copyright © allyn & bacon 2007 development through the lifespan chapter 17 physical and...
Post on 19-Dec-2015
219 views
TRANSCRIPT
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Development Through the LifespanDevelopment Through the Lifespan
Chapter 17
Physical and Cognitive Development inLate Adulthood
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:
Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;
Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;
Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.
Chapter 17
Physical and Cognitive Development inLate Adulthood
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:
Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;
Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;
Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Functional AgeFunctional Age
Actual competence and performance
May not match chronological age
Actual competence and performance
May not match chronological age
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Life ExpectancyLife Expectancy
Increasing in North America Lower infant mortality Lower adult deaths
Group differences Women live longer SES Ethnicity Nationality
Increasing in North America Lower infant mortality Lower adult deaths
Group differences Women live longer SES Ethnicity Nationality
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Life Expectancy CrossoverLife Expectancy Crossover
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Quality of LifeQuality of Life
Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) Basic self-care tasks Bathing, dressing, eating
Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) Basic self-care tasks Bathing, dressing, eating
Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) Conducting business of everyday life Require cognitive competence Shopping, food prep, housekeeping
Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) Conducting business of everyday life Require cognitive competence Shopping, food prep, housekeeping
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Factors in a Long LifeFactors in a Long Life
Heredity Environment/Lifestyle
Healthy diet, normal weight Exercise Low substance use Optimism Low stress Social support Community involvement Learning
Heredity Environment/Lifestyle
Healthy diet, normal weight Exercise Low substance use Optimism Low stress Social support Community involvement Learning
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Aging and the Nervous SystemAging and the Nervous System
Loss of brain weight accelerates after 60 Neurons lost in frontal lobes, corpus callosum,
cerebellum (balance), glial cells Autonomic nervous system less efficient Brain can compensate
New fibers, neurons New connections Use more parts of brain
Loss of brain weight accelerates after 60 Neurons lost in frontal lobes, corpus callosum,
cerebellum (balance), glial cells Autonomic nervous system less efficient Brain can compensate
New fibers, neurons New connections Use more parts of brain
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Visual Impairments and AgingVisual Impairments and Aging
Lower visual acuity Poor dark adaptation, sensitivity to glare Decreased color, depth perception Cataracts Macular degeneration
Lower visual acuity Poor dark adaptation, sensitivity to glare Decreased color, depth perception Cataracts Macular degeneration
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Aging and Visual and Hearing ImpairmentsAging and Visual and Hearing Impairments
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Effects of Sensory ChangesEffects of Sensory Changes
Vision problems
Changes in leisure activities Possible problems in daily activities
Hearing loss Social isolation Lower safety and enjoyment
Decreased taste and smell
Nutritional, safety risks
Less sensitive touch
Difficulties with leisure, daily activities
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Aging Systems of the BodyAging Systems of the Body
Cardiovascular/Respiratory Heartbeat less forceful; slower heart rate, blood flow Vital lung capacity cut by half Less oxygen to tissues Exercise helps
Immune Effectiveness declines More infectious,
autoimmune diseases Stress-related susceptibility
Cardiovascular/Respiratory Heartbeat less forceful; slower heart rate, blood flow Vital lung capacity cut by half Less oxygen to tissues Exercise helps
Immune Effectiveness declines More infectious,
autoimmune diseases Stress-related susceptibility
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Sleep and AgingSleep and Aging
Need less sleep Earlier bedtime and wake-up More difficulties
Insomnia Nighttime waking Sleep apnea Restless legs
Need less sleep Earlier bedtime and wake-up More difficulties
Insomnia Nighttime waking Sleep apnea Restless legs
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Physical Appearance and MobilityPhysical Appearance and Mobility Skin thinner, rougher wrinkled, spotted Ears, nose, teeth, and hair change Lose height and weight after 60 Muscle strength declines
10–20% by 60–70 30–50% by 70–80
Bone strength drops Less flexibility
Skin thinner, rougher wrinkled, spotted Ears, nose, teeth, and hair change Lose height and weight after 60 Muscle strength declines
10–20% by 60–70 30–50% by 70–80
Bone strength drops Less flexibility
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Adapting to Physical Changes of AgingAdapting to Physical Changes of Aging
Multidimensional Appearance versus functioning
Effective coping strategies Prevention, compensation Problem-centered coping
Assistive technology
Multidimensional Appearance versus functioning
Effective coping strategies Prevention, compensation Problem-centered coping
Assistive technology
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Stereotypes of AgingStereotypes of Aging
