goat hoof health
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Goat hoof health and management 11/28/2011
1
SUSAN SCHOENIAN (Shāy‐nē‐ŭn)Sheep & Goat SpecialistWestern Maryland Research & Education Centersschoen@umd.edu ‐ www.sheepandgoat.com
Hoof care is an important aspect of animal management.
Hoof health can affect an animal’s performance, p ,disease resistance, and welfare.
Hooves should be regularly checked for disease and excess growth.
Animals with excessive or abnormal hoof growth and chronic hoof disease should be culled. CULLING ISYOUR MOST POWERFUL TOOL!
To prevent lameness.
To allow air to reach the hoof, to eliminate the bacteria that cause infectionsinfections.
To create a flat sole surface, removing trapped mud and feces and reducing the possibility of infections.
In young animals to promote proper hoof growth.
Genetics IndividualBreed
Factors affecting the need for hoof trimming:
BreedColor of hoofStructure of hoof
EnvironmentSoil moisture and characteristics (terrain)Season and rainfallHousingDiet
1. Hoof shears (trimmers)Manual▪ Smooth vs. serrated▪ Rotating handle
YOUCAN’T DO ATHOROUGH JOBOF
HOOFTRIMMINGWITHOUTA KNIFE.
g
Air‐compression driven[large flocks]
2. Hoof knifeStraight vs. curved
3. Brush[for cleaning hoof]
While goat is standing against a fence or on a stand or work platform.
On its side or rump
Tilt table or “squeeze”
Manual▪ Half‐tilt▪ Full‐tiltAutomatic
Goat hoof health and management 11/28/2011
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Not during late gestation.
In conjunction with jother management tasks.
2 to 3 weeks before a show.
When hooves are soft.
Clean hoof
Trim excess growthTrim to pad (sole)Trim axial surfaceDon’t cut tip[entry for infection]
Try not to draw blood.[entry for infection]
Disinfect tools between animals
PRACTICE MAKES “PERFECT.”
COMMON
Foot scald (esp. goats)Foot abscessFootrot (esp sheep)A
CTER
IAL
Footrot (esp. sheep)
LESS COMMON
Laminitis (founder)BluetongueSoremouthFoot‐and‐mouth disease
BA
VIRAL
Gram‐negative, anaerobic bacteria that lives in the digestive tract and feces of animals.
CAUSES FOOT SCALD(INTERDIGITAL DERMATITIS)
Interacts with other bacteria to cause foot scald and foot abscesses.
Works in conjunction with D. Nodosus to cause footrot.
ON EVERY FARM
An inflammation and redness between the toes (claws).
No (or minimal
SKIN BETWEENTOES IS
RAWAND INFLAMED.
No (or minimal involvement) of the hoof.
Precursor to footrot and foot abscesses.
Outbreaks occur during periods of wet weather.
NOT CONTAGIOUS
Occurs when Actinomycesbacteria invade tissue already weakened by an interdigital infection.
HEEL ORTOE
Causes lameness, pain, swelling, and heat.
Affects mostly mature and heavy animals.
Usually only one hoof or digit is affected.ACTINOMYCES IS UBIQUITIOUS.
Goat hoof health and management 11/28/2011
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Gram‐negative, anaerobic bacteria that live in the feet of infected animals.
Release protease enzymes which digest connect tissue between the
CAUSES FOOTROT
digest connect tissue between the horn and flesh of the hoof.
Survival of D. NodosusDoes not infect healthy hoovesUp to three years in chronically‐infected hooves.Up to 14 days on soil, feces, and pastureUp to 6 weeks in hoof horn clippingsOther surfaces: not known
20 DIFFERENT STRAINS OF BACTERIA
THATVARY IN VIRULENCE.
Involves a separation of the horny portions of the hoof from the underlying sensitive areas.
UNDERMININGOF HOOF
Putrid odor
Both claws are usually affected.
More than one hoof may be involved.
HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS
Irritation of interdigital tissue caused by moisture or trauma allows entry of F. necrophorum.
Other disease‐causing bacteria invade tissue already yweakened by interdigitaldermatitis.
Predisposing factors:Warmth (>45°F) + moistureOvergrown hoovesAbnormal hoof growth
Infection or exposure does not provide natural immunity.
Moisture / trauma
Softening, damage to skin between toes
Invasion by Fusobacterium necrophorumInvasion by Fusobacterium necrophorum
INTERDIGITAL DERMATITIS OR FOOT SCALD
Invasion byActinomyces pyogenes
Invasion byDichelorbacter nodosus
FOOT ABSCESS FOOTROT
Source: Guide to Footrot in Sheep, Alberta Sheep & Wool Commission
PrimaryIn the hooves of newly acquired animals.
