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Page 1: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Development Through the LifespanDevelopment Through the Lifespan

Chapter 17

Physical and Cognitive Development inLate Adulthood

This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:

Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;

Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;

Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

Chapter 17

Physical and Cognitive Development inLate Adulthood

This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:

Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;

Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;

Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

Page 2: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Functional AgeFunctional Age

Actual competence and performance

May not match chronological age

Actual competence and performance

May not match chronological age

Page 3: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Life ExpectancyLife Expectancy

Increasing in North America Lower infant mortality Lower adult deaths

Group differences Women live longer SES Ethnicity Nationality

Increasing in North America Lower infant mortality Lower adult deaths

Group differences Women live longer SES Ethnicity Nationality

Page 4: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Life Expectancy CrossoverLife Expectancy Crossover

Page 5: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Quality of LifeQuality of Life

Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) Basic self-care tasks Bathing, dressing, eating

Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) Basic self-care tasks Bathing, dressing, eating

Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) Conducting business of everyday life Require cognitive competence Shopping, food prep, housekeeping

Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) Conducting business of everyday life Require cognitive competence Shopping, food prep, housekeeping

Page 6: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Factors in a Long LifeFactors in a Long Life

Heredity Environment/Lifestyle

Healthy diet, normal weight Exercise Low substance use Optimism Low stress Social support Community involvement Learning

Heredity Environment/Lifestyle

Healthy diet, normal weight Exercise Low substance use Optimism Low stress Social support Community involvement Learning

Page 7: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Aging and the Nervous SystemAging and the Nervous System

Loss of brain weight accelerates after 60 Neurons lost in frontal lobes, corpus callosum,

cerebellum (balance), glial cells Autonomic nervous system less efficient Brain can compensate

New fibers, neurons New connections Use more parts of brain

Loss of brain weight accelerates after 60 Neurons lost in frontal lobes, corpus callosum,

cerebellum (balance), glial cells Autonomic nervous system less efficient Brain can compensate

New fibers, neurons New connections Use more parts of brain

Page 8: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Visual Impairments and AgingVisual Impairments and Aging

Lower visual acuity Poor dark adaptation, sensitivity to glare Decreased color, depth perception Cataracts Macular degeneration

Lower visual acuity Poor dark adaptation, sensitivity to glare Decreased color, depth perception Cataracts Macular degeneration

Page 9: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Aging and Visual and Hearing ImpairmentsAging and Visual and Hearing Impairments

Page 10: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Effects of Sensory ChangesEffects of Sensory Changes

Vision problems

Changes in leisure activities Possible problems in daily activities

Hearing loss Social isolation Lower safety and enjoyment

Decreased taste and smell

Nutritional, safety risks

Less sensitive touch

Difficulties with leisure, daily activities

Page 11: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Aging Systems of the BodyAging Systems of the Body

Cardiovascular/Respiratory Heartbeat less forceful; slower heart rate, blood flow Vital lung capacity cut by half Less oxygen to tissues Exercise helps

Immune Effectiveness declines More infectious,

autoimmune diseases Stress-related susceptibility

Cardiovascular/Respiratory Heartbeat less forceful; slower heart rate, blood flow Vital lung capacity cut by half Less oxygen to tissues Exercise helps

Immune Effectiveness declines More infectious,

autoimmune diseases Stress-related susceptibility

Page 12: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Sleep and AgingSleep and Aging

Need less sleep Earlier bedtime and wake-up More difficulties

Insomnia Nighttime waking Sleep apnea Restless legs

Need less sleep Earlier bedtime and wake-up More difficulties

Insomnia Nighttime waking Sleep apnea Restless legs

Page 13: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Physical Appearance and MobilityPhysical Appearance and Mobility Skin thinner, rougher wrinkled, spotted Ears, nose, teeth, and hair change Lose height and weight after 60 Muscle strength declines

10–20% by 60–70 30–50% by 70–80

Bone strength drops Less flexibility

Skin thinner, rougher wrinkled, spotted Ears, nose, teeth, and hair change Lose height and weight after 60 Muscle strength declines

10–20% by 60–70 30–50% by 70–80

Bone strength drops Less flexibility

Page 14: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Adapting to Physical Changes of AgingAdapting to Physical Changes of Aging

Multidimensional Appearance versus functioning

Effective coping strategies Prevention, compensation Problem-centered coping

Assistive technology

Multidimensional Appearance versus functioning

Effective coping strategies Prevention, compensation Problem-centered coping

Assistive technology

Page 15: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Stereotypes of AgingStereotypes of Aging

Many assume deterioration is inevitable Elders experience prejudice, discrimination Assumptions affected by culture

Stereotype threat Fear of confirming stereotype

reduces functioning

May be changing Positive media portrayals

Many assume deterioration is inevitable Elders experience prejudice, discrimination Assumptions affected by culture

