ch 1 bio 201 intro handout
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7/21/2019 Ch 1 Bio 201 Intro Handout
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Chapter 1Major Themes of Anatomy & Physiology
• Form and Function
• Origins of Biomedical
cience• Scientific Method
• !uman Origins and
Adaptations• !uman tructure
• !uman Function
• "anguage of Medicine
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Anatomy # The tudy of Form
• O$ser%ation of surface structure
• Cadaver dissection is cutting & separation oforgans to study their relationships
• Comparative anatomy is the study of more thanone species to analye e%olutionary trends
• Physical examination
' palpation( auscultation( percussion• Gross anatomy is )hat is %isi$le )ith na*ed eye
• Histology is e+amination of cells,tissues )ith
microscope
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Gross Anatomy
Human Cadaver
Intermediatedissection of the
abdomen.
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!istology
• Four Primary Tissue Types- .CM/0
' Connecti%e
' Muscular
' /pithelial
' 0er%ous
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Epithelial Tissue
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Connective Tissue
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Muscular Tissue
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Nervous Tissue
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Histology: Kidney
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Histology: !in
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Physiology # The tudy of Function
• tudy of bodily functions by use of methods of
experimental science
• Comparative physiology in%ol%es the study of
different species
• Basis for the de%elopment of ne) drugs and
medical procedures
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Beginnings of Medicine
• Physicians in "esopotamia & #gypt 2333 yearsago used her$al drugs( salts & physical therapy
A lot of good it did this guy4
!is penis )as o%erloo*ed until
15567earning the title of
.Princess8
The 9princess9 )as pro$a$ly a :; 59tall temple priest )ho )as
appro+imately <3 years old )hen
he died8
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Beginnings of Medicine
• =ree* physician Hippocrates esta$lished a code of ethics
$ urged physicians to see! causes of disease
• Aristotle called causes for disease physiologi & said that
complex structures are built from simpler parts
• Galen( physician to the >oman gladiators( sa) science as amethod of disco%ery8
' did animal dissections since use of cada%ers $anned
' )rote $oo* ad%ising follo)ers to trust their o)n o$ser%ation
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Four !umors ?< ecretions@- llness resulted from an
o%er production or under production of humors
Choleric.ello) Bile
=all Bladder
arm,Dry
ummer,Fire
easily angered( $adtempered
Melancholic.Blac* Bile
pleenCold,Dry
Autumn,/arth
despondent(
sleepless( irrita$le
Phlematic.ater
Brain,"ungs
Cold,Moist
inter,ater
calm( unemotional
anguine.Blood
"i%er
arm,Moist
pring,Air
courageous(
hopeful( amorous
<33 BC ' 1E33 AD
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Birth of Modern Medicine• "ittle ad%ancement during the Middle
ages since medicine )as taught asdogma )ith no ne) ideas
• Avicenna from Muslim )orld
supported free inuiry o%er authority ' )rote The Canon of Medicine( used in
medical schools until 16th century
• %esalius pu$lished accurate grossanatomy atlas ?1:<2@
• Harvey reali&ed blood flo's out
from heart $ bac! to it in ()*+
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Birth of Modern Medicine
• ,eeu'enhoe! in%ented microscope to loo* at
fa$rics ?162G#1HG2@
• Hoo!e ?166:@ and -eiss ?1E63@ de%eloped &
impro%ed compound microscope ?descri$ed plant
cell )alls in 166:@
•chleiden $ ch'ann thought that allorganisms 'ere composed of cells cell theory
of (+/0
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Birth of Modern Medicine
• Clinical practice )as in dismal state ' $leeding patients to remo%e to+ins( operate )ith dirty
hands( no anesthesia for amputations
Igna& Philipp emmel'eis ?1E1E '1E6:@
!ungarian physician descri$ed as the 9sa%ior
of mothers9( )ho disco%ered $y 1E<H that
the incidence of puerperal fe%er could $edrastically cut $y the use of hand
disinfection ?$y means of hand )ashing )ith
chlorinated lime solution@ in o$stetrical
clinics8 ?Iienna =eneral !ospital@
http-,,en8)i*ipedia8org,)i*i,gnaJemmel)eis
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1lood ,etting:
(+)2
t )as popular to do it in the
spring to pre%ent disease8
n 1E2:( a French physician
used medical statistics to
pro%e that the techniue
didnKt )or*7
Fe) listened7
molan( >8( Moffitt( P8( Medicines Great Journey, One !undred ears of !ealing( "ittle( Bro)n and Co( L 155G( p <38
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"i%ing in a >e%olution
• Pioneers in (0th $ *2th centuries
' esta$lished scientific )ay of thin*ing
' replaced superstition ?four humors@ )ith natural la)s
' momentous disco%eries
• germ theory of disease
• heredity $ structure of 34A
• 4o' at threshold of modern biomedical science
' technology enhanced diagnostic a$ility & life#support strategies
' genetic re%olution ##li$rary of the molecular structure of e%ery
human gene is finished
• Gene therapy being used to treat disease
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!uman tructure
• Hierarchy of complexity ' organism is composed of
organ systems
' organ systems composedof organs
' organs composed of tissues
' tissues composed of cells
' organelles composed ofmolecules
' molecules composed ofatoms
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Anatomical Iariation
• 0o G humans are e+actly ali*e
• Missing organs
' palmaris longus or plantaris muscles
• More or less organs than normal ' G spleens( single *idney( 6 or < lum$ar %erte$rae
• Iariation in organ locations ?situs in%ersus(
de+trocardia( situs per%ersus@
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!uman Function
• Characteristics of life ' organiation
