cable

C.O.E.MODULE-ECBT: 2.

“BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING”

DURATION: 8 Week

Industrial Training Institute Amreli

Prepared by - : Shree D.M.Chauhan

Theory syllabus 1. WIRE AND CABLE Types, grades, shapes and sizes of insulation. Their proper selection & uses. Different types of joints e.g. Britannia, straight, tee

western union. Care in making a good joint.

2 SIGNS &SYMBOLS Letters, signs and symbols used in electrical terminology.

3 OHM’S LAW Ohm’s law & its application.

3.ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT: Concept of ele. Circuit Series, parallel & mixed circuits.4.METERS: A.C. meters D.C. meters5.RESISTANCE: Law of resistance. Problems on law of resistance.6.KIRCHHOFF LAW: Laws. Their application.

Theory syllabus

Theory syllabus

7. WHEAT STONE BRIDGE:Laws.Its application.8 WIRINGS:Testing of wiringInstallations.Common faults, their causes & remedies.9 EARTHING:Its purpose & types.I.E. rules regarding earth & earth resistance.10 MEGGER:Measurement of earth resistance by use of Megger.

11. BATTERY:

Theory syllabus

Electrolysis. Primary & secondary cell, dry cell, standard cell. Grouping of cells. Construction & working of lead acid, alkaline. Battery charging.12.MAGNETS: Their types, shapes, properties, B-H curves. Methods of magnetization & demagnetization.13. ELECTROMAGNET: Their advantages over permanent magnets. Faradays law & Lenz's law (self & mutual indu.)

Theory syllabus

14. CAPACITOR:Working & types.Capacity of capacitor & energy stored in capacitor.15. A.C. ELECTRICAL:R.m.s. value, max.value, ave.value,Inductance, capacitance, impedence,reactancePower & power factor & improving method.16. A.C. CIRCUITS: Single phase & three phase.17. TRANSFORMER:Working principleTypes as per core, 1-phase, 3-phase.

Theory syllabus

Parts of x’mer.Different methods used for cooling.Parallel operation of x’mer.Losses of x’mer (hysterias & eddy current).18. ILLUNIMATION: types & laws.Construction & working of incandescent lamp, discharge lamp, fluorescent lamp, mercury vapor lamp, neon lamp.19. ALARM CIRCUIT: Study of simple contactor & alarm circuit.

WIRE & CABLE

Varies types of wires.1.VIR wire:

It is called vulcanized insulation rubber wire. Copper & aluminum conductor are used in its. Rubber coating vulcanized on its. now single & double braided wires are mostly in a uses. But Its lower tensile strength,chamical reaction & bed insulation so its uses low in today.2. CTS & TRS wire:It is called crab tyre sheath wire & tuff rubber sheath wire. Hard & good rubber coating on copper wire in this wire. Its uses in house wiring & industrial wiring. It is used in a11kv.

3. Weather proof wire:No any weather reaction , in this types of wire. Because it has cotton breeding with water proof. But it is flammable so no in use now.

4. LC wire:It is called led covered wire. Led pipe on rubber insulation &its coating on conductor. It is very good in moisture condition but less tensile strength so low uses now.

5. MICC wire :It is called mineral insulated copper covered wire. In this types wire copper conductor coated with magnesium oxide. And After copper coating is coated on its. In case of moisture weather PVC coating (serving) is coated on its. It

WIRE & CABLE

WIRE & CABLE is uses in mines, factory, furnace, boiler, rolling mills etc.

magnesium oxide is used for avoiding moisture problems.6. PVC wire:

It is called poly venial chloride wire. PVC coating on copper conductor so its so many advantages as follows.(a) High die electric strength (b) High tensile strength (c) More defense against moisture(d) High life(e) No disturb in vibration

FLEXIBLE WIRE

This is flexible wire.Its P.V.C. insulation wire.There is two core wire. A redWire is use for phase & black For neutron wire. It is also Called 32\20 wire, its means32 is gauge & 20 is no, of wireIts used for temporary wiring,Fan wiring, tube wiring etc.

