itp march 2013 - paula boyden - veterinary matters

International TrainingVeterinary Matters

Paula Boyden BVetMed MRCVS

Veterinary Director

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

BiosecurityBiosecurity

Population managementPopulation management

Duty of CareDuty of Care

Quality of lifeQuality of life

Stress managementStress management

Biosecurity

BIOSECURITYBIOSECURITY

Purpose:Purpose:

Minimise risk of infectionMinimise risk of infection

Minimise effects of an infectionMinimise effects of an infection

Factors Affecting Spread:Factors Affecting Spread:

IncubationIncubation

Excretion of infectionExcretion of infection

CarriersCarriers

TRANSMISSION OF INFECTIONTRANSMISSION OF INFECTION

DirectDirect

IndirectIndirect

ZoonosisZoonosis

Direct TransmissionDirect Transmission

Indirect TransmissionIndirect Transmission

Floors/wallsFloors/walls

Bowls/blanketsBowls/blankets

AirAir

PeoplePeople

ZoonosisZoonosis

What is a zoonosis?What is a zoonosis?

How can we deal with the threat of disease?

CleaningCleaning

www.disinfectants.defra.gov.ukwww.disinfectants.defra.gov.uk

CLEANINGCLEANING

Remove all faecesRemove all faeces

Clean thoroughlyClean thoroughly

Pressure hosePressure hose

DisinfectDisinfect

Leave 20-30 minutesLeave 20-30 minutes

DryDry

AIR MANAGEMENTAIR MANAGEMENT

AIR MANAGEMENTAIR MANAGEMENT

AIR MANAGEMENTAIR MANAGEMENT

PEOPLEPEOPLE

Personal hygienePersonal hygiene

Hand washingHand washing

Personal gelsPersonal gels

clothingclothing

How to Wash Your HandsHow to Wash Your Hands

Rejects foreign cells e.g.Organ transplants

The Immune SystemDefends the body against Foreign (non self) antigens

Rejects and destroysabnormal cells e.g. cancer cells

Reactions to allergens e.gPollens, foods, drugs etc

Attacks body’s own cellsi.e. Autoimmune disease

FIGHTS INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS

ImmunityImmunity

Types of ImmunityTypes of Immunity

In h erited A cq u ire d N a tu ra lly A cq u ire d A rtif ic ia lly

Im m u n ity

Naturally Acquired ImmunityNaturally Acquired Immunity

ActiveActive

following infection following infection (antibodies & CMI)(antibodies & CMI)

PassivePassive

MDAMDA

via dam’s milk (90%)via dam’s milk (90%)

via placental transfervia placental transfer

Artificially Acquired ImmunityArtificially Acquired Immunity

ActiveActivevaccine or toxoidvaccine or toxoid

PassivePassiveinjection of antibodies (antiserum)injection of antibodies (antiserum)

Factors Affecting ImmunityFactors Affecting Immunity

• FeedingFeeding

• PregnancyPregnancy

• StressStress

• DrugsDrugs

INFECTION & IMMUNITYINFECTION & IMMUNITY

ImmunityImmunity

InfectionInfection

Infection and ImmunityInfection and Immunity

ImmunityImmunity

TimeTime

Low infectionlevels

InfectionInfection SymptomsSymptoms

ExcretionExcretionstartsstarts

High and Low Levels of InfectionHigh and Low Levels of Infection

ImmunityImmunity

TimeTime

High infectionHigh infectionlevelslevels

Low infectionLow infectionlevelslevels

InfectionInfection

ExcretionExcretionstartsstarts

SymptomsSymptoms

MATERNALLY DERIVED MATERNALLY DERIVED ANTIBODYANTIBODY

Weeks

MD

A

VaccinationVaccination

Low infectionLow infectionlevellevel

MATERNALLY DERIVED MATERNALLY DERIVED ANTIBODYANTIBODY

Weeks

MD

A

VaccinationVaccination

High infectionHigh infectionlevelslevels

InfectionInfection

Live VaccinesLive Vaccines

‘‘Better’ stimulation of Better’ stimulation of immune systemimmune system

V. rapid responseV. rapid response

More persistent level of More persistent level of immunityimmunity

Killed VaccinesKilled Vaccines

Generally require two Generally require two injections for primary injections for primary coursecourse

Require more frequent Require more frequent boostersboosters

NB - both must pass the NB - both must pass the same safety testssame safety tests

VaccinationVaccination

1

10000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

LiveLive

KilledKilled

Antibody Antibody titretitre

Age (weeks)Age (weeks)

Other Disease Risks

Ticks: Ehrlichia, Babesia

Sandflies: Leishmania (care – zoonotic)

Mites: sarcoptes (fox mange) Zoonotic

Mites: Demodex. Not infectious

Fleas

Ringworm: Zoonotic

MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

QuarantineQuarantine

IsolationIsolation

ProgressionProgression

SectioningSectioning

Any Questions?Any Questions?

