economically productive, environmentally sound,
socially just, culturally vibrant, politically participatory.
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATORY
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATORY
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
Mean size and mean diversity characteristics of 115
PEKARANGAN in six study sites with different
urbanisation level in Cianjur and Bogor, West Java.
Village urbanisation
level
HG
size
(m2)
Total plant
spp. no. per
HG
No. of
ornament
al spp.
/HG
No. of total
plant
individuals
per 100 m2
No. of
ornamental
individuals/
100 m2
Rural (N = 30) 530 36 (6–82) 14 63 29
Intermediate 1 (N = 21) 380 49 (32–79) 25 72 40
Intermediate 2 (N = 10) 190 32 (7–85) 14 107 59
Intermediate 3 (N = 20) 130 20 (2–53) 11 58 34
Urban 1 (N = 10) 70 34 (18–63) 24 280 233
Urban 2 (N = 24) 90 37 (16–78) 26 240 201
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
9
Green Environment
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
CONCLUSIONS
• Urban open space is potential landscape for
biodiversity conservation, which is supported by good
ecological network.
• Native or indigenous species are encouraged for
urban greening programs in order to hold ex-situ
species conservation. As an original habitat, it is then
suitable for native species.
• Good greenspace management contributes to
reducing emissions.
Landscape Ecology and Urban Biodiversity in tropical Countries
THANK YOUE-mail: hsarifin@ipb.ac.ad
Website: http://www.hsarifin.com
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