ieee 2009.,harnessing sola n wind energy

IEEE SCHOOL

SEMINAR

Presented By:- ROOPALI PATIL.

(K.K.W.I.E.E.R)

TOPIC:- HARNESSIN SOLAR AND WIND ENERGY

What is Energy?

Energy, capacity of matter to perform work as the result of its motion or its position in relation to forces acting on it.

TYPES OF ENERGY

NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY. E.g. coal, petroleum, diesel etc.

RENEWABLE ENERGY. E.g. solar, wind, ocean,

geothermal, tidal etc.

DISADVANTAGES OF NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY

Causes pollution. Not Easily Available. High cost. Fast depleting. It will eventually run out, it cannot be recycled. Leave behind harmful by-products having disposal

problems. Fossil fuels are the cause of acid rain. Produces green house gases i.e. warming up of

earth’s surface. Causing GLOBAL WARMING.

ADVANTAGES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY OVER

NON-RENEWABLE

POLLUTION FREE. NO COST. EASILY AVAILABLE. RECUR IN NATURE & ARE INEXHAUSTIBLE. SAVES FOREIGN EXCHANGE & GENERATE LOCAL

EMPLOYMENT. TRANMISSION LOSSES ARE NIL. IT DOES NOT LEAVE ANY BY-PRODUCTS. IT WILL NOT PRODUCE ANY HARMFUL GASES.

WHY SOLAR AND WIND ENERGY CAN BE UTILISED BETTER THAN

THE OTHER?

BOTH THESE FORMS ARE ABUNDANT IN NATURE.

AVAILABLE EVERYWHERE. IT CAN ALSO BE UTILISED INDIVIDUALLY. BOTH ARE POLLUTION FREE. REDUCES COST OF FUEL.

ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY from RENEWABLE SOURCES.

Easily obtained from various primary energy resources.

Easily and quickly transmitted and distributed.

Easily measured, control, monitored, accounted.

Easily converted to another forms of final consumption,

Safe, pollution free, reliable source of energy.

WHAT IS SOLAR ENERGY?

SOLAR ENERGY,radiation produced by nuclear fusion reactions deep in the Sun’s core (see Nuclear Energy). The Sun provides almost all the heat and light Earth receives and therefore sustains every living being”

ADVANTAGESInexhaustible.Easily available.Pollution free.Increases the %of oxygen.Reliable.Can be collected easily.Easily utilized.

HOW IT CAN BE COLLECTED?

SOLAR PANELS.OCEANS.PLANTS.PV CELLS.FROM SPACE.BATTERIES.

A thermograph shows the large amount of heat lost through a house’s windows during winter. Replacing conventional windows with double- or triple-paned windows cuts down the amount of heat that can escape from the house; this conserves energy and reduces heating bills.

• Discovered by French scientist Antoine Edmund Becquerel in 1839, the photoelectric effect describes how sunlight can create an electric current by generating electrically charged particles.

• Developed by scientists at Bell Laboratories in 1954, modern solar cells are generally made of crystalline silicon, a semi-metallic element.

Richard E. Smalley (1943-2005)

Nobel Prize Winner in.1996Major Contribution in BulkyballsUsed in Nanosolar cell

Nobel Prize in Physics 1921for his discovery of the law of the“ photoelectric effect"

Albert Einstein

USES OF SOLAR PV CELLS

As a power source for satellites remote communications systemstraffic signsconsumer electronic devices such

as pocket calculators and watches.

• • Solar Collecting Panels• Panels on a rooftop collect energy from

sunlight and convert it directly into electricity. The solar panels contain semi-conducting materials. When light strikes the material, electrons move from one layer of the material to another, forming an electric current.

Passive Solar Energy

In this home, a “sun space” serves as a collector in winter when the solar shades are open and as a cooler in summer when the solar shades are

closed. Thick concrete walls modulate wide swings in

temperature by absorbing heat in winter and insulating in summer. Water compartments provide a

thermal mass for storing heat during the day and releasing heat at night.

COOL IDEAS FOR SUMMER 2009

A large window brings in lots of heat.Therefore, a room with large glass

‘panes’ would make interiors hotter than outside.

If the glasses are already there, the best alternative is to fix reflectors on their external surfaces. A4 sheets of paper used for photocopying can be used.

Alternatively, one can use Al foils also. They can removed during the winter to bring the sunlight.

EFFICIENT BUIDINGS

HOWSOLAR ENERGY IS UTILISED IN HOT REGION?

