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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Development Through the LifespanDevelopment Through the Lifespan
Chapter 15
Physical and Cognitive Development inMiddle Adulthood
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Chapter 15
Physical and Cognitive Development inMiddle Adulthood
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:
Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;
Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;
Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Vision Changes in Middle AdulthoodVision Changes in Middle Adulthood
Presbyopia Problems reading small print Bifocals if nearsighted
Difficulties in dim light Reduced color discrimination Glaucoma risk
Presbyopia Problems reading small print Bifocals if nearsighted
Difficulties in dim light Reduced color discrimination Glaucoma risk
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Hearing Changes in Middle AdulthoodHearing Changes in Middle Adulthood
Gender, cultural differences Men lose more hearing
Hearing aids can help
Gender, cultural differences Men lose more hearing
Hearing aids can help
Presbycusis - “old hearing” Earliest, most loss in high frequencies
Presbycusis - “old hearing” Earliest, most loss in high frequencies
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Skin Changes in Middle AdulthoodSkin Changes in Middle Adulthood Wrinkles
Forehead – starting in 30s Crow’s Feet - 40s
Sagging Face, arms, legs
Age Spots After age 50
Faster with sun exposure, for women
Wrinkles Forehead – starting in 30s Crow’s Feet - 40s
Sagging Face, arms, legs
Age Spots After age 50
Faster with sun exposure, for women
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Muscle-Fat Makeupin Middle AdulthoodMuscle-Fat Makeupin Middle Adulthood
Middle-age spread common – fat gain in torso Men: upper abdomen, back Women: waist, upper arms
Very gradual muscle declines Can be avoided
Low-fat diet with fruits, vegetables, grains
Exercise - resistance training
Middle-age spread common – fat gain in torso Men: upper abdomen, back Women: waist, upper arms
Very gradual muscle declines Can be avoided
Low-fat diet with fruits, vegetables, grains
Exercise - resistance training
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Should You Cut Calories?Should You Cut Calories?
Restricted diet helps diverse animals Longer life Less disease
Natural human experiments show benefits Okinawa Biosphere
Hard for many people to do Calorie-restriction mimetics may work
Restricted diet helps diverse animals Longer life Less disease
Natural human experiments show benefits Okinawa Biosphere
Hard for many people to do Calorie-restriction mimetics may work
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Climacteric and MenopauseClimacteric and Menopause
Gradual end of fertility Menopause follows 10–year
climacteric Age range extends from late
thirties to late fifties Drop in estrogen
Shorter monthly cycles, eventually stop
Can cause problems Sexual functioning Cholesterol
Gradual end of fertility Menopause follows 10–year
climacteric Age range extends from late
thirties to late fifties Drop in estrogen
Shorter monthly cycles, eventually stop
Can cause problems Sexual functioning Cholesterol
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Menopausal SymptomsMenopausal Symptoms
Research shows menopause link
Hot flashes/night sweats Sexual problems
Not linked to menopause, other causes should be
investigated
Irritability Sleep difficulties Depression
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Menopause Symptoms Around the WorldMenopause Symptoms Around the World
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Hormone Therapy for Menopause Hormone Therapy for Menopause
Benefits
Reduces hot flashes, vaginal dryness May help mood Bone benefits
Risks
Heart attack, stroke, blood clots Cancer Cognitive declines, Alzheimer’s
Alternatives
Gabapentin for hot flashes Antidepressants Black cohosh
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Reactions to MenopauseReactions to Menopause
Individual differences Importance of child-bearing capacity Other interests
Cultural differences Medicalization in industrial West linked
to complaints Ethnic differences in North America Social status of aging women linked to
reactions
Individual differences Importance of child-bearing capacity Other interests
Cultural differences Medicalization in industrial West linked
to complaints Ethnic differences in North America Social status of aging women linked to
reactions
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Male Reproductive Changesin Middle AdulthoodMale Reproductive Changesin Middle Adulthood Reduced sperm and semen after 40 Gradual testosterone reduction
Sexual activity stimulates production
Reduced sperm and semen after 40 Gradual testosterone reduction
Sexual activity stimulates production Erection Problems
Frequent problems may be linked to anxiety, diseases, injury, loss of interest
Viagra & other drugs
Erection Problems Frequent problems may be linked to anxiety,
diseases, injury, loss of interest Viagra & other drugs
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Health in Middle AgeHealth in Middle Age
Over 80% rate as good or excellent Decline from early
adulthood
More chronic diseases than in early adulthood
Over 80% rate as good or excellent Decline from early
adulthood
More chronic diseases than in early adulthood
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Sexuality in Middle AdulthoodSexuality in Middle Adulthood
Intensity of response declines Slower arousal due to climacteric Partner may seem less attractive
Sex still important, enjoyable to most
Gender differences in partner availability
Intensity of response declines Slower arousal due to climacteric Partner may seem less attractive
Sex still important, enjoyable to most
Gender differences in partner availability
