holocaust

The HolocaustThe HolocaustThe HolocaustThe Holocaust

SymbolismSymbolismSymbolismSymbolism

Jewish and Nazi SymbolsJewish and Nazi SymbolsJewish and Nazi SymbolsJewish and Nazi Symbols

The Star of David, representing Judaism.

http://jnfeducation.co.uk/media/Image/MDAvid.gif

The Star of David in a text from a Jewish book, dated 1008.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Leningrad_Codex_Carpet_page_e.jpg

A badge Jews were forced to wear during Nazi times.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Judenstern_JMW.jpg

The current flag of Israel

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Israel

GANESH, the Hindu God of Good Luck and Prosperity. Swastikas adorn the open pages

of the book at Ganesh's feet

Swastika is Sanskrit for all is well, or well-being.

www.heathenworld.com/ swastika/ganesh.html

The swastika as a Buddhist symbol.

http://www.falundafa.org.il/ver_01/english/wan_eng.htm#china

In India; the swastika still represents good luck to Hindus.

www.ourlifejourney.com/ jaipur_photos.htm

The ancient Chinese WuShu coin, with swastika designs.

An eighth century BC Greek bowl.

A swastika mosaic in a synagogue in Israel.

meaning.... It forms a combination of four “L’s” standing for Luck, Light, Love, and Life.

http://www.luckymojo.com/swastika.html

The Edmonton Swastikas Hockey Team, 1916.

http://www.birthplaceofhockey.com/hockeyists/swastikas/pic-edmt-swas%201916.html

A brass promotional watch fob from the 1920’s.

http://www.heathenworld.com/swastika/coke.html

The Nazi flag intended to symbolize “the ideology of the movement — in red its social ideal, in white its nationalism, and in

the swastika "the struggle for the victory of Aryan man"”

http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/de%7Dns_or.html#lef

These trees were planted in the 1930's by a local resident during Nazi times. They were largely forgotten until after the German reunification in 1992 when planes once again flew over the area.

Local forestry officials cut down 25 of the Larch trees after this photo appeared in several German tabloids.

http://www.birthplaceofhockey.com/hockeyists/swastikas/pic-edmt-swas%201916.html

This photo was taken on November 14, 2000. It was only visible from the air a few weeks in the Spring and a few weeks in the Fall when Larch trees stood out in contrast to the surrounding Pine trees.

The History of the The History of the JewsJews

Jewish Expulsions and Resettlement Areas in Europe. 1100 - 1500.

Pogroms and antisemitic

acts of violence in Russia and

the Pale from 1871 - 1906.

The Rise of theThe Rise of theNazi PartyNazi Party

1918 - 19331918 - 19331918 - 19331918 - 1933

Nazi party in 1922. Julius Streicher, editor of the antisemitic newspaper Der Stürmer, is front row, to the left of the child.

Photo credit: USHMM Photo Archives

Late 1920’s; Adolf Hitler reviews stormtroopers at a Nazi party rally in Nuremberg, Germany

Adolf Hitler and Heinrich Himmler review SS troops during Reich Party Day ceremonies.

The NazificationThe Nazificationof Germanyof Germany

1933 - 19391933 - 19391933 - 19391933 - 1939

Paul Von Hindenburg calling Adolf Hitler to the chancellorship of Germany, January, 30, 1933.

Photo credit: National Archives, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives

Reichminster Joseph Goebbels urges Germans to boycott Jewish-owned businesses, April 1, 1933.

German civilians and SA members paste anti-Jewish boycott signs on Jewish businesses. Most signs read, “Germans defend yourselves

against Jewish atrocity propaganda; buy only at German shops.” (1933)

A woman reads a boycott sign on a

Jewish department store. The sign

reads: “Germans defend yourselves

against Jewish atrocity propaganda; buy only at German

shops.” (1933)Photo credit: National Archives, courtesy

of USHMM Photo Archives

SA pickets, wearing boycott signs, block the entrance to a Jewish-owned shop. (1933)

A “brown shirt” (member of the SA) throws “un-German” books into a book burning fire in Berlin. May 10, 1933.

Hitler Youth march through Nuremberg, Germany past Nazi officials, including Julius Streicher. (1933)

Adolf Hitler opening the 1935 Party Day of freedom in the historic Nuremberg

town hall.Photo credit: USHMM Photo Archives

Nazis at the University of Vienna, Austria try to prevent Jews from entering the building; led to a day of student rioting.