Many assume deterioration is inevitable Elders experience prejudice, discrimination Assumptions affected by culture
Stereotype threat Fear of confirming stereotype
reduces functioning
May be changing Positive media portrayals
Many assume deterioration is inevitable Elders experience prejudice, discrimination Assumptions affected by culture
Stereotype threat Fear of confirming stereotype
reduces functioning
May be changing Positive media portrayals
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Aging and Perceptions of HealthAging and Perceptions of Health
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Factors in Good Health and AgingFactors in Good Health and Aging
Optimism Self-efficacy SES Ethnicity Sex Nutrition Exercise
Optimism Self-efficacy SES Ethnicity Sex Nutrition Exercise
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Nutrition in Late AdulthoodNutrition in Late Adulthood
Need extra nutrients Protect bones, immune system Fight free radicals
Problems eating Appetite, taste changes Chewing, digestion Shopping, cooking
Supplements, diet changes may help
Need extra nutrients Protect bones, immune system Fight free radicals
Problems eating Appetite, taste changes Chewing, digestion Shopping, cooking
Supplements, diet changes may help
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Exercise in Late AdulthoodExercise in Late Adulthood
Continued exercise best, but never too late to start Benefits
Physical capacities Brain function Self-esteem
Barriers Unaware of benefits Discomforts
Continued exercise best, but never too late to start Benefits
Physical capacities Brain function Self-esteem
Barriers Unaware of benefits Discomforts
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Sexuality in Late AdulthoodSexuality in Late Adulthood
Still important Less desire and frequency; fewer male partners for women Married couples: regular, enjoyable sex
Continue patterns from earlier years
Still important Less desire and frequency; fewer male partners for women Married couples: regular, enjoyable sex
Continue patterns from earlier years Enjoy activities other than
intercourse Men sometimes stop all activities
if erection problems
Cultural influences Disapproval in West
Enjoy activities other than intercourse Men sometimes stop all activities
if erection problems
Cultural influences Disapproval in West
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Primary and Secondary AgingPrimary and Secondary Aging
Primary Genetically influenced
declines Affects all members of
species Even happens if health
is good
Primary Genetically influenced
declines Affects all members of
species Even happens if health
is good
Secondary Declines due to heredity and environment
Effects individualized Major contributor to frailty
Illnesses and disabilities Arthritis Diabetes Mental disabilities
Secondary Declines due to heredity and environment
Effects individualized Major contributor to frailty
Illnesses and disabilities Arthritis Diabetes Mental disabilities
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
ArthritisArthritis
Osteoarthritis Deteriorating cartilage
in frequently used joints
Common, related to wear and tear
Osteoarthritis Deteriorating cartilage
in frequently used joints
Common, related to wear and tear
Rheumatoid Arthritis Autoimmune response,
affects whole body Inflamed connective
tissues Membranes in joints
Cartilage grows Can deform joints Lost mobility
Rheumatoid Arthritis Autoimmune response,
affects whole body Inflamed connective
tissues Membranes in joints
Cartilage grows Can deform joints Lost mobility
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Adult-Onset DiabetesAdult-Onset Diabetes
Too little insulin or cells insensitive to insulin Increases in late adulthood
Genetics Inactivity, abdominal fat
Risk of long-term damage Circulatory system Eyes, kidneys, nerves
Treatment Lifestyle changes Medicine
Too little insulin or cells insensitive to insulin Increases in late adulthood
Genetics Inactivity, abdominal fat
Risk of long-term damage Circulatory system Eyes, kidneys, nerves
Treatment Lifestyle changes Medicine
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Accidents in Late AdulthoodAccidents in Late Adulthood
Motor vehicle Vision problems, slower reactions
Falls Vision, balance, strength problems Risk of hip fracture
Prevention Reduce driving, retrain Exercise, use walking aids Redesign of cars, streets, signs, structures
Motor vehicle Vision problems, slower reactions
Falls Vision, balance, strength problems Risk of hip fracture
Prevention Reduce driving, retrain Exercise, use walking aids Redesign of cars, streets, signs, structures
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Mental Disabilitiesin Late AdulthoodMental Disabilitiesin Late Adulthood
Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer’s disease Cerebrovascular dementia
Strokes
Misdiagnosis, reversible dementia Depression Medication side effects
Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer’s disease Cerebrovascular dementia
Strokes
Misdiagnosis, reversible dementia Depression Medication side effects
Dementia - thought and behavior impairments that disrupt everyday life
Dementia - thought and behavior impairments that disrupt everyday life
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Alzheimer’s DiseaseAlzheimer’s Disease
Incidence Higher with age - nearly 50% over 80
SymptomsForgetting, disorientation, personality change, depression, motor problems, delusions, speech problems, infections
Brain Changes
Neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaques in cerebral cortex
Risk Factors/
Protective Factors
Genetic predispositions High-fat diet - Mediterranean diet may helpEducation, active lifestyle may help
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Help for Caregiversof Elders with DementiaHelp for Caregiversof Elders with Dementia
