inst itute of meteorology and water management
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Institute of Meteorology and Water Management
New Meteorological Satellites– selected applications for
agrometeorologyPIOTR STRUZIK
IMWM Kraków
Rainfall
Interception
Throughfall Stemflow
EvaporationStorage
Runoff
InfiltrationRoot uptake
Evapotranspiration
Presentation outline:1. Meteorological satellite system – actual status and near
future in Europe.
2. MSG and EPS satellite systems and their applications in agriculture:
- surface temperature,
- soil moisture,
- vegetation (including forest fires),
- solar radiation.
3. Future satellite missions.
4. Conclusions.
MSG in EUMETSAT’s overall MSG in EUMETSAT’s overall Satellite SystemsSatellite Systems
METEOSAT
MSG
EPS
Meteosat-5
METOP-1METOP-2
Operational
Approved
Fuel margin
96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
METOP-3
Available
Meteosat-6
Meteosat-7
MSG-1MSG-2
MSG-3
IODC (63° East)Hot stand by (at 10° East, until 14/1/98)
Operational S/C (until June 1998)
MSG-4 (TBC)
Data acquisitionand control
Pre-processingEUMETSAT HQ
Products extractionEUMETSAT HQ
Unified MeteorologicalArchive and Retrieval
Facility (U-MARF)EUMETSAT HQ
MSG EPS/Metop
U S E R S
SATELLITEAPPLICATION
FACILITIES
Applications Ground Segment
CentralisedCentralisedprocessingprocessingand generationand generationof productsof products
DecentralisedDecentralisedprocessingprocessingand generationand generationof productsof products
Direct read-out service HRPT
EUMETSATApplicationsGroundSegment
MSG SolutionsMSG Solutions Temporal resolution: 15 minutes instead of 30 minutes
Spatial sampling at sub-satellite point: 3 km (1 km HR VIS) instead of 5 km (2.5 km VIS)
More channels: 1 HR VIS, 2 VIS, 1 near IR, 4 IR windows, 2 WV, 1 Ozone and 1 CO2
Exploitation of data separated into general processing centrally by EUMETSAT and specialised processing by specific centres (SAF)
MSG 1 km Resolution
MSG 3 km Resolution
Meteosat IR Resolution
MSG HRV channel ~ 1 km
Meteosat VIS Channel ~ 2.5 kmMeteosat IR Channel ~ 5 km
IMPROVED SPATIAL SAMPLING WITH THE
HRV CHANNEL(Example: 4 December 2002,
12:30 UTC)
EUMETSAT SAF activities related to agrometeorology:
• NWC SAF
• Land SAF
• Climatological SAF
• Hydrological SAF (in creation process)
Types of activities:
•Operational products
•Software packages
SW Packages for Users
SEVIRI Cloud Mask Cloud Type Cloud Top Temp. &
Height Precipitating Clouds Convective Rainfall Rate Total Precipitable Water Layer Precipitable Water Stability Analysis Imagery High Resolution Winds Aut. Sat. Image Interpr. Rapid Dev.
Thunderstorms Air Mass Analysis Improved Obs. Operators
(for AMVs) Geostationary Rad.
Assimilation
AVHRR/AMSU/MHS/HIRS Cloud Mask Cloud Type Cloud Top Temp. & Height Precipitating Clouds Improved & Extended RTMsIASI Fast RTM & Obs. OperatorsGOME Obs. OperatorsASCAT/SeaWinds Improved Obs. OperatorsSSM/I 1DVar Retrieval System
(for wind speed, cloud water etc.)
Fast RTMSSMIS 1DVar Retrieval System
(for wind speed, cloud water etc.)
Fast RTMAIRS 1DVAR Retrieval System
AAPP Improved and extended
versions for annual distribution (e.g. updated ingest function, updated cloud detection, added ICI retrieval module etc.)