Jesse Owens and other members of the 1936 US Olympic team arrive in Berlin.

German citizens salute Adolf Hitler at the 1936 Olympics in Berlin.Photo credit: National Archives, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives

Regards: Measures against Jews tonight.a) Only such measures may be taken which do not jeopardize

German life or property (for instance, burning of synagogues only if there is no danger of fires for the neighbourhoods).

b) Business establishments and homes of Jews may be destroyed but not looted. The police have been instructed to supervise the

execution of these directives and to arrest looters.c) In Business streets special care is to be taken that non-Jewish establishments will be safeguarded at all cost against damage.

As soon as the events of this night permit the use of the designated officers, as many Jews, particularly wealthy ones, as the local jails will hold, are to be arrested in all districts. Initially only healthy male Jews, not too old, are to be arrested. After the arrests have been carried out the appropriate concentration camp is to be contacted

immediately with a view to a quick transfer of the Jews to the camps....

Orders about Kristallnacht: Nov. 10, 1938

Kristallnacht: Nov. 10,

1938. Red dots indicate cities where synagogues

were destroyed.

During Kristallnacht, the Night of Broken Glass, a synagogue burns in Siegen, Germany. (November 10, 1938)

Photo credit: The Pictorial History of the Holocaust, Yitzhak Arad, Ed., Macmillan Publishing Co., NY, 1990, p. 58, courtesy of Shamash: The Jewish Internet Consortium.

Germans pass by the broken shop window of a Jewish business destroyed during Kristallnacht. (November, 1938)

Estimated Jewish

population in Europe in 1939.

Soviet Foreign Commissioner signs the German-Soviet nonagression pact. Josef Stalin, in white, stands behind him.

Photo credit: The National Archives and Records Administration, item #242-JRPE-44.

Artillery General von Riechenau, commander of part of the army that invaded Poland on September 1, 1939.

Photo credit: Meczenstwo Walka, Zaglada Aydów w Polsce 1939-1945. Poland. No. 28.

German troops parade through Warsaw, Poland, September, 1939. Photo credit: K Hugo Juger, Courtesy The National Archives and Records Administration, item #200-SFF-52.

The GhettosThe GhettosThe GhettosThe Ghettos

1939 - 19411939 - 19411939 - 19411939 - 1941

Harassment of a Jewish man.

Photo credit: Meczenstwo Walka, Zaglada Zydów Polsce 1939-1945.

Poland. No. 32.

German soldiers humiliating Polish Jews by forcing one Jew to cut the beard of another, while non-Jewish Poles look on.

Photo credit: Main Commission for the Investigation of Nazi War Crimes, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives.

Soldiers using the psychological warfare of humiliation against Jews, forcing them to give the Nazi salute.

Photo credit: Meczenstwo Walka, Zaglada Zydów Polsce 1939-1945. Poland. No. 37.

On November 14, 1939, the President of Lódz decreed that all Jews must wear arm bands or badges with a Jewish star.

Seller of Jewish arm bands on the streets

of Warsaw, 1940.Photo credit: Meczenstwo Walka,

Zaglada Zydów Polsce 1939-1945. Poland. No. 47.

Ghetto ration card for October 1941. This card officially entitled the holder to 300 calories daily.

Stores owned by Jews had to be marked with a Star of David, another part of the increasing segregation of Jews.

This picture captures the essence of how many non-Jewish Europeans and Jews related during the rise of Nazism.

One form of Nazi plunder was the circulation of money for use only in the ghetto, that had no value outside of the ghetto.

Rubenstein, a popular figure in the Warsaw ghetto in

1941-42, used humor and biting mockery as a way to

express the anger and hatred Jews felt toward the Nazis and the ghetto police.

A German soldier and a Jewish policeman direct Lódz ghetto residents crossing the street between the two parts of the ghetto in 1940 or 1941. The German sign forbids entry into the Jewish area.

This photograph was printed as a postcard. Photo credit: National Archives, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives

Identity card of Rudolf Kohn, deported from Vienna to the ghetto in Lódz.

Photo credit: Meczenstwo Walka, Zaglada Aydów w Polsce 1939-1945. Poland. No. 68.

