Institute of Meteorology and Water Management

New Meteorological Satellites– selected applications for

agrometeorologyPIOTR STRUZIK

IMWM Kraków

Rainfall

Interception

Throughfall Stemflow

EvaporationStorage

Runoff

InfiltrationRoot uptake

Evapotranspiration

Presentation outline:1. Meteorological satellite system – actual status and near

future in Europe.

2. MSG and EPS satellite systems and their applications in agriculture:

- surface temperature,

- soil moisture,

- vegetation (including forest fires),

- solar radiation.

3. Future satellite missions.

4. Conclusions.

MSG in EUMETSAT’s overall MSG in EUMETSAT’s overall Satellite SystemsSatellite Systems

METEOSAT

MSG

EPS

Meteosat-5

METOP-1METOP-2

Operational

Approved

Fuel margin

96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

METOP-3

Available

Meteosat-6

Meteosat-7

MSG-1MSG-2

MSG-3

IODC (63° East)Hot stand by (at 10° East, until 14/1/98)

Operational S/C (until June 1998)

MSG-4 (TBC)

Data acquisitionand control

Pre-processingEUMETSAT HQ

Products extractionEUMETSAT HQ

Unified MeteorologicalArchive and Retrieval

Facility (U-MARF)EUMETSAT HQ

MSG EPS/Metop

U S E R S

SATELLITEAPPLICATION

FACILITIES

Applications Ground Segment

CentralisedCentralisedprocessingprocessingand generationand generationof productsof products

DecentralisedDecentralisedprocessingprocessingand generationand generationof productsof products

Direct read-out service HRPT

EUMETSATApplicationsGroundSegment

MSG SolutionsMSG Solutions Temporal resolution: 15 minutes instead of 30 minutes

Spatial sampling at sub-satellite point: 3 km (1 km HR VIS) instead of 5 km (2.5 km VIS)

More channels: 1 HR VIS, 2 VIS, 1 near IR, 4 IR windows, 2 WV, 1 Ozone and 1 CO2

Exploitation of data separated into general processing centrally by EUMETSAT and specialised processing by specific centres (SAF)

MSG 1 km Resolution

MSG 3 km Resolution

Meteosat IR Resolution

MSG HRV channel ~ 1 km

Meteosat VIS Channel ~ 2.5 kmMeteosat IR Channel ~ 5 km

IMPROVED SPATIAL SAMPLING WITH THE

HRV CHANNEL(Example: 4 December 2002,

12:30 UTC)

EUMETSAT SAF activities related to agrometeorology:

• NWC SAF

• Land SAF

• Climatological SAF

• Hydrological SAF (in creation process)

Types of activities:

•Operational products

•Software packages

SW Packages for Users

SEVIRI Cloud Mask Cloud Type Cloud Top Temp. &

Height Precipitating Clouds Convective Rainfall Rate Total Precipitable Water Layer Precipitable Water Stability Analysis Imagery High Resolution Winds Aut. Sat. Image Interpr. Rapid Dev.

Thunderstorms Air Mass Analysis Improved Obs. Operators

(for AMVs) Geostationary Rad.

Assimilation

AVHRR/AMSU/MHS/HIRS Cloud Mask Cloud Type Cloud Top Temp. & Height Precipitating Clouds Improved & Extended RTMsIASI Fast RTM & Obs. OperatorsGOME Obs. OperatorsASCAT/SeaWinds Improved Obs. OperatorsSSM/I 1DVar Retrieval System

(for wind speed, cloud water etc.)

Fast RTMSSMIS 1DVar Retrieval System

(for wind speed, cloud water etc.)

Fast RTMAIRS 1DVAR Retrieval System

AAPP Improved and extended

versions for annual distribution (e.g. updated ingest function, updated cloud detection, added ICI retrieval module etc.)

Extension to processing IASI+AMSU+AVHRR

SAF NWCSAF NWP

Real Time Product Services related to agrometeorology

MSG EPS Multi-Mission

Surface Albedo Scattered Radiance Field Surface Short-wave Fluxes Land Surface Temperature Surface Emissivity Surface Long-wave Fluxes Soil Moisture Evapotranspiration Rate

Near Surface Wind Vector

Surface Albedo & Aerosol

Scattered Rad. Field Surface Short-wave

Fluxes Land Surface

Temperature Surface Emissivity Surface Long-wave

Fluxes Evapotranspiration Rate N. Europe Snow Cover

Land Surface Temperature Surface Emissivity Surface Long-wave Fluxes S. & C. Europe Snow

Cover

SAF OSISAF O3MSAF CLMSAF GRMSAF LSA

Off-Line Product ServicesMSG EPS Multi-Mission

Surface Albedo & Aerosol Scattered Radiance Field Surface Short-wave Fluxes Land Surface Temperature Surface Emissivity Surface Long-wave Fluxes

Surface Albedo & Aerosol Scattered Radiance Field Surface Short-wave Fluxes Land Surface Temperature Surface Emissivity Surface Long-wave Fluxes

Land Surface Temperature

Surface Emissivity Surface Long-wave

Fluxes NDVI, FGV, fPAR, LAI Surface Rad. Budget Surface Albedo Rad. Budget at TOA

SAF OSISAF O3MSAF CLMSAF GRMSAF LSA

Real Time Product Services EPS

Surface Albedo (1 km, 12 hours) Aerosol (1 km 12 hours) Scattered Radiance Field (1 km, 12 hours) Surface Short-wave Fluxes (1 km 12 hours) Land Surface Temperature (1 km, 6 hours) Surface Emissivity (1 km, 6 hours) Surface Long-wave Fluxes (1 km, 6 hours) Evapotranspiration Rate (1 km, TBD) N. Europe Snow Cover (1 km, 1 day)