Slight drop in frequency among married couples Continue patterns from early adulthood More sex in good marriages
Slight drop in frequency among married couples Continue patterns from early adulthood More sex in good marriages
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Leading Causes of Deathin Middle AdulthoodLeading Causes of Deathin Middle Adulthood
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Cancer in Middle AdulthoodCancer in Middle Adulthood
One-third of U.S. midlife deaths, half in Canada More in lower SES
Results from mutations Oncogenes Tumor suppressor genes Stability genes Can be germline (genetic) or somatic
Often curable Treatment and survival
emotionally challenging
One-third of U.S. midlife deaths, half in Canada More in lower SES
Results from mutations Oncogenes Tumor suppressor genes Stability genes Can be germline (genetic) or somatic
Often curable Treatment and survival
emotionally challenging
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Most Common Types of CancerMost Common Types of Cancer
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Reducing Cancer RisksReducing Cancer Risks
Know 7 warning signs
Do self-exams Get regular check-
ups & screenings Weigh risks of
hormone therapy Healthy diet
Know 7 warning signs
Do self-exams Get regular check-
ups & screenings Weigh risks of
hormone therapy Healthy diet
Avoid: Tobacco Too much sun Unnecessary X-rays Industrial
chemicals, pollutants
Avoid: Tobacco Too much sun Unnecessary X-rays Industrial
chemicals, pollutants
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Cardiovascular DiseaseCardiovascular Disease
Symptoms Heart attack Angina pectoris – chest pain Arrhythmia
Risk Conditions High blood cholesterol High blood pressure Atherosclerosis
Symptoms Heart attack Angina pectoris – chest pain Arrhythmia
Risk Conditions High blood cholesterol High blood pressure Atherosclerosis
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Reducing Heart Attack RiskReducing Heart Attack Risk
Quit smoking Reduce cholesterol Treat high blood pressure Maintain ideal weight Exercise regularly Occasional wine or beer Low-does aspirin Reduce hostility, stress
Quit smoking Reduce cholesterol Treat high blood pressure Maintain ideal weight Exercise regularly Occasional wine or beer Low-does aspirin Reduce hostility, stress
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
OsteoporosisOsteoporosis
Severe bone loss, fragile bones Bone breaks can be life-threatening
Causes: Normal aging
With age, bones more porous, lose bone mass Menopause estrogen drop speeds loss
Heredity, size Lifestyle
Women develop earlier; men often overlooked
Severe bone loss, fragile bones Bone breaks can be life-threatening
Causes: Normal aging
With age, bones more porous, lose bone mass Menopause estrogen drop speeds loss
Heredity, size Lifestyle
Women develop earlier; men often overlooked
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Preventing and Treating OsteoporosisPreventing and Treating Osteoporosis Diet
Vitamin D Calcium Avoid too much alcohol
Avoid smoking Weight-bearing exercise Treatment:
Bone-strengthening medications
Diet Vitamin D Calcium Avoid too much alcohol
Avoid smoking Weight-bearing exercise Treatment:
Bone-strengthening medications
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Hostility and HealthHostility and Health
Expressed Hostility Frequent angry outbursts Rudeness, contempt Disagreeable verbal and nonverbal
behavior Health Effects
Cardiovascular problems Health complaints, illnesses Depression, dissatisfaction Unhealthy behaviors
Expressed Hostility Frequent angry outbursts Rudeness, contempt Disagreeable verbal and nonverbal
behavior Health Effects
Cardiovascular problems Health complaints, illnesses Depression, dissatisfaction Unhealthy behaviors
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Managing StressManaging Stress
Reevaluate the situation Focus on events you can control Consider alternatives Exercise regularly Relaxation techniques Constructively reduce anger Seek social support
Reevaluate the situation Focus on events you can control Consider alternatives Exercise regularly Relaxation techniques Constructively reduce anger Seek social support
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Problem- versus Emotion-Centered CopingProblem- versus Emotion-Centered Coping
Problem-Centered Coping
Identify and appraise problems
Choose and implement potential solutions
Problem-Centered Coping
Identify and appraise problems
Choose and implement potential solutions
Emotion-Centered Coping
Control distress when situation can’t be changed
Emotion-Centered Coping
Control distress when situation can’t be changed
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Midlife ExerciseMidlife Exercise
Many physical and psychological benefits Stress management
Barriers to beginning in middle age Time, energy, health, lack of facilities
Self-efficacy Both helps exercise
and is improved by it Choose activities that match
personality, lifestyle
Many physical and psychological benefits Stress management
Barriers to beginning in middle age Time, energy, health, lack of facilities
Self-efficacy Both helps exercise
and is improved by it Choose activities that match
personality, lifestyle
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
HardinessHardiness
Control Regard most experiences as
controllable
Commitment Find interest and meaning in
daily activities
Challenge View as normal part of life,
chance for growth
Control Regard most experiences as
controllable
Commitment Find interest and meaning in
daily activities
Challenge View as normal part of life,
chance for growth
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Double Standard of AgingDouble Standard of Aging
Aging men rated more positively; women more negatively
Evolutionary roots; media, social messages
May be declining
Aging men rated more positively; women more negatively
Evolutionary roots; media, social messages