Knowledge About the diseases, available resources
Coping Strategies Caregiving Skills Respite
At least twice a week Video Respite
Knowledge About the diseases, available resources
Coping Strategies Caregiving Skills Respite
At least twice a week Video Respite
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Long-Term Care in Late AdulthoodLong-Term Care in Late Adulthood More with advanced age
Severe disorders Loss of support network
Varies by SES, ethnic group
More with advanced age Severe disorders Loss of support network
Varies by SES, ethnic group
Alternatives Home care by family
Publicly-funded help
Home care professionals Assisted living
Alternatives Home care by family
Publicly-funded help
Home care professionals Assisted living
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Increasing Nursing Home Care with AgeIncreasing Nursing Home Care with Age
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Selective Optimization with CompensationSelective Optimization with Compensation Select
Choose personally valued activities, avoid others
Optimize Devote diminishing resources
to valued activities
Compensate Find creative ways to
overcome limitations
Select Choose personally valued
activities, avoid others
Optimize Devote diminishing resources
to valued activities
Compensate Find creative ways to
overcome limitations
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Deliberate versus Automatic MemoryDeliberate versus Automatic Memory
Deliberate Recall more difficult
Context helps retrieval, but slower processing, smaller working memory make context harder to encode
Deliberate Recall more difficult
Context helps retrieval, but slower processing, smaller working memory make context harder to encode
Automatic Recognition easier
than recall More environmental
support Implicit memory
better than deliberate Without conscious
awareness Depends on familiarity
Automatic Recognition easier
than recall More environmental
support Implicit memory
better than deliberate Without conscious
awareness Depends on familiarity
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Associative Memory Declines in Late AdulthoodAssociative Memory Declines in Late Adulthood
Difficulty in creating or retrieving links between pieces of information
Using memory cues, enhancing meaningfulness of information, can help
Difficulty in creating or retrieving links between pieces of information
Using memory cues, enhancing meaningfulness of information, can help
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Remote and Prospective MemoryRemote and Prospective Memory
Remote Very long-term
recall Autobiographical
memory
Remote Very long-term
recall Autobiographical
memory
Prospective Remembering to
engage in planned actions
Event-based easier than time-based
Use reminders, repetition to help
Prospective Remembering to
engage in planned actions
Event-based easier than time-based
Use reminders, repetition to help
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Aging and Autobiographical MemoriesAging and Autobiographical Memories
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Language Processingin Late AdulthoodLanguage Processingin Late Adulthood Comprehension changes very little Problems retrieving specific words
Tip-of-the-tongue Use more pronouns, pauses in speech
Problems planning what to say Hesitations, false starts, repetition,
sentence fragments Statements less organized
Compensation Simpler grammar, more sentences, gist
Comprehension changes very little Problems retrieving specific words
Tip-of-the-tongue Use more pronouns, pauses in speech
Problems planning what to say Hesitations, false starts, repetition,
sentence fragments Statements less organized
Compensation Simpler grammar, more sentences, gist
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Problem Solvingin Late AdulthoodProblem Solvingin Late Adulthood
Real problems include family relations, IADLs Extend strategies from middle adulthood
Avoid uncontrollable problems Use experience to decide quickly when can Consult others Collaborate
Real problems include family relations, IADLs Extend strategies from middle adulthood
Avoid uncontrollable problems Use experience to decide quickly when can Consult others Collaborate
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
WisdomWisdom
Depth and breadth of practical knowledge Reflect on knowledge Apply knowledge
to improve life Listening and evaluating Advice Altruistic creativity
Depth and breadth of practical knowledge Reflect on knowledge Apply knowledge
to improve life Listening and evaluating Advice Altruistic creativity
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Who is Wise?Who is Wise?
Life experience Age is no guarantee
Combined with life experience, it helps Human service training, practice Overcoming adversity
Life experience Age is no guarantee
Combined with life experience, it helps Human service training, practice Overcoming adversity
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Factors Related to Cognitive ChangeFactors Related to Cognitive Change Mentally active life
Education, stimulating leisure,social participation, flexibility
Health Retirement Distance to death
Terminal decline Cognitive interventions
ADEPT, ACTIVE
Mentally active life Education, stimulating leisure,
social participation, flexibility Health Retirement Distance to death
Terminal decline Cognitive interventions
ADEPT, ACTIVE
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Lifelong LearningLifelong Learning
Educational participation increasing Elderhostel College courses Community classes
Many benefits New facts, ideas New friends Broader world perspective Improved self-image
Educational participation increasing Elderhostel College courses Community classes
Many benefits New facts, ideas New friends Broader world perspective Improved self-image