chesapeake bay: an introduction to an ecosystem section 3: water & sediments
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Chesapeake Bay:An Introduction to an EcosystemSection 3: Water & Sediments
Chemical Make-up: Composition & Dissolved GasesII-1C3
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Label the diagram
ChlorineSulfatePotassiumCalciumSodiumMagnesium
Hint: word bank Answer Next Slide
II-1C3-1
True or False: The composition of seawater is relatively constant from
place to place
No hint.
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True
II-1C3-2
The composition of freshwater varies depending on the _____________ and ______________ with which the water
has come in contact.
Amy Donna collects these.
Hint Answer Next Slide
soilrocks
II-1C3-3
Name three sources of natural dissolved materials for both fresh and saltwater.
No hints.
Hint Answer Next Slide
1. Microorganisms, such as bacteria, decompose dead organisms and release compounds into the water.
2. Live organisms also release compounds directly into the water.
3. Dissolved material enters the Bay via its tributaries and the ocean
II-1C3-4
Seawater also contains hundreds of trace elements that are important in
many _____________ reactions.
A science.
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biological
II-1C3-5
Metals such as __________, _______, ____________ and _____________
also naturally occur in Bay water in low concentrations.
Really fast.You have a _____ foot2 _____mium s
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mercury leadchromium cadmium
II-1C3-6
As you move down the Bay the composition of the water follows the
________________ gradients.
No hint.
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salinity
II-1C3-7
The amount of available oxygen is affected by ____________ and
___________________.
No hint.
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salinitytemperature
II-1C3-8
________ water can hold more dissolved oxygen than ________
water, and _________water holds more than _________ water.
FreshSalinecoldwarm.
Hint: word bank Answer Next Slide
Coldwarmer
freshsaline
II-1C3-9
Name two ways oxygen is transferred from the atmosphere into surface
waters.
No hint.
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1. diffusion 2. aerating action of the wind.
II-1C3-10
Floating and rooted aquatic plants and phytoplankton release oxygen when
_________________________ .
No hint.
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photosynthesizing
II-1C3-11
Since photosynthesis requires light, production of oxygen by aquatic plants
is limited to shallow water areas, usually less than ______ feet deep.
6, 8, 10 or 12
Hint: multiple choice Answer Next Slide
six
II-1C3-12
_______ water is nearly saturated with oxygen most of the year, while __________ waters range from saturated to anoxic (no oxygen
present).
SurfaceDeep bottom
Hint: word bank Answer Next Slide
Surface
Deep bottom
II-1C3-13
Give three reasons dissolved oxygen is plentiful throughout the water column
during winter.
2 & 3 are related
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1. respiration levels of organisms are relatively low
2. Vertical mixing is good3. There is little salinity or temperature
stratification
II-1C3-14
What provides the carbon that plants use to produce new tissue during
photosynthesis and is a byproduct of respiration?
Dissolved gas
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Carbon dioxide
II-1C3-15
True or False: Carbon dioxide is less soluble in water than oxygen
No hint
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False
II-1C3-16
Label the diagram
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II-1C3-17
Nitrogen is essential to the production of plant and animal _________.
No hint
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tissue
II-1C3-18
Nitrogen is used primarily by plants and animals to synthesize __________.
You get this primarily from eating meat
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protien
II-1C3-19
Some bacteria and blue-green algae can extract nitrogen gas from the atmosphere and transform it into organic nitrogen compounds. This process, called nitrogen ________,
cycles nitrogen between organic and inorganic components.
No hint
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fixation
II-1C3-20
Some bacteria release nitrogen gas back into the atmosphere as part of their normal metabolism in a process called _______________. This process removes about 25% of the nitrogen entering the Bay each year.
No hint
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denitrification
II-1C3-21
In the water, phosphorus occurs in dissolved organic and inorganic forms, often attached to particles of sediment. This nutrient is essential to cellular growth and reproduction.
No hint
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False
II-1C3-22
__________________ and ___________ assimilate and use phosphorus in their
growth cycles.
No hint
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Phytoplankton and bacteriaII-1C3-23
_______________ (the organic form) are preferred, but organisms will use other forms of phosphorus when these are
unavailable.
No hint
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PhosphatesII-1C3-24
__________________ is the number one problem in the Bay system.
No hint
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Nutrient pollutionII-1C3-25
In the presence of oxygen, high concentrations of ____________ in the
water will combine with suspended particles. These particles eventually settle
to the Bay bottom and are temporarily removed from the cycling process
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phosphates
II-1C3-26
Phosphorus compounds in the Bay generally occur in greater
concentrations in more or less saline areas?
No hint
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less
II-1C3-27
Overall, phosphorus concentrations vary more in the summer or winter.
No hint
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summer
II-1C3-28
Name five sources of nutrients entering the Bay.
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1. Sewage treatment plants2. industries3. vehicle exhaust4. acid rain5. runoff from agricultural,
residential and urban areas
II-1C3-29
Name the two main Bay problems caused by algae blooms
No hint
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1. These blooms become so dense that they reduce the amount of sunlight available to underwater bay grasses. Without sufficient light, plants cannot photosynthesize and produce the food they need to survive. Algae also may grow directly on the surface of bay grasses, blocking light.
2. Another hazard of nutrient-enriched algal blooms comes after the algae die. As the blooms decay, oxygen is used up in decomposition. This can lead to dangerously low oxygen levels that can harm and even kill aquatic organisms.
II-1C3-30
Excess amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus cause the rapid growth
of_________________, creating dense populations or algal blooms.
No hint
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phytoplankton
II-1C3-31
These contaminants reach the Bay through municipal and industrial wastewater, runoff from agricultural, residential and urban areas and atmospheric deposition.
No hint
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False
II-1C3-32
Besides nutrients, name four other substances people add to the Bay's water, that create serious pollution problems and
can be toxic to living resources.
No hint
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1. Heavy metals2. Insecticides3. Herbicides4. a variety of synthetic products
and byproducts
II-1C3-33
Name two ways the Bay pollution situation is improving.
No hint
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1. In many cases, industrial wastewater is treated to remove contaminants.
2. The use of especially damaging synthetic substances, like DDT and Kepone, has been banned.
II-1C3-34
Since ______, regional Bay restoration leaders have worked together to reduce the amount of nutrients flowing into the Bay and its rivers.
No hint
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1987II-1C3-35
In _______, the six Bay watershed states, the District of Columbia and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency agreed to steep cuts in the amount of nutrients flowing into the Bay and its rivers.
No hint
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2003II-1C3-36
The new nutrient reduction goals, or allocations, call for Bay watershed states to reduce the amount of __________flowing
into the Bay from the 274 million pounds in 2001 to no more than 175 million pounds per year by 2010, and ______________
from 19.1 million pounds to no more than 12.8 million pounds per year by 2010.
No hint
Hint Answer Last Slide
nitrogen
phosphorus
II-1C3-37
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