Close-up of a child working at a machine in a Kovno ghetto workshop.

Photo credit: George Kadish Collection, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives

A German policeman checks the identification papers of Jews in the Krakow ghetto.

Photo credit: Archiwum Panstwowe w Krakowie

A typical room in a ghetto. Photo credit: Meczenstwo Walka, Zaglada Aydów w Polsce 1939-1945. Poland. No. 117.

The CampsThe CampsThe CampsThe Camps

1941 - 19421941 - 19421941 - 19421941 - 1942

Dutch Jews are marched to the Amersfoot internment camp under heavy guard, 1942.

Photo credit: Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives

Part of a report detailing murder of Jews in the Nazi-occupied Baltic

states and White Russia by Einsatzgruppe A, February 1, 1942.

Photo credit: Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, GPO Washington

The entrance to the main camp of Auschwitz. The gate bears the motto, “Work makes one free.”

Photo credit: Glowna Komisja Badania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives

Entrance to a gas chamber, Auschwitz; it was quickly converted into a bomb shelter. The building in the background was used by the

Gestapo as a regional headquarters.Photo credit: Glowna Komisja Badania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu,

courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives

The execution wall next to Block 11 in the Auschwitz I camp.Photo credit: Poland National Archives

The interior of a barracks in the Flossenbürg concentration camp that was intended to house 1500 prisoners.

Photo credit: Courtesy of National Archives

Registration of prisoners at Buchenwald concentration camp. Photo credit: American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee

Jews from the Netherlands stand for roll call in the Buchenwald concentration camp, 1941.

A crate full of rings confiscated from prisoners in Buchenwald. Photo credit: German National Archives

Prisoners with their mess kits on their way to the camp kitchen, Dachau

Photo credit: KZ Gedenksatte Dachau

Dachau innmates gathered outside & on the roof tops of a camp building to hear a speech by Hitler.

Photo credit: KZ Gedenksatte Dachau

A Gypsy couple in the Belzec concentration camp. Photo credit: Glowna Komisja Badania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives

SS-women at the Belsen Camp.Photo credit: The Belsen Trial, R. Philips, Ed., William Hodge and Company, 1949, p. 104, Courtesy of Shamash: The Jewish

Internet Consortium.

An SS guard with his dog at the Plaszow concentration camp.Photo credit: Main Commission for the Investigation of Nazi War Crimes, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives

The Ordenienst, or Jewish police in Westerbork, were Jews that collaborated with the Nazis & helped keep order in the camp.

Photo credit: Rijksinstituut voor Oorlogsdocumentatie, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives

Prisoners at forced labour building a factory at Auschwitz, 1942-43. Photo credit: Main Commission for the Investigation of Nazi War Crimes, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives

Jewish women at forced labour pulling hopper cars of stones in the Plaszlow concentration camp, 1944.

Photo credit: Prof. Leopold Pfefferberg-Page Collection, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives

Prisoners from Buchenwald concentration camp building the Weimar-Buchenwald railroad line.

Photo credit: Gedenkstaette Buchenwald

Prisoners’ orchestra during a concert for the SS-men in Auschwitz in 1941.

A view of the camp commandant’s house in Belzec. Photo credit: Main Commission for the Investigation of Nazi War Crimes, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives

A column of prisoners on a forced march from Dachau concentration camp, 1945.

Photo credit: Marion Koch Collection, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives

ResistanceResistanceResistanceResistance

1942 - 19441942 - 19441942 - 19441942 - 1944

A Jewish partisan group of men and women that fought in Poland. Photo credit: GMeczenstwo Walka, Zaglada Zydów Polsce 1939-1945. Poland. No. 517

A small group of partisans in the forests of Poland. Photo credit: GMeczenstwo Walka, Zaglada Zydów Polsce 1939-1945. Poland. No. 529

In the woods of the Ukraine, 1943, partisans receive a transmission from the Soviet Information Bureau.

Photo credit: GMeczenstwo Walka, Zaglada Zydów Polsce 1939-1945. Poland. No. 529

An announcement posted several days after the beginning of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising which forbids entrance to the ghetto under

punishment of death. Photo credit: Glowna Komisja Badania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu,

SS Major General Jürgen Stroop gathers information from a civilian on the second day of the suppression of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.