WHY MANAGE STRAYS?WHY MANAGE STRAYS?

WelfareWelfareZoonoses:Zoonoses:

RabiesRabiesToxocara/EchinococcusToxocara/EchinococcusEnteric organismsEnteric organismsInsect borne organismsInsect borne organismsRingwormRingworm

Public nuisancePublic nuisance

MEASURING NUMBERSMEASURING NUMBERS

MobilityMobility

Lack of individual identificationLack of individual identification

Catch/mark/releaseCatch/mark/release

CalculationCalculation

Alternatives Alternatives

FACTORS AFFECTING NUMBERSFACTORS AFFECTING NUMBERS

FoodFood

WaterWater

Nesting spacesNesting spaces

Birth ratesBirth rates

DiseaseDisease

Mortality ratesMortality rates

METHODS OF CONTROLMETHODS OF CONTROL

KillingKilling

SanctuarySanctuary

Trap/neuter/releaseTrap/neuter/release

NEUTERINGNEUTERING

Benefit to individual:Benefit to individual:

Reproductive system diseaseReproductive system disease

NeoplasiaNeoplasia

BehaviourBehaviour

Population controlPopulation control

CostCost

POPULATION DYNAMICSPOPULATION DYNAMICS

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

8 pups/10yr 6 pups/10yr 6 pups/5yr 3 pups/5yr

Start

0%

70%

80%

90%

MALE OR FEMALE?MALE OR FEMALE?

Males onlyMales onlyFirst year -First year - 10 male, 10 female, 20 dogs10 male, 10 female, 20 dogsResult:Result: 60 pups produced60 pups produced

Population 80 dogsPopulation 80 dogsNeuter 9 adult malesNeuter 9 adult males

Second year-Second year- 1 entire male, 9 neutered 1 entire male, 9 neutered males, 10 females, 60 pupsmales, 10 females, 60 pups

Result:Result: 60 more pups produced60 more pups producedPopulation 140 dogsPopulation 140 dogs1 very tired but happy male1 very tired but happy male

MALE OR FEMALE?MALE OR FEMALE?

Females onlyFemales onlyFirst year -First year - 10 male, 10 female, 20 dogs10 male, 10 female, 20 dogsResult:Result: 60 pups produced60 pups produced

Population 80 dogsPopulation 80 dogsNeuter 9 adult femalesNeuter 9 adult females

Second year-Second year- 10 males, 9 neutered females, 10 males, 9 neutered females, 1 entire female, 6 pups1 entire female, 6 pups

Result:Result: 6 pups produced6 pups producedPopulation 86 dogsPopulation 86 dogs

www.icawc.org/tnrwww.icawc.org/tnr

Any Questions?Any Questions?

DUTY OF CAREDUTY OF CARE

An animal’s needs:An animal’s needs:for a suitable environmentfor a suitable environmentfor a suitable dietfor a suitable dietto be able to exhibit normal behaviour to be able to exhibit normal behaviour

patternspatternsto be housed with, or apart from, to be housed with, or apart from,

other other animalsanimalsto be protected from pain, suffering, to be protected from pain, suffering,

injury and diseaseinjury and disease

The Five FreedomsThe Five Freedoms

Freedom from hunger and thirstFreedom from hunger and thirst

Freedom from discomfortFreedom from discomfort

Freedom from pain, injury and diseaseFreedom from pain, injury and disease

Freedom to express normal behaviourFreedom to express normal behaviour

Freedom from fear and distressFreedom from fear and distress

QUALITY OF LIFEQUALITY OF LIFE

Animal’s feelingsAnimal’s feelings

Relationship to welfareRelationship to welfare

Affected by:Affected by:

HousingHousing

ExerciseExercise

CompanionshipCompanionship

FeedingFeeding

MeasurementMeasurement

Questions so far?Questions so far?

STRESS MANAGEMENTSTRESS MANAGEMENT

Mental stimulationMental stimulation

Social interaction – humansSocial interaction – humans

ToysToys

DrugsDrugs

NutraceuticalsNutraceuticals

SUMMARYSUMMARY

Biosecurity – down to youBiosecurity – down to you

Population management – down to Population management – down to

your relationshipsyour relationships

Duty of care – your managementDuty of care – your management

Quality of life – needs more workQuality of life – needs more work