csc1100 - chapter09 - computer security, ethics and privacy

Discovering Computers 2008

Chapter 9 Chapter 9 Chapter 9 Chapter 9

Computer Security, Computer Security, Computer Security, Computer Security,

Ethics and PrivacyEthics and PrivacyEthics and PrivacyEthics and Privacy

Chapter 10 ObjectivesChapter 10 ObjectivesChapter 10 ObjectivesChapter 10 Objectives

Describe the types of computer security risksDescribe the types of computer security risks

Identify ways to safeguard against computer viruses, worms, Trojan horses, botnets, denial of service attacks, back

doors, and spoofing

Identify ways to safeguard against computer viruses, worms, Trojan horses, botnets, denial of service attacks, back

doors, and spoofing

Discuss techniques to prevent unauthorized Discuss techniques to prevent unauthorized

Discuss the types of devices available that protect computers from system failure

Explain the options available for backing up computer resources

Identify risks and safeguards associated with wireless communications

Discuss techniques to prevent unauthorized computer access and use

Identify safeguards against hardware theft and vandalism

Explain the ways software manufacturers protect against software piracy

Define encryption and explain why it is necessary

Recognize issues related to information accuracy, rights, and conduct

Discuss issues surrounding information privacy

Discuss ways to prevent health-related disorders and injuries due to computer use

Computer Security RisksComputer Security RisksComputer Security RisksComputer Security Risks

What is a computer security risk?� Event or action that causes loss of or damage to

computer system

Internet and Network AttacksInternet and Network AttacksInternet and Network AttacksInternet and Network Attacks

What are viruses, worms, and Trojan horses?

VirusVirus is a potentially damaging computer program

WormWorm copies itself repeatedly,

using up resources

and possibly

Trojan horseTrojan horsehides within or looks like legitimate

program until

PayloadPayload(destructive event) that is

delivered when you open file, run program

and possibly shutting down computer or

network

program until triggered

you open file, run infected program, or boot computer with infected disk

in disk driveCan

spreadand

damage files

Does not replicateitself on

other computers

How can a virus spread through an e-mail message?

Step 1. Unscrupulous programmers create a virus program. They hide the virus in a Word document and attach the Word document to an e-mail message.

Step 2. They use the Internet to send the e-mail message to thousands of users around the world.

Step 3b. Other users do not recognize the name of the sender of the e-mail message. These users do not open the e-mail message. Instead they delete the e-mail message. These users’ computers are not infected with the virus.

Step 3a. Some users open the attachment and their computers become infected with the virus.

How can you protect your system from a macro virus?� Set macro security level in applications that allow you

to write macros

� Set security level so that warning displays that document contains document contains macro� Macrosare instructions

saved in an application, such as word processing or spreadsheet program

What is an antivirus program?� Identifies and removes

computer viruses� Most also protect against

worms and Trojan horseshorses

What is a virus signature?� Specific pattern of virus code

� Also called virus definition

� Antivirus programs look for virus signaturessignatures

How does an antivirus program inoculatea program file?

Records Records information information

about program such about program such as file size and as file size and

creation creation datedate

Uses Uses information information

Keeps file in separate area of hard disk

datedate Attempts Attempts to remove to remove

any detected any detected virusvirus

information information to detect if to detect if

virus tampers virus tampers with filewith file

QuarantinesQuarantinesinfected infected

files that it files that it cannot cannot removeremove

What are some tips for preventing virus, worm, and Trojan horse infections?

Never start a computer with

removable media

Never open an e-mail attachment

unless you are expecting it and

Install an antivirus program on all of your computers

Check all downloaded programs for

viruses, worms, or Trojan horses

Install a personalfirewall program

If the antivirus program flags an e-mail attachment as infected, delete the

attachmentimmediately

removable media inserted

expecting it and it is from a trusted

source

your computers

What are a denial of service attack, back door andspoofing?