' cellular composition
' e+cretion
' meta$olism
' responsi%eness and mo%ement
' homeostasis
' de%elopment ?gro)th or differentiation@ ' reproduction
' e%olution
• Clinical death is no $rain )a%es for G< hours
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Physiological Iariation
• Differs )ith se+( age( diet( )eight( degree of physical acti%ity
• Typical human %alues
' reference man
• GG years old( 1:< l$s( light physical acti%ity
• GE33 *cal,day ' reference )oman
• same as man e+cept 1GE l$s and G333 *cal,day
' M/TABO"C and !O>MO0A" DFF/>/0C/- ' /+ample !uman Chorionic =onadotropin in rine amples
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!omeostasis• Hippocrates noted that $ody normally returns
to a state of euili$rium $y itself ' needs to detect the change $ oppose it
• 5alter Cannon ?1EH1#15<:@ coined the term
homeostasis indicating stable internalenvironment
nternal en%ironment descri$ed as dynamice6uilibrium
' fluctuates 'ithin a range around a certain setpoint
,oss of homeostatic control causes illness or
death
!ippocrates
Father of Medicine<63 ' 2H3 BC
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!omeostasis
• Mechanism-
' >eceptor
' ntegrator
' /ffector
• Terms-
' et Point
' 0egati%e Feed$ac*
' Positi%e Feed$ac*
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4egative 7eedbac! ,oops• "echanism to !eep a variable close to its set
point
• 1ody senses a change $ activates mechanisms
to reverse it
et at 6E
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4egative 7eedbac! ( et Point
• >oom temperature does not stay at set point of 6E
degrees ## it only a%erages 6E degrees
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Human 8hermoregulation
• Blood temperature sensing ner%e cells in $ase of $raincontrol shi%ering( s)eating & %asomotor acti%ity
' vasodilation )ith heat & vasoconstriction )ith cold
• #vaporation of )ater & heat radiation occur
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Control of 1lood Pressure
• 9ise in blood pressure detected
' stretch receptors in )all of heart and major
arteries7>/C/PTO>
• 0er%e signals tra%el to cardiac center in
$rainstem70T/=>ATO> CO0T>O" C/0T/>
• 0er%e signals slo) heart ?and %asodialate $lood
%essels@ and lo'er blood pressure7/FF/CTO>
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Homeostasis: 1lood Pressure
• 0egati%e Feed$ac*Mechanisms
Effector Integrator
Control Center
Receptor
C 4 I
: % i s c
e r a l A
f f e r e n
t
C 4 I : % i s
c e r a l A
f f e r e n t
C 4 : % i s
c e r a l # f f
e r e n t
y m p a
t h e t i c
: % i s c
e r a l #
f f e r e n
t
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tructures 0eeded for Feed$ac* "oop
• >eceptor N structure that senses change ' stretch receptors ?Baroreceptor@ in heart & large $lood
%essels send information of an ele%ated BP tointegrator
• ntegrator N control center ' cardiac center in $rainstem ?medulla o$longata@ that
signals heart to slo)
• /ffector N structures that carry out commands ofthe control center ' heart slo)s and BP decreases
' s)eating $egins and e%aporation cools the $ody
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Positi%e Feed$ac* "oops• Physiological change that leads to an even greater change in
the same direction ;selfamplifying<
• 4ormal 'ay of producing rapid changes ' birth= blood clotting= protein digestion= generation of nerve signals
! th i
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!yperthermia
"ife#Threatening Fe%er •
f temperature rises a$o%e 13E degrees due to $acterial infection7
' meta$olic rate
increases causing
$ody to produceheat faster still
• Temperature
increases &cycle repeats
• Fatal at 112
degrees
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>e%ie) of Major Themes
• nifying principles $ehind all aspects of humananatomy and physiology ' cell theory: all structure & function result from the
acti%ity of cells8 Cells are the basic unit of structure in
every living thing. ' homeostasis: maintaining sta$le conditions )ithin the
$ody8 Important in adjusting to environmental insultsand changes.
' hierarchy of structure: le%els of comple+ity
' unity of form and function: physiology can not $e
separated from anatomy
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Medical maging• 9adiography
' xrays disco%ered ?illiam >oentgen@ in 1EE:
' penetrate soft tissues $ dar!en photographic
film on other side of the body
' dense tissue ;bone= teeth and tumors< are not
penetrated so photographic film remains 'hite
' radiopa6ue su$stances can $e either injected
?angiography@ or s)allo)ed for e+amination
of the gastrointestinal tract
• onography
' high#freuency ultrasound 'aves echoes $ac*
from internal organs
' o$stetrics uses to locate placenta( e%aluate fetal
age( position and de%elopment
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>adiograph- AP Chest
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>adiograph- AP Chest
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Medical maging
• Computed 8omography ;C8 scan< ' lo)#intensity rays applied to the $ody
' computer analysis produces an image of a sliceof the $ody a$out as thin as a coin
' tumors( aneurysms( hemorrhages( *idney
stones( etc ?http:>>online.'s?.com>article>1(*)2+*/0+@+*)0(2B.html<
• "agnetic 9esonance Imaging ;"9I< ' magnetic field aligns hydrogen atoms radio
'aves realign the atoms )hen radio is turned
off the atoms gi%e off energy depending on tissuetype
' computer analysis produces a .slice type image
' better for soft tissuesoft tissue analysis than C8
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Medical maging
• Positron /mission Tomography ?P/T scan@ ' assesses the meta$olic state of a tissue
' injection of radioactively labeled glucose emitspositrons ?a positi%e particle of eual mass of an
electron@8 ' colliding positrons & electrons
gi%e off gamma rays that areanalyed $y computer
' color image of glucose usage atthat moment
• e+tent of damaged heart tissue
• acti%ity of $rain of neurology patients
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