THREE CORE WIRE

This is threecore wire. It is pvcinsulated wire. Its used for 1-phase.There is blue wirefor phase, yellowwire for neutral &brown wire for earth.There is color code wire used for wiring&supply.

CABLE STRUCTURE

There is cable wire. Its

Use for power transmit ion.

1- core

2- pvc insulation

3- oil duct

4- metallic screen

5- rubber insulation

WIRE & CABLE

CABLE

Introduction Under ground cable is used electricity distribution

& street light in mega and big cities and area in place of over head line. Its looking so wonder & beautiful but also so costly.

General construction & main parts of cableCore:Insulation:Metallic sheath:Bedding:Armoring:Serving:

CABLE STRUCTURE

CABLE

Classification of cables as construction1. Low tension cable2. Belted cable3. Screened or H type cable4. SL type cable (separate lead sheath cable)5. HSL type cable (H+SL)6.Super tension cable

(a) Oil field cable(b) Gas pressure cable

DIFFERENT CABLES

TYPES OF WIRES

Classification of cable as insulation: 1. Rubber insulated.2. PVC insulated.3. Polyethylene insulated.4. Varnish cambric insulated.5. Paper insulated.

CABLE

Classification of cables as voltage rating1. Low voltage cable.

2. High voltage cable.3. Supertention cable.4. Extra high tension.5. Extra super voltage cables. Insulation resistance of a 1- core sheathed cable.

R =pLoger2/2πlr1 capacitance & dielectric stress of 1- core cable. Grading of cables. Methods of laying of underground cables.

CABLE

CABLE

T.V. CABLE

Properties.1. High resitivity.2. High dielectric strength.3. Low thermal co-efficient.4. Low water absorption5. Non inflammable.6. High mechanical strength.7. High tensile strength.8. Varies insulating materials.9. Rubber.10. V.I.R.11. P.V.C.

CABLE

CABLE side view

WIRES IN NO. OF CORES

WIRES

S.W.G. (standard wire gauge) IntroductionIntroduction

A Instrument which is use for measure Cross Area A Instrument which is use for measure Cross Area (gauge) of wire(gauge) of wire

varies types of gaugesvaries types of gauges (a)(a) 1/18 1/18 (b)(b) 3/203/20 (c)(c) 32/20 32/20

Varies uses of itsVaries uses of its • To measure Cross area of wireTo measure Cross area of wire• To measure gaugeTo measure gauge

S.W.G. Gauge Table

SIGNS & SYMBOLS

Introduction:In electrical, so many signs & symbols are used for

drawing electrical circuits also use for short identification.

Different types of sign & symbols of ele.1) A.C. = ~

2) D.C. = ־3) Power = w

4) Voltage = v5) Current = I

6) Resistance = R 7) Inductor = L

SIGNS & SYMBOLS

7) Neutral = N8) Positive polarity = +9) Negative polarity = -10) delta connection = 11) Star connection = Y12) Resistor = 13) Variable Resi. = 14) impedance = 15) Inductor = 16) Winding =17) Capacitor = 18) Earth =

Z

L

19) Fault = 20) Going up wiring = 21) Going down wiring = 22) 1-pole switch = o23) 2- pole switch = o24) 3-pole switch = o25) Two way switch= o 26) Intermediate switch = o27) Push button switch =28) socket 5- amp. =∩29) Socket 15- amp. = 30) Lamp = X31) Fluorescent lamp =

SIGNS & SYMBOLS

32) Heater =33) Bell =34) Siren = 35) Ceiling fan = 36) Exhaust fan =

37) volt meter = 38) ammeter = 39) wattmeter = 40) frequency meter= 41) Ohm meter =

SIGNS & SYMBOLS

V

I

W

F

ohm

42) A.C. Motor = 43) A.C. Generator= 44) D.C. Motor =

SIGNS & SYMBOLSM~

G~

M_

SIGNS & SYMBOLS

IntroductionDefination“For a fixed metal conductor, the temperature & other conditions remaining constant the current (i) through it is proportional to the potential difference (v) between its ends” Equation , I=V/R, I=current

V=voltageR=resistance

Equation solution Triangular equation symbols.