A denial of service (DOS) attackis an assault which disrupts computer access

to an Internet service such as the Web or e-mail

A back door is a program or set of instructionsin a program that allow users to bypass

security controls when accessing a computerresource

Spoofingis a technique intruders use to maketheir network or Internet transmission

appear legitimate to a victim computer ornetwork (email spoofing)

What is a firewall ?� Security system consisting of hardware and/or

software that prevents unauthorized intrusion

What is a personal firewall?� Program that protects personal computer and its data

from unauthorized intrusions� Monitors transmissions to and from computer� Informs you of attempted intrusion

Unauthorized Access and UseUnauthorized Access and UseUnauthorized Access and UseUnauthorized Access and Use

How can companies protect against hackers?

Intrusion detection softwareIntrusion detection softwareanalyzes network traffic, assesses analyzes network traffic, assesses

system vulnerabilities, and identifies system vulnerabilities, and identifies intrusions and suspicious behaviorintrusions and suspicious behavior

Access controlAccess controldefines who defines who can access computer and can access computer and

what actions they can takewhat actions they can take

Audit trailAudit trail records access records access attempts attempts ––successful & successful & unsuccessful attemptsunsuccessful attempts

What are other ways to protect your personal computer?� Disable file and

printer sharing on Internet connection

What is a user name?� Unique combination of characters that identifies user� Passwordis private

combination of characters associated with the user name with the user name that allows access to computer resources

How can you make your password more secure?� Longer passwords provide greater security

What is a possessed object?� Item that you must carry to gain access to

computer or facility� Often used with

numeric password called personal called personal identification number (PIN)

What is a biometric device?� Authenticates person’s

identity using personal characteristic� Fingerprint, hand geometry,

voice, signature, and irisvoice, signature, and iris

Hardware Theft and VandalismHardware Theft and VandalismHardware Theft and VandalismHardware Theft and Vandalism

What are hardware theft and hardware vandalism?� Hardware theft is act of stealing

computer equipment� Cables sometimes used to lock

equipment

� Some notebook computers use passwords, possessed objects, and passwords, possessed objects, and biometrics as security methods

� For PDAs and smart phones, you can password-protect the device

� Hardware vandalism is act of defacing or destroying computer equipment

Software TheftSoftware TheftSoftware TheftSoftware Theft

What is software theft?

Act of stealing or Act of stealing or illegally stealingillegally stealing

software, copying software, copying software or software or

Software Software piracypiracyis illegal is illegal duplication duplication of copyrighted of copyrighted

intentionally intentionally erasing erasing

programsprograms

softwaresoftware

What is a license agreement?� Right to use software� Single-user license agreement allows user to install software

on one computer, make backup copy, and sell software after removing from computer

What are some other safeguards against software theft?

Product activationProduct activation allows user to input allows user to input product identification number online or by product identification number online or by

phone and receive unique installation phone and receive unique installation identification numberidentification number

Business Software Alliance (BSA)Business Software Alliance (BSA)promotes promotes better understanding of software piracy better understanding of software piracy

problemsproblems

Information TheftInformation TheftInformation TheftInformation Theft

What is encryption?� Safeguards against information theft� Process of converting plaintext (readable data) into ciphertext

(unreadable characters)� Encryption key (formula) often uses more than one method� To read the data, the recipient must decrypt, or decipher, the data

Secure siteSecure siteis Web site that uses encryption

How do Web browsers provide secure data transmission?

Many Web browsers is Web site that uses encryption to secure data

Many Web browsers use encryption

What is a certificate authority (CA)?� Authorized person

or company that issues and verifies digital certificates

� Users apply for � Users apply for digital certificate from CA

What is Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)?� Provides encryption of all data that passes between

client and Internet server� Web addresses beginning

with “https” indicate secure connectionssecure connections

� Both client & server must have digital certificate

� Available in both 40-bit and 128-bit encryption

What is Secure HTTP (S-HTTP)?� Allows users to choose an encryption scheme for data

that passes between a client & a server� More difficult than SSL but more secure

� Used by applications that need authenticity verification of client – e.g. online bankingof client – e.g. online banking

What is Virtual Private Network (VPN)?� Mobile users today often access their company

network through VPN� For mobile users to connect to a main office using a

standard Internet connection

� Provides a secure connection to company network � Provides a secure connection to company network server, as if the user has a private line

System FailureSystem FailureSystem FailureSystem Failure

What is a system failure?

