independence of latin america

Independence of Latin America

Important Concepts

Plantation Large farms Only planting one thing Slave work

Encomienda The Spanish crown granted a person a specified number of natives for

whom they were to take responsibility.  The Spanish were supposed to instruct in the natives in Spanish

language and in Catholicism. They simply enslaved the natives

Colonial Pact

Cabildo A council of land owners on every provinces

Important Concepts

Peninsulares Born in Spain

Criollo - Creole European descendents born in the colonies

Mulattos

Caudillo Political and military leader of one region Like the colonels in Brazil

Haiti Revolution

Saint Domingue 1791-1804 Influenced by the French Revolution

A Plantation Island 500,000 slaves lived there

To keep this man obedient mas ter would use very brutal methods to punish and terrorize those man

100,000 enslaved africans rose in rebelion

1791

Haiti

Toussaint L’ouverture A self-educated former domestic slave

was very intelligent, organized and articulate By 1801 had taken control of the entire island and freed all the slaves Santo Domingo

he led an invasion of neighboring Santo Domingo  December 1800 and freed the slaves there on January 3, 1801.

Constitution Dictator for life

Tricked by the French In peace negotiations L’ouverture agreed to enter a French ship He was sent to prison in french Alpes

The island again under french power After the imprisonement of L’ouverture Napoleon seized power again The french tried to restabilish slavery The rebelled

1802 Napoleon is weak

Due to the wars against England  he withdrew a majority of the French forces in Haiti to counter the possibility of an invasion from Prussia, Britain, and Spain on a weakened France

Jean-Jacques Dessalines The Liutenant of L’ouverture

Took over the legacy of his mentor Independence in 1804

Destruction of the country State of semi-serfdom Destruction of the the natural resources

Simón Bolivar

Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios Ponte y Blanco Born in Caracas, Venezuela 1783

Rich Family Plantation Silver, gold and copper mines Purchising a title of nobility

Simón Bolivar

Rough childhood His father died when he was 2 years old

His mother when he was almost 9 He was them raised by a very stricted tutor

Don Simón Rodríguez  ideas of liberty, enlightenment, and freedom accused of being involved in a conspiracy against the Spanish government in Caracas. 

Military academy of the Milicias de Veraguas

There he developed his fervent passion for armaments and military strategy

Simón Bolivar

Studying Abroad At age 16

Madrid – 1802

 María Teresa Rodríguez Died 8 month later of yelow fever

Return to France - 1804 Crowning of Napoleon

America – 1807 England – 1810

Simón Bolivar

El Libertador Bolívar returned to Venezuela in 1807 In 1813 he was given the comand of troops in Tunja

The Wars of independence for Venezuela begined in 1811

Mason Great leadership skills Contacts all over

Decree of War to the Death A great euphemism

permitted murder and any atrocities whatsoever to be committed against civilians born in Spain

Simón Bolivar

Haiti 1815 Bolívar asks for military help and aid

In the condition that he would abolish slavery

Victory New Granada becomes independent in 1819 In the battle of Boyacá

Battle in Andes Francisco de Paula Santander English soldiers

Decisive Battles

Battle of Carabobo - 1821 Independence of Venezuela

Battle of Pichincha - 1822 Independece of Ecuado

Battle of Junín - 1824 Peru

Battle of Ayacucho – 1824 Peru Sucre O’Higgins

Gran Colombia

 ColombiaVenezuelaEcuadorPanamaNorthern Peru Northwest Brazil

The End of the Dream

Dictator – 1826 to 1830 "all who served the Revolution have plowed

the sea”Manuela Saenz

Simón Bolivar

Death 1830 Tuberculosis Santa Marta, Colombia

Sucre

Venezuela1795 - 18302n President of ColombiaBattle of Ayacucho

San Martín

Argentina1778 – 18501st President of Peru

Santander

Colombia1792 – 18404th president of New Granada2nd vice-president of Colombia

O’Higgins

Chile1778 - 1842Son of a former Viceroy2nd president of Chile

Mexico

Diferent characteristics The ethnicities are more freely mixed

The Cry of Dolores 1810 Padre Miguel Hidalgo

A simple but well educated man Called for rebellion in his city An army made out of indians and mestizos

80,000 man

Padre José Maria Morelos Took over the legacy of Miguel Hidalgo Fought for 4 years Defeated by Agustín Ituribe

Agustín Ituribe Proclaimed the Independence of Mexico

1821 Emperor of Mexico