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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 18 Emotional and Social Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Development Through the Lifespan

Chapter 18

Emotional and Social Development inLate Adulthood

This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:

Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;

Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;

Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Erikson’s Theory:Ego Integrity versus DespairEgo Integrity Feel whole, complete,

satisfied with achievements

Serenity and contentment

Associated with psychosocial maturity

Despair Feel many decisions

were wrong, but now time is too short

Bitter and unaccepting of coming death

Expressed as anger and contempt for others

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Peck: Three Tasks of Ego Integrity

Ego differentiation versus work-role preoccupation

Body transcendence versus body preoccupation

Ego transcendence versus ego preoccupation

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Reminiscence and Life ReviewReminiscence Telling stories about

people, events, thoughts and feelings from past Self-focused: can

deepen despair Other-focused:

solidifies relationships Knowledge-based:

helps solve problems

Life Review Considering the

meaning of past experiences

A form of reminiscence

For greater self-understanding

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Personality inLate Adulthood

Secure, complex self-concept Self-acceptance Continuing from earlier life

Shifting characteristics: More agreeable Less sociable Greater acceptance of change

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Spirituality and Religionin Late Adulthood Over 3/4 in U.S. say religion “very important” Over half attend services Religious involvement fairly stable throughout

adulthood; some increase in later years Fowler’s Stages of Faith Development

1. Intuitive-projective

2. Mythic-literal

3. Synthetic-conventional

4. Individuative-reflective

5. Conjunctive

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Factors in Psychological Well-Being

Control versus Dependency Health

Poor health, depression linked Suicide risk

Negative Life Changes Social Support Social Interaction

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Control and Dependencyin Late Adulthood

Dependency-support script Attend immediately to dependent

behaviors Independence-ignore script

Ignore independent behaviors Scripts work together

Both reinforce dependency Make social contact less pleasant

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Social Theories of Aging

Disengagement Theory

Mutual withdrawal of elders and society.

Activity TheorySocial barriers cause declining interaction

Socioemotional Selectivity

Theory

Social networks become more selective with age

Emphasize certain functions of social contact

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Age-Related Changes in Number of Social Partners

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Social Contexts of Aging Communities

Most in suburbs Minorities in cities

Neighborhoods Fear of crime and

victimization Housing

Less like home life,

harder to adjust

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Housing Arrangements in Late Adulthood

Ordinary Homes Own home – preferred and

most control With family

Residential Communities Congregate housing Life care communities

Nursing Homes

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Intimate Partnerships in Late Adulthood

Marriage Satisfaction peaks in late

adulthood If dissatisfied, harder for

women Gay and Lesbian

Partnerships Most happy, highly fulfilling

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Divorce and Widowhood Divorce

Few divorces in late adulthood, but increasing

More likely to remarry Widowhood

Widows 1/3 of elderly Most live alone Loneliness is a

problem Widowed men more

likely to remarry

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Changes in Aid Among Siblings

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Friendships in Late Adulthood

Friends provide: Intimacy Companionship Acceptance Link to community Help with loss

Close to few, nearby friends Choose friends similar to self Sex differences continue

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Relationships with Children, Grandchildren, Great-Grandchildren

Adult Children Quality of relationship affects

physical, mental health More important with advanced age

Grandchildren & Great-Grandchildren Half of grandchildren adults Gradually reduced contact with

grandchildren Limited role with great-grandchildren

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Elder Maltreatment

Physical Abuse Physical Neglect Psychological

Abuse Financial Abuse

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Decision to RetireRetire Adequate retirement

benefits Compelling leisure

interests Low work commitment Declining health Spouse retiring Routine, boring job

Keep Working Limited or no

retirement benefits Few leisure interests High work commitment Good health Spouse working Flexible work schedule Pleasant, stimulating

work

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Adjusting to Retirement

Most people adapt well 30% adjustment difficulties

Factors in adjustment Financial worries Workplace factors Sense of personal control Social support

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Leisure Activities Interests usually continue from earlier in life

Many volunteer Frequency and variety drop with age

Involvement in rewarding leisure linked to better health, reduced mortality Self-expression New achievements Helping others Social interactions

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Successful Aging

Minimizing losses and maximizing gains Focus less on

outcomes, more on processes and reaching personal goals

Some factors controllable, others not