Can cause loss of hardware, Can cause loss of hardware, software, or datasoftware, or data

Prolonged malfunction Prolonged malfunction of computerof computer

Undervoltage—drop in electrical supply

Overvoltageor power surge—

significant increase in electrical power

Noise—unwanted electrical signal

Caused by aging hardware, Caused by aging hardware, natural disasters, or electrical natural disasters, or electrical

power disturbancespower disturbances

System FailureSystem FailureSystem FailureSystem Failure

What is a surge protector?� Protects computer and

equipment from electrical power disturbances

� Uninterruptible power supply (UPS)is surge protector that (UPS)is surge protector that provides power during power loss

Backing Up Backing Up Backing Up Backing Up ———— The Ultimate SafeguardThe Ultimate SafeguardThe Ultimate SafeguardThe Ultimate Safeguard

What is a backup?

Duplicate of file, program, or disk

Full backupFull backupall files in

Selective backupSelective backupselect which files Selective backupSelective backupselect which files

ThreeThree--generation generation backupbackup

preserves

ThreeThree--generation generation backupbackup

preserves all files in computerall files in computer

select which files to back up

preserves three copies of important files

In case of system failure or corrupted files, restorerestorefiles by copying to original location

Wireless SecurityWireless SecurityWireless SecurityWireless Security

How can I ensure my wireless communication is secure?Secure your wireless access point (WAP)

� WAP should not broadcast your network name� Wireless security standards:

� Enable Wired Equivalent Privacy � Enable Wired Equivalent Privacy � Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) � 802.11i

Ethics and SocietyEthics and SocietyEthics and SocietyEthics and Society

What are computer ethics?

Software theftSoftware theft Information accuracyInformation accuracyUnauthorized use of

computers and networks

Unauthorized use of computers and

networks

Moral guidelines that govern use of computers and information systemsMoral guidelines that govern use of computers and information systems

Information privacyInformation privacy

Intellectual property rights—rights to which creators are entitled for

their work

Intellectual property rights—rights to which creators are entitled for

their work

Codes of conductCodes of conduct

networksnetworks

Ethics and SocietyEthics and SocietyEthics and SocietyEthics and Society

What is an IT code of conduct?� Written guideline

that helps determine whether computer action is ethicalethical

� Employers can distribute to employees

Information PrivacyInformation PrivacyInformation PrivacyInformation Privacy

What is information privacy ?

Difficult to maintain today

Right of individuals and companies to deny or restrict

collection and use of information about them

Legal for employers to use monitoring software programs

Difficult to maintain today because data is stored online

Employee monitoringis using computers to observe employee

computer use

What are some ways to safeguard personal information?

Fill in only necessary informationon rebate, warranty, and

registration forms

Avoid shopping club and buyers cards

Install a cookie manager to filter cookies

Clear your history file when you are finished browsing

Set up a free e-mail account;

Sign up for e-mail filtering through your

Internet service provider or use an antispam program,

such as Brightmail

Inform merchants that you do not want them to distribute

your personal information

Limit the amount of information you provide to Web sites; fill in only required information

Set up a free e-mail account; use this e-mail address for

merchant forms

Turn off file and print sharing on your Internet connection

Install a personal firewall

Do not reply to spam for any reason

Surf the Web anonymously with a program such as Freedom Web Secure or through an anonymous

Web site such as Anonymizer.com

What is an electronic profile?� Data collected when you fill out form on Web� Merchants sell

your electronic profile

� Often you can � Often you can specify whether you want personal information distributed

What is a cookie?

Set browser to accept cookies, prompt you to accept cookies,

or disable

Some Web sites sell or trade information

stored in your

Small file on your computer that contains

data about you

User preferences

or disable cookies

stored in your cookies

data about you

Interests and

browsing habits

How regularly you visit Web sites

How do cookies work?

