cib w099 - hong kong - may 2002 one country - two systems conca accident causality preliminary...
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CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
ConCAAccident Causality
Preliminary Results
Alistair Gibb, Roger Haslam, Diane Gyi, Sophie Hide, Sarah Hastings
Loughborough University
Roy Duff, UMIST, Manchester
CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
25 (of 100) incident studies
• Method covered in detail elsewhere
(Hide et al, cib W99, London, 2000)
Focus Groups
Review
Incident identification
Site inspection
Site interviews
Prelim report
Follow-up
Independent review
Analysis
Incorporation
CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
Model of Construction Accident CausationP
RO
JE
CT
BR
IEF
PR
OJ
EC
T D
ES
IGN
PR
OJ
EC
T D
EV
EL
OP
ME
NT
CONSTRUCTION PLANNING
CONSTRUCTION CONTROL
SITE CONDITION
INJ
UR
Y a
nd
/ o
r D
AM
AG
E
ENVIRONMENT
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
ENVIRONMENT
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
OPERATIVE ACTION
INC
IDE
NT
AC
CID
EN
T
CONSTRUCTIONOPERATION
Adapted from Suraji & Duff, 2000
CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
Project Type
CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
Project Phase
CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
Worker ‘trade’
CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
Incident type
CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
IP Age
CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
IP Experience
CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
Key aspects
• Accident investigation• Time, cost & work pressure• Management / supervision• Method statements / risk
assessments• Communication, language
& instructions• Abilities, skills transfer &
training
• Tools, equipment, materials, PPE & task execution
• Working environment, ergonomics & health
• Individual factors, motivation, culture & tradition
• Legal & contractual• Design
CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
Accident investigation
• Incorrect or insufficient detail entered in the accident book
• Insufficient exploration of peripheral factors• Concentration on blame• Assumptions on causes• Unwillingness to confront reality - method
statements veracity / non PC issues
CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
Time, cost & work pressure
• ‘Time’ not given as a cause• But clear evidence of time pressures• Even though ‘piece-work’ was not the norm• ‘Out of hours’ work on ‘job and knock’• Cost linked to time but not seen as such by
operatives
CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
Management / supervision
• Relationships varied considerably from site to site
• Some good examples of supportive, proactive management
• Some ‘them and us’ examples• Safety role seen as ‘referee’ or ‘police’• Reactive safety performance monitoring
CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
Method statements / risk assessment
• Rarely cover the incident activity
• Often ‘standard’ wording• Little consultation in
preparation• Updates done ‘after the
event’• Exact on process
sequence but imprecise on work techniques
• Assume optimal conditions• Volume, presentation &
style do not suit training or information transfer role
• Often read out or given to read as worker’s brief
• Signing to record MS issued seeks to transfer responsibility
CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
Communication, language & instructions
• Often communication breakdown - lack of consultation or information not reaching ‘at-risk’ persons
• Poor sense of common ownership• Lack of ‘English’ ability was a factor• Poor or non-existent info from manufacturers
CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
Abilities, skills transfer & training
• High dependence on core skills• Determining new-starter competence is ad-hoc• Most training is ‘sitting with nellie’• Trainers are untrained as trainers• Inductions almost completely seen as a waste
of time
CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
Tools, equipment, materials, PPE & task execution
• Not acknowledged as problems• Ad hoc purchase of tools and equipment• Poor equipment design cf other industries• Operatives reluctant to complain• No clear responsibility chain for materials,
tools or equipment
CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
Working environment, ergonomics & health
• Work environment not seen as important by most operatives and supervisors
• Acceptance of poor conditions• Housekeeping and welfare expose poor
health & safety culture• No evidence of ergonomic assessments (e.g.
manual handling)
CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
Individual factors, motivation & tradition
• Evidence of prejudice, conflict, relationships and attitude to work
• Poor morale and motivation endemic• Strong ‘macho’ culture pervades• ‘That’s just the way things are done’
CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
Design issues
• Surprisingly, design problems were rarely raised by IPs
• There are so many other obvious proximal causes that design doesn’t seem to be considered
• Design of tools and equipment IS a key issue but not normally considered as design
CIB W099 - Hong Kong - May 2002One Country - Two Systems
Conclusions
• Accident investigation• Time, cost & work pressure• Management / supervision• Method statements / risk
assessments• Communication, language
& instructions• Abilities, skills transfer &
training
• Tools, equipment, materials, PPE & task execution
• Working environment, ergonomics & health
• Individual factors, motivation, culture & tradition
• Legal & contractual• Design
The following factors influence accident causality:
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