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Hydrogen Delivery Analysis Models
Amgad Elgowainy (ANL), Marianne Mintz (ANL), Jerry Gillette (ANL), Matt Ringer (NREL), Bruce Kelly (Nexant), Matt Hooks (TIAX), Daryl Brown (PNNL), and Mark Paster (DOE)
September, 2007
DOE H2A Delivery Models
Spreadsheet model for delivery system component costs and performance: Components Model Delivery scenario model for Urban and Rural /Interstate markets and demand levels (Mkt. Penetration) Scenario ModelEstimates the cost of H2 ($/kg) (and V2: energy and GHG)Assumes 2005 delivery technologiesWe can insert our Research Targets to see the impact
List of Delivery Components
Compressed Hydrogen Gas Truck (Tube trailer)Compressed Hydrogen Gas Truck Terminal Liquid Hydrogen TruckLiquid Hydrogen Truck Terminal H2 Transmission Compressor H2 Forecourt Compressor Hydrogen pipelines H2 LiquefierLH2 Storage TankGaseous H2 Storage “Tank”Gaseous H2 Geologic StorageDispenserRefueling Site: GH2Refueling Site: LH2
Overview of the H2A Delivery Scenario Model
Scenario Definition
Market
Mode
P e n e tra t io n
0 2 5 5 0 7 5 1 0 0
P e n e tra t io n
0 2 5 5 0 7 5 1 0 0
MarketMarket
Mode
P e n e tra t io n
0 2 5 5 0 7 5 1 0 0
P e n e tra t io n
0 2 5 5 0 7 5 1 0 0
Packaging
StorageTransport
Capital Operating
Energy
Cumulative Cash Flow
Delivery Cost
Results
Inputs
Components Model
Truck Module
Pipeline Module
Scenario Definition Components and Other Sub-Models Results
5
Delivery Modeling Accomplishments: FY07
Worked with Nexant team to review HDSAM 1.0 and develop improved inputs and approaches
Fuel demand profile
Forecourt design and optimization (TIAX)
Cost functions: (NEXANT)- Pipelines
- Liquefier
- Compressors
- Storage vessels
Supply variations due to plant outages
Components and HDSAM Model enhancements
6
Enhancements Components sized to meet respective demand profile (eliminates capacity factor previously set for the entire pathway)Pathway storage optimization (plant outage, summer peak, Friday peak, hourly peak, HOF peak)Variable size forecourt (50 – 6000 kg/day)Additional pathways (mixed-mode deliveries, combined markets, plant outage/summer peak handling)Cost and characteristics of all components reviewed and improved
HDSAM V2.0 Simulates Nine Urban Pathways
H2 Production
1
2
3
LH Terminal
LH TerminalH2 Production
LH Terminal
Transmission Distribution
Transmission and Distribution
City gate
I. Liquid H2 Distribution:
H2 Production
HDSAM V2.0 Simulates Nine Urban Pathways
4GH Terminal
H2 Production
Transmission and Distribution
5
II. Compressed H2 Distribution:
H2 Production
Transmission and Distribution
GH Terminal
HDSAM V2.0 Simulates Nine Urban Pathways
6
7
GH Terminal
GH Terminal
II. Compressed H2 Distribution (cont’d):
H2 Production
H2 Production
City gate
Transmission Distribution
HDSAM V2.0 Simulates Nine Urban Pathways
H2 Production
H2 Production8
9
Transmission Distribution
City gate
III. Pipeline Delivery:
HDSAM V1.0 & V2.0 Simulate Three Rural Scenarios
H2 Production/
Conditioning
GH2 Tube-Trailer Delivery
LH2 Truck Delivery
Pipeline Delivery
HDSAM V2.0 Delivery Pathways Expansion
Analysis of Market Demand and Supply Variations
Supply Side Variations: Central Production Plant Outages– Scheduled yearly maintenance:
Typically 5 to 10 consecutive days each year
– Unscheduled maintenance outages: Indeterminate time and length
– Natural disasters: A few days?Demand side variations– Hourly at refueling sites– Day to day at refueling sites
• Friday is 8% higher than the average
– Winter/Summer demand variation• Summer is 10% above
average; winter is 10% below average
0.0%
1.0%
2.0%
3.0%
4.0%
5.0%
6.0%
7.0%
8.0%
9.0%
0 5 10 15 20
24 hour day
Perc
ent o
f Day
's T
rans
actio
ns
MonFri
Analysis of Storage Options and Costs
Storage ProblemProduction plants operate at constant rate, but demand varies
Storage OptionsGeologic gas storage
Low cost for very large amounts of hydrogenMay not be conveniently located
Liquefaction and liquid storage: Second best for large quantitiesGH2 Tanks: Highest cost, but efficient for small volumes
Storage and compression can add significant cost to hydrogen delivery
Need to find the optimum storage solution
15
Distribution Pipeline Cost Functions
Distribution Pipes
$0
$1,000,000
$2,000,000
$3,000,000
$4,000,000
$5,000,000
$6,000,000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Pipe Diameter [in.]