Photo credit: Glowna Komisja Badania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives

Jews captured during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising are led by German soldiers to the assembly point for deportation.

Surrounded by SS and SD guards, SS Major General Jürgen Stroop watches housing blocks burn during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.

Photo credit: Poland National Archives

One way Nazis suppressed the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising

was to burn blocks of buildings.

German stormtroopers force Warsaw ghetto dwellers of all ages to move, hands up, during the Jewish Ghetto Uprising in April-May 1943.

Jews are found in a bunker during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in May 1943.

Photo credit: National Archives, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives.

Jews captured during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising are marched off to the Umschlagplatz for deportation.

Warsaw ghetto after the liberation in 1945.Photo credit: Meczenstwo Walka, Zaglada Aydów w Polsce 1939-1945. Poland. No. 476.

Rescue & LiberationRescue & LiberationRescue & LiberationRescue & Liberation

1944 - 19451944 - 19451944 - 19451944 - 1945

Prisoners of Auschwitz greet their liberators.Photo credit: Polish Central State Archive of Film, Photo and Phonographic Documents

Children from Auschwitz II (Birkenau) after liberation.Photo credit: olish Central State Archive of Film, Photo and Phonographic Documents

Women in the barracks of the newly liberated Auschwitz concentration camp.

Survivors of the “Russian Camp”

section of Mauthausen.Photo credit: USHMM

Survivors eagerly pull down the Nazi eagle over entrance to the Mauthausen concentration camp.

Photo credit: Austrian National Archives

A survivor points out mass graves to US General Dwight D. Eisenhower during their inspection of

the camp.Photo credit: National Archives,

German civilians dig mass graves for dead prisoners from the Nordhausen concentration camp.

Photo credit: Nancy & Michael Krzyzanowski Collection, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives

AftermathAftermathAftermathAftermath

1945 - Present1945 - Present1945 - Present1945 - Present

The Nuremberg War Crimes Trials brought 22 Nazi officials to court in 1945-1946. The defendants are on the right side of the photo.

British Judge Lawrence and American Justice Francis

Biddle confer at the opening of the War Crimes Trial in Nuremberg. Four Allied nations - the United

States, Great Britain, France, and the USSR - worked together in an

international courtroom.Photo credit: Nancy and Michael Krzyzanowski,

courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives.

Some of the defendants at Nuremberg. Front row, from left to right: Hermann Göring, Rudolf Hess, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Wilhelm

Keitel. Back row from left to right: Karl Döwnitz, Erich Raeder, Baldur von Schirach, Fritz Sauckel, Alfred Jodl.

Photo credit: the National Archives

Defendant Julius Streicher, Editor-In

Chief of the antisemitic

newspaper Der Stürmer, at the

Nuremberg trials. Streicher was

sentenced to death by hanging.

Rudolf Hess, former mentally unstable

deputy to Hitler, in his cell at the International Military Tribunal trial of

war criminals at Nuremberg.

SS-Obersturmbannführer Karl Adolf Eichmann was chief of operations in the deportation of 3 million Jews to death camps.

Found in Argentina, tried, and executed in the early

1960s.Photo credit: National Archives, courtesy of

USHMM Photo Archives

Dr. Klaus Karl Schilling, a physician who infected over one thousand prisoners with malaria in his experiments at the Dachau camp,

defends himself at the trial of former camp personnel and prisoners from Dachau.

Photo credit: German National Archives

A United Nations Relief and

Rehabilitation Administration

worker is calling off names of orphans

from the Buchenwald camp,

scheduled for departure to Switzerland.

Street scene in the Foehrenwald displaced persons’ camp. Photo credit: Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society, New York, courtesy of USHMM Archives

Shmuel Hileberg painting in a studio at the

Lindenfels displaced persons’ center for

children, 1946.Photo credit: Rose Guterman Zar Collection,

A Jewish DP team, proudly wearing stars of David on their jerseys, pose at the Zeilsheim displaced persons’ camp.

Photo credit: Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society, New York, courtesy of USHMM Archives

Three Jewish children, from Poland, Latvia,

and Hungary, on their way to Palestine after being released from

the Buchenwald concentration camp.Photo credit: National Archives and

Records Administration, item 111-SC-204516. Lt. Moore, photographer, April 12,

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