SecondaryO t i t d On contaminated equipment.In contaminated bedding at sales, fairs, and during transport.In the hooves of sheep and cattle.On pasture and in barn lots.On footwear.From service personnel
FOOTROTUSUALLY “WALKSON” TOA FARM INTHE
HOOVESOF AN INFECTEDANIMALORCHRONIC CARRIER.
Have a written biosecurity plan and follow it.
Do not buy animals from yflocks with a history of foot diseases or noticeable lameness.
All newly acquired animals should be suspected of having footrot and be quarantined for a minimum of 3 weeks.
FOOTROT PUTS PEOPLE OUT OF BUSINESS!
Goat hoof health and management 11/28/2011
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Observe all new animals for lameness.
Carefully inspect h f teach foot.
Closely trim hooves.
Spray each foot with a solution of 20% zinc sulfate.
Re‐trim (if necessary) and thoroughly examine hooves for signs of infection.
If there is any evidence of footrot infection, all animals in the group should be foot bathed with a 10% solution of zinc sulfate.
Goal: eliminate the effects of footrot in sheep flocks in the Northeast.
1. Education1. Education▪ Cooperating flocks▪ 4 week protocol for eliminating foot rot
▪ Web site: extension. umaine/sheep/
2. Research▪ Scoring▪ DNA testing Dr. Richard Brzozowksi
University of Maine Extension
Trim, inspect, and score feet of everygoat (and sheep) on the farm.
Separate into groups1. Healthy,
infection‐free 2. Infected (recovering)
Consider cullinginfected animals.
Health (scale of 1‐5)1. No sign of infection2. Inflammation of digital skin,
possible odor3. Odor, undermining/
separation, lamenessp ,4. Excessive undermining two
or more feet infected, odor5. Chronic carrier
StructurePocketsOther abnormal growth
Hoof colorwhite, mottled, black, brown, gray
“Pocket”
Goat hoof health and management 11/28/2011
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Foot bath all animals
Protocol for foot bathingMix 8.5 pounds of zinc sulfate in 10 gallons of water + 1 cup of laundry detergent (wetting laundry detergent (wetting agent).
Create a “soak” pad in bottom of footbath (wool or sawdust) to prevent splashing and loss of solution.
Goats (and sheep) should stand in foot bath for at least 3 to 5 minutes (preferably longer).
After soaking, put animals in drying area:
Well‐bedded barn area Dry, hard surface ▪ Clean concrete pad ▪ Wooden floor
After drying, put groups into separate pastures or barn areas where goats (or sheep) have not been for at least two weeks.
Repeat foot bathing and drying protocol.
Observe animals and Observe animals and check for any limpers.
Check and trim feet of limpers in healthy group and move to infected group.
Inspect all goats (and sheep)Check and trim hooves (if necessary).Score hooves
Move infected animals that Move infected animals that have recovered to healthy group and vice versa.
Repeat foot bathing and drying protocol.
Move groups to separate pastures where goats (and sheep) have not been for at least 2 weeks.
Repeat foot bathing and drying protocol.
Ob i l d Observe animals and check for any limpers.Check and trim feet of limpers in healthy group and move to infected group.
Inspect all goats (and sheep)
Score each hoof
Repeat foot bathing and drying protocol.
Goat hoof health and management 11/28/2011
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After 4 weeks, all animals except “carriers” should h b bl have been able to heal.
Cull any animal that is still infected. Cull carriers!
Antibiotic therapyPenicillin [Rx]Tetracyclines [Rx]
Antibiotic sprays
Topical treatment with Koppertox® Topical treatment with Koppertox or 7% iodine
Dry chemicals
Absorptive pads
Vaccination [prevent and treat]not FDA‐approved for goats
Zinc supplementation
Genetic selection
CONTROL AND/OR ERADICATION OF
FOOTROT USUALLY REQUIRES A
COMBINATION OF PRACTICES.
CONVENTIONAL SELECTIONUSING FOOTROT LESION SCORING
Resistance to footrot is heritable in ewes, but not lambs
MARKER‐BASED SELECTIONUSING DNATESTING
Genetic markers have been found which can identify if a sheep is resistant to footrot.
not lambs.Low to moderate heritability0.02 to 0.40 (UK)0.30 to 0.40 (NZ)Low repeatabilityAt least two footrot scores are recommendedCreation of EPDs/EBVs
A blood test for resistance is currently available (NZ)
To be effective the same strains of D. nodosus must be causing footrot.
A rapid test to identify D. nodosus strains is being commercialized.
Does not require exposure to disease.
http://www.sheepandgoat.com/footrot.htmlhttp://extension.maine.edu/sheep
Thank you for your attention
Any questions?
Visit the Maryland Small Ruminant Page on Facebook@ http://www.facebook.com/MDSmallRuminant
SUSAN SCHOENIANsschoen@umd.edu
www.sheepandgoat.com
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