May be declining
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Cohort Effects in Intelligence StudiesCohort Effects in Intelligence Studies
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Fluid and Crystallized IntelligenceFluid and Crystallized Intelligence
Fluid Depends on basic
information processing skills: Detecting relationships
among stimuli Analytical speed Working memory
Fluid Depends on basic
information processing skills: Detecting relationships
among stimuli Analytical speed Working memory
Crystallized Skills that depend on:
Accumulated knowledge Experience Good judgment Mastery of social
conventions
Valued by person’s culture
Crystallized Skills that depend on:
Accumulated knowledge Experience Good judgment Mastery of social
conventions
Valued by person’s culture
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Individual and Group Factors in High Intelligence ScoresIndividual and Group Factors in High Intelligence Scores Lifestyle
High education Complex job or
leisure Lasting marriage High SES
Lifestyle High education Complex job or
leisure Lasting marriage High SES
Personal Flexible personality Healthy Gender Cohort Perceptual speed
Personal Flexible personality Healthy Gender Cohort Perceptual speed
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Age-Related Slowing ofInformation ProcessingAge-Related Slowing ofInformation Processing
Neural Network View
Neurons in brain die, breaking neural connections
Brain forms new connections
New connections are less efficient
Neural Network View
Neurons in brain die, breaking neural connections
Brain forms new connections
New connections are less efficient
Information-Loss View
Information lost at each step through cognitive system
Whole system slows down to inspect, interpret information
Information-Loss View
Information lost at each step through cognitive system
Whole system slows down to inspect, interpret information
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Changing Correlations of Processing Speed with IntelligenceChanging Correlations of Processing Speed with Intelligence
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Attention in Middle AdulthoodAttention in Middle Adulthood
More difficulties in Multitasking Focusing on relevant information Switching attention Connecting visual information Inhibition
More difficulties in Multitasking Focusing on relevant information Switching attention Connecting visual information Inhibition
May be linked to slower processing Experience, practice, training help adults compensate
May be linked to slower processing Experience, practice, training help adults compensate
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Memory in Middle AdulthoodMemory in Middle Adulthood
Working memory decreases from 20s to 60s Less use of memory strategies--may be due to slower
processing, attention problems Adults can compensate
Self-pacing Strategy reminders Relevant information
Few changes in: Factual Knowledge Procedural Knowledge Metacognitive Knowledge
Working memory decreases from 20s to 60s Less use of memory strategies--may be due to slower
processing, attention problems Adults can compensate
Self-pacing Strategy reminders Relevant information
Few changes in: Factual Knowledge Procedural Knowledge Metacognitive Knowledge
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Practical Problem Solving and ExpertisePractical Problem Solving and Expertise Practical Problem Solving
Evaluate real-world situations Achieve goals that have high uncertainty Helped by expertise
Expertise Extensive, highly organized knowledge base Provides efficient, effective approaches to
solving problems Organized around abstract principles Result of years of experience
Practical Problem Solving Evaluate real-world situations Achieve goals that have high uncertainty Helped by expertise
Expertise Extensive, highly organized knowledge base Provides efficient, effective approaches to
solving problems Organized around abstract principles Result of years of experience
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Changes in CreativityChanges in Creativity
More deliberate, thoughtful Less spontaneous, intensely
emotional
Sum up or integrate ideas Less focus on unusual
new ideas
Goals more altruistic
More deliberate, thoughtful Less spontaneous, intensely
emotional
Sum up or integrate ideas Less focus on unusual
new ideas
Goals more altruistic
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Vocational Life and Cognitive DevelopmentVocational Life and Cognitive Development
Cognitive and personality characteristics affect job choice
Job, in turn, affects cognition Complex work increases cognitive
flexibility Link to SES Also seek intellectually stimulating
leisure
Cognitive and personality characteristics affect job choice
Job, in turn, affects cognition Complex work increases cognitive
flexibility Link to SES Also seek intellectually stimulating
leisure
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Becoming a Student in MidlifeBecoming a Student in Midlife
40% of North American college students over age 25 60% are women
Reasons diverse Job change, better income Life transition Personal achievement, self-enrichment
Concerns Academic abilities
Aging, gender stereotypes Role overload - balancing demands outside school
40% of North American college students over age 25 60% are women
Reasons diverse Job change, better income Life transition Personal achievement, self-enrichment
Concerns Academic abilities
Aging, gender stereotypes Role overload - balancing demands outside school
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Possible Sources of Support for Midlife College StudentsPossible Sources of Support for Midlife College Students
Partner Children Extended family Friends Educational institution Workplace
Partner Children Extended family Friends Educational institution Workplace
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