Stereotype threat Fear of confirming stereotype

reduces functioning

May be changing Positive media portrayals

Page 16: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Aging and Perceptions of HealthAging and Perceptions of Health

Page 17: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Factors in Good Health and AgingFactors in Good Health and Aging

Optimism Self-efficacy SES Ethnicity Sex Nutrition Exercise

Optimism Self-efficacy SES Ethnicity Sex Nutrition Exercise

Page 18: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Nutrition in Late AdulthoodNutrition in Late Adulthood

Need extra nutrients Protect bones, immune system Fight free radicals

Problems eating Appetite, taste changes Chewing, digestion Shopping, cooking

Supplements, diet changes may help

Need extra nutrients Protect bones, immune system Fight free radicals

Problems eating Appetite, taste changes Chewing, digestion Shopping, cooking

Supplements, diet changes may help

Page 19: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Exercise in Late AdulthoodExercise in Late Adulthood

Continued exercise best, but never too late to start Benefits

Physical capacities Brain function Self-esteem

Barriers Unaware of benefits Discomforts

Continued exercise best, but never too late to start Benefits

Physical capacities Brain function Self-esteem

Barriers Unaware of benefits Discomforts

Page 20: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Sexuality in Late AdulthoodSexuality in Late Adulthood

Still important Less desire and frequency; fewer male partners for women Married couples: regular, enjoyable sex

Continue patterns from earlier years

Still important Less desire and frequency; fewer male partners for women Married couples: regular, enjoyable sex

Continue patterns from earlier years Enjoy activities other than

intercourse Men sometimes stop all activities

if erection problems

Cultural influences Disapproval in West

Enjoy activities other than intercourse Men sometimes stop all activities

if erection problems

Cultural influences Disapproval in West

Page 21: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Primary and Secondary AgingPrimary and Secondary Aging

Primary Genetically influenced

declines Affects all members of

species Even happens if health

is good

Primary Genetically influenced

declines Affects all members of

species Even happens if health

is good

Secondary Declines due to heredity and environment

Effects individualized Major contributor to frailty

Illnesses and disabilities Arthritis Diabetes Mental disabilities

Secondary Declines due to heredity and environment

Effects individualized Major contributor to frailty

Illnesses and disabilities Arthritis Diabetes Mental disabilities

Page 22: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

ArthritisArthritis

Osteoarthritis Deteriorating cartilage

in frequently used joints

Common, related to wear and tear

Osteoarthritis Deteriorating cartilage

in frequently used joints

Common, related to wear and tear

Rheumatoid Arthritis Autoimmune response,

affects whole body Inflamed connective

tissues Membranes in joints

Cartilage grows Can deform joints Lost mobility

Rheumatoid Arthritis Autoimmune response,

affects whole body Inflamed connective

tissues Membranes in joints

Cartilage grows Can deform joints Lost mobility

Page 23: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Adult-Onset DiabetesAdult-Onset Diabetes

Too little insulin or cells insensitive to insulin Increases in late adulthood

Genetics Inactivity, abdominal fat

Risk of long-term damage Circulatory system Eyes, kidneys, nerves

Treatment Lifestyle changes Medicine

Too little insulin or cells insensitive to insulin Increases in late adulthood

Genetics Inactivity, abdominal fat

Risk of long-term damage Circulatory system Eyes, kidneys, nerves

Treatment Lifestyle changes Medicine

Page 24: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Accidents in Late AdulthoodAccidents in Late Adulthood

Motor vehicle Vision problems, slower reactions

Falls Vision, balance, strength problems Risk of hip fracture

Prevention Reduce driving, retrain Exercise, use walking aids Redesign of cars, streets, signs, structures

Motor vehicle Vision problems, slower reactions

Falls Vision, balance, strength problems Risk of hip fracture

Prevention Reduce driving, retrain Exercise, use walking aids Redesign of cars, streets, signs, structures

Page 25: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Mental Disabilitiesin Late AdulthoodMental Disabilitiesin Late Adulthood

Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer’s disease Cerebrovascular dementia

Strokes

Misdiagnosis, reversible dementia Depression Medication side effects

Parkinson’s disease Alzheimer’s disease Cerebrovascular dementia

Strokes

Misdiagnosis, reversible dementia Depression Medication side effects

Dementia - thought and behavior impairments that disrupt everyday life

Dementia - thought and behavior impairments that disrupt everyday life

Page 26: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Alzheimer’s DiseaseAlzheimer’s Disease

Incidence Higher with age - nearly 50% over 80

SymptomsForgetting, disorientation, personality change, depression, motor problems, delusions, speech problems, infections

Brain Changes

Neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaques in cerebral cortex

Risk Factors/

Protective Factors

Genetic predispositions High-fat diet - Mediterranean diet may helpEducation, active lifestyle may help

Page 27: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Help for Caregiversof Elders with DementiaHelp for Caregiversof Elders with Dementia