Extension to processing IASI+AMSU+AVHRR
SAF NWCSAF NWP
Real Time Product Services related to agrometeorology
MSG EPS Multi-Mission
Surface Albedo Scattered Radiance Field Surface Short-wave Fluxes Land Surface Temperature Surface Emissivity Surface Long-wave Fluxes Soil Moisture Evapotranspiration Rate
Near Surface Wind Vector
Surface Albedo & Aerosol
Scattered Rad. Field Surface Short-wave
Fluxes Land Surface
Temperature Surface Emissivity Surface Long-wave
Fluxes Evapotranspiration Rate N. Europe Snow Cover
Land Surface Temperature Surface Emissivity Surface Long-wave Fluxes S. & C. Europe Snow
Cover
SAF OSISAF O3MSAF CLMSAF GRMSAF LSA
Off-Line Product ServicesMSG EPS Multi-Mission
Surface Albedo & Aerosol Scattered Radiance Field Surface Short-wave Fluxes Land Surface Temperature Surface Emissivity Surface Long-wave Fluxes
Surface Albedo & Aerosol Scattered Radiance Field Surface Short-wave Fluxes Land Surface Temperature Surface Emissivity Surface Long-wave Fluxes
Land Surface Temperature
Surface Emissivity Surface Long-wave
Fluxes NDVI, FGV, fPAR, LAI Surface Rad. Budget Surface Albedo Rad. Budget at TOA
SAF OSISAF O3MSAF CLMSAF GRMSAF LSA
Real Time Product Services EPS
Surface Albedo (1 km, 12 hours) Aerosol (1 km 12 hours) Scattered Radiance Field (1 km, 12 hours) Surface Short-wave Fluxes (1 km 12 hours) Land Surface Temperature (1 km, 6 hours) Surface Emissivity (1 km, 6 hours) Surface Long-wave Fluxes (1 km, 6 hours) Evapotranspiration Rate (1 km, TBD) N. Europe Snow Cover (1 km, 1 day)
OSI O3M CLM GRM LSA
Off-Line Product ServicesEPS
Surface Albedo (1 km, 10 days & 1 month) Aerosol (1 km, 10 days & 1 month) Scattered Radiance Field (1 km, 10 days & 1 month) Surface Short-wave Fluxes (1 km, 10 days & 1 month) Land Surface Temperature (1 km, 10 days) Surface Emissivity (1 km, 10 days) Surface Long-wave Fluxes (1 km, 10 days)
OSI O3M CLM GRM LSA
Potential data delivery from H-SAF during the operational phase (2010-2014)
ProductResolution (Europe) Accuracy Cycle (Europe) Timeliness
Precipitation rate from MW imagery
10 km (with CMIS) 15 km (with other GPM)
10-20 % (rate > 10 mm/h), 20-40 % (rate 1 to 10 mm/h), 40-80 % (rate < 1 mm/h)
6 h (with CMIS only) 3 h (with full GPM)
15 min
Precipitation rate merging MW & IR
10 km Ranging from MW performance to degraded one to an amount to be assessed
15 min 5 min
Water phase (based on MW) 10 km (with CMIS) 15 km (with other GPM)
80 % probability of correct classification 6 h (with CMIS only) 3 h (with full GPM)
15 min
3, 6, 12 and 24 h cumulated rain
10 km (from merged MW + IR)
Depending on integration interval. Tentative: 10 % over 24 h, 30 % over 3 h
3 hour 15 min
Soil moisture in the surface layer
25 km (from ASCAT) 40 km (from CMIS)
0.05 m3 m-3 (depending on vegetation) 36 h (from ASCAT) 6 h (from CMIS)
2 h
Soil moisture in the roots region
25 km (from ASCAT) 40 km (from CMIS)
To be assessed (model-dependent). Tentative: 0.05 m3 m-3 36 h (from ASCAT) 6 h (from CMIS)
2 h
Snow recognition 5 km (in MW) 2 km (in VIS/SWIR/TIR)
95 % probability of correct classification 6 h 2 h
Snow effective coverage 10 km (in MW) 5 km (in VIS/SWIR/TIR)
15 % (depending on basin size and complexity) 6 h 2 h
Snow thawing-freezing conditions
5 km (in MW) 2 km (in TIR) 80 % probability of correct classification 3 h (under cloud-
Snow status (wet or dry) 5 km 80 % probability of correct classification 6 h 2 h
Snow water equivalent 10 km To be assessed. Tentative: 20 mm 6 h 2 h
Potential users market Land SAF products User extra effort
Agriculture
Land Surface Temperature High
Soil Moisture Low
Evapotranspiration Low
Biophysical Parameters Low to middle
Forestry
Albedo Low
Land Surface Temperature Low to high
Evapotranspiration Low
Biophysical Parameters Low
Natural hazard management
Albedo Low
Land Surface Temperature Low to High
Soil Moisture Low
Evapotranspiration Low
Snow Cover Low
Biophysical Parameters Low
Terrestrial transports safetyLand Surface Temperature High
Snow Cover High
Selected satellite products and their applications
Data Sources for Soil Moisture Measurements
• Field Observations– Expansive– Only a few measurement networks (agrometeorologic)
• Remote Sensing most promissing– Global & Frequent – Cost efficient
• Microwave Remote Sensing most suitable– Offer the most direct means due to sensitivity to the dielectric
properties– Day and night capabilities– Independent of Clouds– Problem: vegetation, surface roughness
Soil moisture vs. thermal inertia – problems with cloud cover !