OHM’S LAW

TO STUDY OF A.C.& D.C. METERS

Introduction Different types of meters

(1) A.C. Meters(a) Ammeter(b) voltmeter(c) wattmeter

(2) D.C. Meters(a) Ammeter(b) voltmeter(c) wattmeter

Difference bet’n A.C. & D.C. meters

VOLTMETER CKT. DIAGRAM

AMMETER CKT. DIAGRAM

Moving coil instrument

MULTIMETER

There is varies function able

type meter. It is measure

varies A.C. voltage, D.C.

voltages,D.C. ampere &

resistance in ohms ranges.

Its also measure diode’s

value etc.

Moving coil instrument

VOLT & AMMETER IN CIRCUIT

GALVANOMETER

ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT Introduction A.C. ele. Circuits D.C. ele. Circuits Different types of fault in ele.

(1)Open circuits(2) Short circuits

(a) phase to phase fault(b) phase to neutral fault(c) phase to earth fault

RESISTANCE

Introduction:Conductor, insulator, semi conductor.

Unit of resistance: R=V/I

Different metters effecting on resistance:(1) length of conductor(2) area of conductor(3) materials of conductor(4) temperature of conductor

Kirchoff law & their application:1) Voltage law2) Current law

Wheat stone bridge and its application

Kirchhoff’s First law:“At each junction of currents, the sum of the incoming

current is equal to the sum of the outgoing currents.”If all inflowing currents have positive signs, then we

can state that, I1+I2=I3+I4+I5

+I1+I2-I3-I4-I5=0in the above example the sum of all the currents flowing

at the junction (node) is equal to zero.ΣI = 0

Kirchhoff’Second Law:“in closed circuits, the applied terminal voltage V is

equal to the sum of the voltage drop V1+V2 and so forth." If all the generated volt. Are taken as positive, and all the consumed voltage are taken as negative, then it can be stated that; in each closed circuit the sum of all voltage is equal to zero. ΣV = 0

Kirchoff law

WIRING

Introduction. Testing of wiring installation. Common faults .

1) Open fault.2) short circuits fault.

Their causes . Remedies its . Conduit Wiring.

1) Metal conduits. 2) P.V.C. conduits.

Casing Capping wiring.1) wooden casing capping.2) P.V.C. casing capping.

EARTHING

Introduction Its purpose

Ear thing is used for protection and safety of instruments and our. It is used for grounding to short circuit current.

Connection of instrument with ground with help of wire is called ear thing.

Types(1) plate ear thing(2) pipe ear thing

I.E. Rules regarding earth & earth resistance

EARTHING

Rod & Pipe earthing:these electrodes shall be made of metal rod or pipe

having a clean surface not covered by paint, enamel or other poorly conducting material. rod electrodes of steel or galvanized iron shall be at least 16mm in diameter and those of copper shall be at least 12.5 mm diameter. Pipe electrodes shall not be smaller than 38mm internal diameter, if made of galvanised iron or steel and 100mm internal diameter if made of cast iron. Electrodes shall as far as practicable be embedded in earth below the permanent moisture level. The length of the rod & pipe electrodes shall not be less than 2.5m. Except where rock is encountered, pipes and rods shall be driven to a depth of 2.5 m where rock is encountered at a

EARTHING

Depth of less than 2.5m the electrodes may be buried inclined to the vertical. In this case too the length of the electrodes shall be atleast 2.5m and the inclination not more than 30º from the vertical. Deeply driven pipes and rods are however effective where the soil resistivity decreases with depth or where a sub-stratum of low resistivity occurs at a depth greater than those to which rods and pipes are normally driven. Pipes or rods as far as possible shall be one piece. For deeply driven rods, joints between sections shall be made by means of a screwed coupling which should not be of a greater diameter than that of the rods which it connects together.