SOLAR ENERGY FROM SPACE

A futuristic proposal to produce power on a A futuristic proposal to produce power on a large scale envisions placing giant solar large scale envisions placing giant solar modules in geostationary Earth orbit.modules in geostationary Earth orbit.Energy generated from sunlight would then Energy generated from sunlight would then be converted to microwaves and beamed to be converted to microwaves and beamed to antennas on Earth for conversion to electric antennas on Earth for conversion to electric power.power.The Sun would shine on a solar collector in The Sun would shine on a solar collector in geostationary orbit almost 24 hours a day; geostationary orbit almost 24 hours a day; moreover, such a collector would be high moreover, such a collector would be high above the atmosphere and so would receive above the atmosphere and so would receive the full power of the Sun’s rays.the full power of the Sun’s rays.Consequently, such a collector would gather Consequently, such a collector would gather eight times more light than a similar collector eight times more light than a similar collector on the ground. on the ground.

*SOLAR BATTERIES Solar batteries produce electricity by

a photoelectric conversion process. The source of electricity is a photosensitive semi-conducting substance such as a silicon crystal to which impurities have been added. When the crystal is struck by light, electrons are dislodged from the surface of the crystal and migrate toward the opposite surface. There they are collected as a current of electricity. Solar batteries have very long lifetimes and are used chiefly in spacecraft as a source of electricity to operate the equipment abroad.

PICTURE OF SOLAR CELL USING NANORODS FOR CONVERSION OF LIGHT

INTO ELECTRICITY.

NANOSOLAR

Diagram of a nano solar cell

Nanoparticles are perfect to absorb solar energy and they can be used in very thin layers on conventional metals to absorb incident solar energy

roll-to-roll processing

• On June 16, 2004, Nanosolar achieved a historic achievement: the first time that someone managed to simply roll-print the semiconductor of a solar cell that can be as efficient and durable as a conventional crystalline silicon cell.

How it is used very easily?

MICROWAVE TOWER

Future says, trapping energy from the sun in the space itself and generating electrical energy from it would be easier using microwave signals and it will be efficient also.

What is Wind energy?

• Wind is created when air that has been warmed over sun-heated land rises, leaving a vacuum in the space it once occupied. Cooler surrounding air then rushes in to fill the vacuum. This movement of rushing air is what we know as wind.

WIND ENERGY “Wind energy is the form of solar

energy. About 1% to 2% of the energy coming from the sun is converted into wind energy. Generation of air currents is a direct effect of combination of two phenomena-circulation of hot air & earth rotation.”

ADVANTAGESClean, Pollution free.No waste is produced.Available in many offshore,

onshore remote areas.Low operating cost.Conserves non-renewable sources

of energy.

WORKINGBlow of wind sets the blades of turbine

into motion.The blades are connected to shaft

(pillar type structure) which converts wind energy into mechanical energy.

The shaft in turn, is connected to generator which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

WindmillA windmill is a machine that converts wind into useful energy. Windmills consist of a horizontal wind shaft that protrudes from the upper portion of the mill tower. Four to eight wind sails radiate from the wind shaft. The wood frames of the sails are either covered with canvas or fitted with wood shutters. The fantail automatically rotates the sails into the wind.

DISADVANTAGESLow energy density.Direction of wind is not always constant.Smaller units are more reliable but have

higher capital cost per KWh.Requires large energy storage batteries.Wind farms requires flat areas free from

forest.

The RE-power 5M, the largest wind

turbine in the world when it was

constructed in 2004, stands 183 m (600 ft) high with a rotor that is 126 m (413 ft) in

diameter. This prototype was first

assembled on land in Germany but was

designed for offshore wind farms.

Water- pumping Windmill in Spring.The blades are cut at an oblique angle to increase the efficiency.

MagLev: Magnetic Levitation

It is a vision of magnetic levitated wind turbine that can generate 1GW of energy (enough to power 750,000 homes.)

Blades are suspended on cushion of air.Very efficient.Minimal fiction losses.Reduces maintenance cost.Less land space.

Features:Specifically designed for installation

on boats, and on or near buildings.Almost silent in operation.

Smooth running with optional integral anti-vibration mount.

Robustly engineered for long trouble-free service.

Highly efficient.Aesthetically attractive design.

Corrosion-resistant materials used throughout.

Turning circle – 585mm.Weight 15 kilograms.

The M.A.R.S. (Magenn Power Air Rotor System) is an interesting device that is capable of harnessing the power of the wind (pretty much like how a windmill works) to generate electricity, sending that power down a 330 meter tether rope for immediate consumption. Since the M.A.R.S. is filled with helium, it is capable of flying much higher than other wind turbines in order to gain access to higher wind speeds. The 4.0 kW units will enter production this year, with another 7 more models in the pipeline which will be released within the next four years.

FLYING WINDMILL