Cos
t/mile
Old CostNew Cost (Urban)New Cost (Downtown)
Large Compressor Cost Function: HDSAM V1.0 vs. V2.0
Central Pipeline Compressor
$0
$5,000,000
$10,000,000
$15,000,000
$20,000,000
$25,000,000
$30,000,000
$35,000,000
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000
Rated Power (kWe)
Inst
alle
d C
ost
Old Installed Cost
New Installed Cost
Liquefier Cost Function: HDSAM V1.0 vs. V2.0
Liquefier Cost
$0
$20,000,000
$40,000,000
$60,000,000
$80,000,000
$100,000,000
$120,000,000
$140,000,000
$160,000,000
$180,000,000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Liquefier Capacity [tonne/day]
Inst
alle
d Co
st
Old CostNew Cost (adjusted)
18
Liquid Storage Costs: HDSAM V1.0 vs.V2.0
LH2 Terminal Storage Installed Cost
$0
$1,000,000
$2,000,000
$3,000,000
$4,000,000
$5,000,000
$6,000,000
$7,000,000
$8,000,000
$9,000,000
$10,000,000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Storage Volume [m3]
Inst
alle
d Co
st
Old CostNew Cost
Gaseous Storage Cost Function: HDSAM V1.0 vs. V2.0
Lo w-P ressure Sto rage C o st
$0
$200,000
$400,000
$600,000
$800,000
$1,000,000
$1,200,000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
H o lding C apacity (kg)
Tota
l Cos
t
Old CostNew Cost
TIAX: Matt Hooks
Hydrogen Compressors
y = 4.2058x + 18.975R2 = 0.8654
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 50 100 150 200 250 300Capacity (kg/hr)
Tota
l Ins
talle
d C
ost (
$K)
Reciprocating
Diaphragm
Small Forecourt Compressor
Small Compressor Cost Function: HDSAM V1.0 vs. V2.0
TIAX: Matt Hooks
Forecourt Compressor
$0
$500,000
$1,000,000
$1,500,000
$2,000,000
$2,500,000
$3,000,000
$3,500,000
$4,000,000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
F lo w R ate (kg/ hr)
Inst
alle
d C
ost
Old CostNew Cost (w/Electrical)
22
Comparison of Delivery Modes: Los Angeles
Los Angeles, 850 kg/day Station
$0.00
$1.00
$2.00
$3.00
$4.00
$5.00
$6.00
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Market Penetration
Del
iver
y C
ost [
$/kg
]
Compressed H2 Delivery/GeologicLH2 Delivery/LiquefactionPipeline Delivery/Geologic Storage
23
Los Angeles (cont’d):
Indianapolis, Pipeline Delivery, 20% Market Penetration, 850 kg/day Station, 62 miles to City
$-
$0.50
$1.00
$1.50
$2.00
$2.50
$3.00
$3.50
$4.00
$4.50
Transmission Pipeline[$/kg]
Distribution Pipeline[$/kg]
Central Compressor[$/kg]
Geologic Storage[$/kg]
Gaseous Forecourt[$/kg]
Sum [$/kg]
[$/k
g]
Energy/Fuel
Other O&M
Capital
Indianapolis, Compressed Gas (5000 psi) Delivery, 20% Market Penetration, 850 kg/day Station, 62 miles to City
$-
$0.50
$1.00
$1.50
$2.00
$2.50
$3.00
$3.50
$4.00
$4.50
GH2 Terminal [$/kg] Compressed H2Truck-Tube [$/kg]
Geologic Storage[$/kg]
Gaseous Forecourt[$/kg]
Sum [$/kg]
[$/k
g]
Energy/Fuel
Other O&M
Capital
Indianapolis, LH2 Truck Delivery, 20% Market Penetration, 850 kg/day Station, 62 miles to City
$-
$0.50
$1.00
$1.50
$2.00
$2.50
$3.00
$3.50
$4.00
$4.50
Tractor-Trailer [$/kg] Liquefier [$/kg] Terminal [$/kg] Liquid Forecourt[$/kg]