Available Microwave Sensors• Passive Sensors (Radiometers)
– SSMR (1978 - 87)– AMSR (2002 - ) – CMIS (2009 - ) – SMOS (2007 - )– HYDROS (2010 - )
• Active Sensors (Scatterometers)– ERS Scatterometer (1991 - )– METOP ASCAT (2005 - )– HYDROS (2010 - )
From ERS to METOP• ERS Scatterometer
– 1991 up to present– 3 antennas– 50 km spatial resolution– Daily coverage < 41 %
• METOP Advanced Scatterometer– start in 2005– 6 antennas– 25 km resolution– Daily coverage > 80%
Source: Klaus Scipial 2004
Surface temperature on the area of Poland
Drought in Poland - 1993
Vegetation indices
2nd half of July 2nd half of August 3rd decade of September
Fires/Smoke
Fires over Portugal and Spain (biggest fires of last 20 years)MSG-1, 3 August 2003, 12:00 UTC
Channel 04 (3.9 m) Channel 07 (8.7 m)
Institute of Meteorology and Water ManagementPOLAND
The World Radiometric Network (1964-1993)
0,00
100,00
200,00
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400,00
500,00
600,00
700,00
800,00
430 530 630 730 830 930 1030 1130 1230 1330 1430 1530
Time
18.10.99
19.10.99
20.10.99
21.10.99
22.10.99
25.10.99
26.10.99
27.10.99
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29.10.99
30.10.99
Daily variation of Solar radiation regitered at the ground by pyranometer 18-30.10.1999 Krakow.
W/m2
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1.X
I 9 17 25 2 10 18 26 2 10 18 26 2 10 18 26 4 12 20 28 4 12 20 28 5 13 21 29 5 13 21 29 6 14 22 30 6 14 22 30 6 14 22 30
Wh/
m2
Pyranometr Satelita
XI XII I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX
Daily available solar energy on XI.1999 - IX.2000 registered by pyranometer and estimated from satellite data (location Krakow, Poland).
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Pyranometer [Wh/m2]
Sate
llite
[Wh/
m2]
Comparison of daily solar energy registered at the ground at estimated from satellite data (period XI.1999 - IX.2000, Kraków).
Severe weather warnings
Combined satellite and lightning detection data
Future satellite missions interesting for agrometeorological applications
• SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity Mission) 2007,
• GPM (Global Precipitation Mission) planned 2008, postponed to 2010 – 2015,
• Active radar satelites with resolution 8 m – 2006 (Germany),
Conclusions:
1. Operational applications of MSG satellite are becoming available.
2. EPS products are expected in 2006.
3. Main use of MSG satellite products is as an input to agrometeorological models (irrigation, pest & disase etc.). Also use for severe weather warnings.
4. We are still far from direct operational use of satellite products in agrometeorology (models required).
Sensing does not tell us why fire is hot, just that it is hot.
(Aristotele, Metaphysicorum liber)
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