OSI O3M CLM GRM LSA

Off-Line Product ServicesEPS

Surface Albedo (1 km, 10 days & 1 month) Aerosol (1 km, 10 days & 1 month) Scattered Radiance Field (1 km, 10 days & 1 month) Surface Short-wave Fluxes (1 km, 10 days & 1 month) Land Surface Temperature (1 km, 10 days) Surface Emissivity (1 km, 10 days) Surface Long-wave Fluxes (1 km, 10 days)

OSI O3M CLM GRM LSA

Potential data delivery from H-SAF during the operational phase (2010-2014)

ProductResolution (Europe) Accuracy Cycle (Europe) Timeliness

Precipitation rate from MW imagery

10 km (with CMIS) 15 km (with other GPM)

10-20 % (rate > 10 mm/h), 20-40 % (rate 1 to 10 mm/h), 40-80 % (rate < 1 mm/h)

6 h (with CMIS only) 3 h (with full GPM)

15 min

Precipitation rate merging MW & IR

10 km Ranging from MW performance to degraded one to an amount to be assessed

15 min 5 min

Water phase (based on MW) 10 km (with CMIS) 15 km (with other GPM)

80 % probability of correct classification 6 h (with CMIS only) 3 h (with full GPM)

15 min

3, 6, 12 and 24 h cumulated rain

10 km (from merged MW + IR)

Depending on integration interval. Tentative: 10 % over 24 h, 30 % over 3 h

3 hour 15 min

Soil moisture in the surface layer

25 km (from ASCAT) 40 km (from CMIS)

0.05 m3 m-3 (depending on vegetation) 36 h (from ASCAT) 6 h (from CMIS)

2 h

Soil moisture in the roots region

25 km (from ASCAT) 40 km (from CMIS)

To be assessed (model-dependent). Tentative: 0.05 m3 m-3 36 h (from ASCAT) 6 h (from CMIS)

2 h

Snow recognition 5 km (in MW) 2 km (in VIS/SWIR/TIR)

95 % probability of correct classification 6 h 2 h

Snow effective coverage 10 km (in MW) 5 km (in VIS/SWIR/TIR)

15 % (depending on basin size and complexity) 6 h 2 h

Snow thawing-freezing conditions

5 km (in MW) 2 km (in TIR) 80 % probability of correct classification 3 h (under cloud-

Snow status (wet or dry) 5 km 80 % probability of correct classification 6 h 2 h

Snow water equivalent 10 km To be assessed. Tentative: 20 mm 6 h 2 h

Potential users market Land SAF products User extra effort

Agriculture

Land Surface Temperature High

Soil Moisture Low

Evapotranspiration Low

Biophysical Parameters Low to middle

Forestry

Albedo Low

Land Surface Temperature Low to high

Evapotranspiration Low

Biophysical Parameters Low

Natural hazard management

Albedo Low

Land Surface Temperature Low to High

Soil Moisture Low

Evapotranspiration Low

Snow Cover Low

Biophysical Parameters Low

Terrestrial transports safetyLand Surface Temperature High

Snow Cover High

Selected satellite products and their applications

Data Sources for Soil Moisture Measurements

• Field Observations– Expansive– Only a few measurement networks (agrometeorologic)

• Remote Sensing most promissing– Global & Frequent – Cost efficient

• Microwave Remote Sensing most suitable– Offer the most direct means due to sensitivity to the dielectric

properties– Day and night capabilities– Independent of Clouds– Problem: vegetation, surface roughness

Soil moisture vs. thermal inertia – problems with cloud cover !

Available Microwave Sensors• Passive Sensors (Radiometers)

– SSMR (1978 - 87)– AMSR (2002 - ) – CMIS (2009 - ) – SMOS (2007 - )– HYDROS (2010 - )

• Active Sensors (Scatterometers)– ERS Scatterometer (1991 - )– METOP ASCAT (2005 - )– HYDROS (2010 - )

From ERS to METOP• ERS Scatterometer

– 1991 up to present– 3 antennas– 50 km spatial resolution– Daily coverage < 41 %

• METOP Advanced Scatterometer– start in 2005– 6 antennas– 25 km resolution– Daily coverage > 80%

Source: Klaus Scipial 2004

Surface temperature on the area of Poland

Drought in Poland - 1993

Vegetation indices

2nd half of July 2nd half of August 3rd decade of September

Fires/Smoke

Fires over Portugal and Spain (biggest fires of last 20 years)MSG-1, 3 August 2003, 12:00 UTC

Channel 04 (3.9 m) Channel 07 (8.7 m)

Institute of Meteorology and Water ManagementPOLAND

The World Radiometric Network (1964-1993)

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Time

18.10.99

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Daily variation of Solar radiation regitered at the ground by pyranometer 18-30.10.1999 Krakow.

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Pyranometr Satelita

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Daily available solar energy on XI.1999 - IX.2000 registered by pyranometer and estimated from satellite data (location Krakow, Poland).

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llite

[Wh/

m2]

Comparison of daily solar energy registered at the ground at estimated from satellite data (period XI.1999 - IX.2000, Kraków).

Severe weather warnings

Combined satellite and lightning detection data

Future satellite missions interesting for agrometeorological applications

• SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity Mission) 2007,

• GPM (Global Precipitation Mission) planned 2008, postponed to 2010 – 2015,

• Active radar satelites with resolution 8 m – 2006 (Germany),

Conclusions:

1. Operational applications of MSG satellite are becoming available.

2. EPS products are expected in 2006.

3. Main use of MSG satellite products is as an input to agrometeorological models (irrigation, pest & disase etc.). Also use for severe weather warnings.

4. We are still far from direct operational use of satellite products in agrometeorology (models required).

Sensing does not tell us why fire is hot, just that it is hot.

(Aristotele, Metaphysicorum liber)