Sum [$/kg]
[$/k
g]
Energy/Fuel
Other O&M
Capital
24
Comparison of Different Station Sizes
Indianapolis Pipeline Delivery- Geologic Storage
$0.00
$1.00
$2.00
$3.00
$4.00
$5.00
$6.00
$7.00
$8.00
$9.00
$10.00
$11.00
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Market Penetration
Del
iver
y C
ost [
$/kg
]
300 kg/day Station1000 kg/day Station6000 kg/day Station
25
Indianapolis at 10% Market Penetration
Indianapolis Delivery Modes at 10% Market Penetration
$0.00
$1.00
$2.00
$3.00
$4.00
$5.00
$6.00
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Distance from Production to City [miles]
Del
iver
y C
ost [
$/kg
]
Compressed gas Delivery/ Geologic for Outage
LH2 Truck Delivery/ Liquefaction for Outage
Pipeline Delivery/ Geologic for Outage
26
Indianapolis Delivery Modes at 20% Market Penetration
$0.00
$0.50
$1.00
$1.50
$2.00
$2.50
$3.00
$3.50
$4.00
$4.50
$5.00
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Distance from Production to City [miles]
Del
iver
y C
ost [
$/kg
]
Compressed gas Delivery/ Geologic for Outage
LH2 Truck Delivery/ Liquefaction for Outage
Pipeline Delivery/ Geologic for Outage
Indianapolis at 20% Market Penetration
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
0.900
1.000
GH2 Term
inal
GH2 Truc
ks
Geolog
ic Stor
age
GH2 Refu
eling
Station
Tota
l
H2 Liqu
efier
LH2 T
ruck
LH2 R
efueli
ng Stat
ion
Total
Centra
l Com
press
or
Geolog
ic Stor
age
GH2 Refu
eling
Station
Tota
lEn
ergy
Use
[MJ/
MJ
of H
2 ou
t of t
he P
athw
ay] On-site
Upstream
27
Energy Use by Delivery Mode- Indianapolis20% Market Penetration, 1000 kg/day Station, 62 miles to City
Tube Trailer Delivery(450 kg/day Station)
LH2 Truck Delivery
Pipeline Delivery
28
GHGs Emissions by Delivery Mode- Indianapolis20% Market Penetration, 1000 kg/day Station, 62 miles to City
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
GH2 Term
inal
GH2 Truc
ks
Geolog
ic Stor
age
GH2 Refu
eling
Station
Tota
l
H2 Liqu
efier
LH2 T
ruck
LH2 R
efueli
ng Stat
ion
Total
Centra
l Com
press
or
Geolog
ic Stor
age
GH2 Refu
eling
Station
Tota
lG
HG
s Em
issi
ons
[g /
MJ
of H
2 ou
t of t
he P
athw
ay]
On-site
Upstream
Tube Trailer Delivery(450 kg/day Station)
LH2 Truck Delivery
Pipeline Delivery
29
Energy Use by Market Demand- Indianapolis1000 kg/day Station, 62 miles to City
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Market Penetration
Ener
gy U
se [M
J / M
J of
H2
out o
f the
Pat
hway
]
Pipeline
LH2 Truck
30
GHGs Emissions by Market Demand- Indianapolis1000 kg/day Station, 62 miles to City
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%Market Penetration
GH
Gs
Emis
sion
s [g
/ M
J of
H2
out o
f the
Pat
hway
] Pipeline
LH2 Truck
31
Acknowledgements Other members of H2A Delivery team:
Mark Paster, DOEJerry Gillette, ANLMatt Ringer, NRELDaryl Brown, PNNLBruce Kelly and TP Chen, NexantMatt Hooks, TIAX
Nexant, Inc. Partners:TIAXChevronAir LiquideGTINREL
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