Knowledge About the diseases, available resources

Coping Strategies Caregiving Skills Respite

At least twice a week Video Respite

Knowledge About the diseases, available resources

Coping Strategies Caregiving Skills Respite

At least twice a week Video Respite

Page 28: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Long-Term Care in Late AdulthoodLong-Term Care in Late Adulthood More with advanced age

Severe disorders Loss of support network

Varies by SES, ethnic group

More with advanced age Severe disorders Loss of support network

Varies by SES, ethnic group

Alternatives Home care by family

Publicly-funded help

Home care professionals Assisted living

Alternatives Home care by family

Publicly-funded help

Home care professionals Assisted living

Page 29: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Increasing Nursing Home Care with AgeIncreasing Nursing Home Care with Age

Page 30: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Selective Optimization with CompensationSelective Optimization with Compensation Select

Choose personally valued activities, avoid others

Optimize Devote diminishing resources

to valued activities

Compensate Find creative ways to

overcome limitations

Select Choose personally valued

activities, avoid others

Optimize Devote diminishing resources

to valued activities

Compensate Find creative ways to

overcome limitations

Page 31: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Deliberate versus Automatic MemoryDeliberate versus Automatic Memory

Deliberate Recall more difficult

Context helps retrieval, but slower processing, smaller working memory make context harder to encode

Deliberate Recall more difficult

Context helps retrieval, but slower processing, smaller working memory make context harder to encode

Automatic Recognition easier

than recall More environmental

support Implicit memory

better than deliberate Without conscious

awareness Depends on familiarity

Automatic Recognition easier

than recall More environmental

support Implicit memory

better than deliberate Without conscious

awareness Depends on familiarity

Page 32: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Associative Memory Declines in Late AdulthoodAssociative Memory Declines in Late Adulthood

Difficulty in creating or retrieving links between pieces of information

Using memory cues, enhancing meaningfulness of information, can help

Difficulty in creating or retrieving links between pieces of information

Using memory cues, enhancing meaningfulness of information, can help

Page 33: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Remote and Prospective MemoryRemote and Prospective Memory

Remote Very long-term

recall Autobiographical

memory

Remote Very long-term

recall Autobiographical

memory

Prospective Remembering to

engage in planned actions

Event-based easier than time-based

Use reminders, repetition to help

Prospective Remembering to

engage in planned actions

Event-based easier than time-based

Use reminders, repetition to help

Page 34: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Aging and Autobiographical MemoriesAging and Autobiographical Memories

Page 35: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Language Processingin Late AdulthoodLanguage Processingin Late Adulthood Comprehension changes very little Problems retrieving specific words

Tip-of-the-tongue Use more pronouns, pauses in speech

Problems planning what to say Hesitations, false starts, repetition,

sentence fragments Statements less organized

Compensation Simpler grammar, more sentences, gist

Comprehension changes very little Problems retrieving specific words

Tip-of-the-tongue Use more pronouns, pauses in speech

Problems planning what to say Hesitations, false starts, repetition,

sentence fragments Statements less organized

Compensation Simpler grammar, more sentences, gist

Page 36: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Problem Solvingin Late AdulthoodProblem Solvingin Late Adulthood

Real problems include family relations, IADLs Extend strategies from middle adulthood

Avoid uncontrollable problems Use experience to decide quickly when can Consult others Collaborate

Real problems include family relations, IADLs Extend strategies from middle adulthood

Avoid uncontrollable problems Use experience to decide quickly when can Consult others Collaborate

Page 37: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

WisdomWisdom

Depth and breadth of practical knowledge Reflect on knowledge Apply knowledge

to improve life Listening and evaluating Advice Altruistic creativity

Depth and breadth of practical knowledge Reflect on knowledge Apply knowledge

to improve life Listening and evaluating Advice Altruistic creativity

Page 38: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Who is Wise?Who is Wise?

Life experience Age is no guarantee

Combined with life experience, it helps Human service training, practice Overcoming adversity

Life experience Age is no guarantee

Combined with life experience, it helps Human service training, practice Overcoming adversity

Page 39: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Factors Related to Cognitive ChangeFactors Related to Cognitive Change Mentally active life

Education, stimulating leisure,social participation, flexibility

Health Retirement Distance to death

Terminal decline Cognitive interventions

ADEPT, ACTIVE

Mentally active life Education, stimulating leisure,

social participation, flexibility Health Retirement Distance to death

Terminal decline Cognitive interventions

ADEPT, ACTIVE

Page 40: Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood This multimedia product

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Lifelong LearningLifelong Learning

Educational participation increasing Elderhostel College courses Community classes

Many benefits New facts, ideas New friends Broader world perspective Improved self-image

Educational participation increasing Elderhostel College courses Community classes

Many benefits New facts, ideas New friends Broader world perspective Improved self-image