What are spyware, adware, and spam?� Spywareis program

placed on computer without user’s knowledge

� Adware is a program� Adware is a programthat displays onlineadvertisements

� Spamis unsolicited e-mail message sent to many recipients

How can you control spam?

Collects spam incentral location

that you can view any time

Service that blocks e-mail

messages from designated

EE--mail filteringmail filtering

view any timedesignated

sources

Sometimes removes valid

e-mail messages

Attempts to remove spam

AntiAnti--spam programspam program

What is phishing?

Scam in which a perpetratorsends an official lookingsends an official looking

e-mail that attemptsto obtain your personal and

financial information

What privacy laws have been enacted?

What privacy laws have been enacted? (cont’d)

What is content filtering?� Process of restricting access to certain material� Internet Content Rating

Association (ICRA)provides rating system of Web contentof Web content

� Web filtering softwarerestricts access to specified sites

What is computer forensics?� Also called digital forensics, network forensics, or

cyberforensics� Discovery, collection, and analysis of evidence

found on computers and networks� Computer forensic analysts must have knowledge � Computer forensic analysts must have knowledge

of the law, technical experience, communication skills, and willingness to learn

Computer vision syndrome Computer vision syndrome (CVS)(CVS) ——eye and vision eye and vision

problemsproblems

Computer vision syndrome Computer vision syndrome (CVS)(CVS) ——eye and vision eye and vision

problemsproblems

Health Concerns of Computer UseHealth Concerns of Computer UseHealth Concerns of Computer UseHealth Concerns of Computer Use

What are some health concerns of computer use?

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)——inflammation of nerve that inflammation of nerve that

connects forearm to palmconnects forearm to palm

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)——inflammation of nerve that inflammation of nerve that

connects forearm to palmconnects forearm to palm

Repetitive strain injury (RSI)Repetitive strain injury (RSI)Repetitive strain injury (RSI)Repetitive strain injury (RSI)

Computer addictionComputer addiction —— when when computer consumes entire computer consumes entire

social lifesocial life

Computer addictionComputer addiction —— when when computer consumes entire computer consumes entire

social lifesocial life

TendonitisTendonitis —— inflammation of inflammation of tendon due to repeated motiontendon due to repeated motionTendonitisTendonitis —— inflammation of inflammation of tendon due to repeated motiontendon due to repeated motion

connects forearm to palmconnects forearm to palmconnects forearm to palmconnects forearm to palm

What precautions can prevent tendonitis or carpal tunnel syndrome?� Spread fingers apart for several seconds while keeping

wrists straight� Gently push back fingers and

then thumbthen thumb� Dangle arms

loosely at sides and then shake arms and hands

How can you ease eyestrain when working at the computer?

What is ergonomics?� Applied science devoted to comfort, efficiency, and

safety in workplace

keyboard height: 23” to 28”

elbows at 90°and arms and hands parallel to floor

feet flat on floor

adjustable height chair with 4 or 5 legs for stability

adjustable seat

What is green computing?� Reducing electricity and environmental waste while

using computer

Summary of Computer Security, Ethics and PrivacySummary of Computer Security, Ethics and PrivacySummary of Computer Security, Ethics and PrivacySummary of Computer Security, Ethics and Privacy

Potential computer risksPotential computer risks

Safeguards that schools, business, and individuals can

implement to minimize these risks

Safeguards that schools, business, and individuals can

implement to minimize these risks

Ethical issues surrounding information accuracy, intellectual property rights, codes

of conduct, and information privacy

Ethical issues surrounding information accuracy, intellectual property rights, codes

of conduct, and information privacy

implement to minimize these risksimplement to minimize these risks

Wireless security risks and safeguardsWireless security risks and safeguards

Computer-related health issues, their preventions, and ways to keep the environment healthy

Chapter 8 Complete

csc1100 - chapter09 - computer security, ethics and privacy

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