EARTHING

Plate earthing:Plate electrodes when made of galvanised iron or steel

shall not be less than 6.3 mm in thickness. Plate electrodes of copper shall be not less than 3.15 mm in thickness. Plate electrodes shall be of a size at least 60cm by 60cm. Plate electrodes shall be buried such that the top edge is at a depth not less than 1.5 m from the surface of the ground. Where the resistance of one plate electrode is higher than the required value. Two or more plates shall be used in parallel. In such case the two plates shall be separated from each other by not less than 8m. Plate shall preferably be set vertically. Use of plate electrodes is recommended only where the current carrying capacity is the prime consideration for example,

EARTHING

In generating stations if necessary plates electrodes shall have a galvanize iron water pipe buried vertically and adjacent to the electrodes. One end of the pipe shall be at least 5cm above the surface of the ground, and it need not be more than 10cm. The internal diameter of the pipe shall be at least 5cm and need not be more than 10cm. The length of pipe, if under the earth’s surface, shall be such that it should be able to reach the centre of the plate. In no case, however shall it more be than the depth of the bottom edge of the plate.

MEGGER

Introduction Varies uses of megger

1) To measure insulation resistance of wire. 2) Testing of faults. 3) Testing of continuities of circuits. 4) To measure earth resistance .

Structure of meggerMegger is one type of a D.C. generator and used for

measurement of insulation resistance of cable and earth. It is rotate in 160 rpm with help of handle. It is generate about 500 volt. Scale of megger is in ohms range. Megger have two or three terminals, there are ear thing, ground and line.

Megger use as a earth tester.

ELECTROLYTE (BATTERY) Introduction

Preparation of electrolytePrimary & Secondary cellDry cell & Standard cell

Grouping of cells Construction & working of lead acid & alkaline Common defects in accumulators Theirs causes & remedies Batteries charging

BATTERY TESTING

PRIMARY CELLS TESTING

PRIMARY CELLS

These are primary cells. It is also called dry cells. Either itis chargeable or unchangeable .It is made in 1.5 & 3 volt capaty.Sign code pulse & minus alsodesigned on its.Capacitor in series: C1+C2+C3……

Its means total capacity of capa.is increased in series position.

STRUCTURE OF PRIMARY CELL

ELECTROPLATING

EFFECT OF CELL

MAGNETS Introduction

Types of magnet(1) natural magnet(2) artificial magnet

(a) permanent magnet(b) electromagnet

Shapes of magnet(1) bar magnet(2) horse shoe magnet(3) ring magnet(4)cylindrical magnet

Properties of magnet B-H curve of magnet

RIGHT HAND RULE

ELECTROMAGNETS Introduction Solenoids electromagnetic induction

(1) self(2) mutual

Electromagnet advantages over permanent magnets Faradays laws of electro. introduction

1) First law : “whenever a conductor cuts magnetic flux, an e.m.f. is induced in that conductor”

2) second law: “the magnitude of induced e.m.f. is equal to the rate of charge of flux linkage”

Lenz's law Eddy currents

CAPACITORS Introduction.

A capacitor is a device capable of storing electric charge.Working of its. It consists of two conducting surfaces ( may be in form of either circular or rectangular plates or of spherical or cylindrical shape ) separated by an insulating material called a dielectric.

Types of capacitors.(1) paper capacitor.(2) oil capacitor.(3) Air capacitor.(4) Mica capacitor.(5) Ceramic capacitor.

CAPACITORS ApplicationsTYPE CAPACITANCE VOLTAGE(WVDC) APPLICATIONS

Monolithic 1pF -10pF 50-200 UHF,RF coupling

Disc &tube ceramics 1pF -1μF 50-500 General, VHF

Paper 0.001 -1μF 200-1600 Motors, power supply

Film- polypropylene 0.001 -0.47μF 400-1600 TV vertical circuit, RF

Polyester 0.001 -1μF 100-600 Entertainment-electronics

Polystyrene 0.001 -1μF 100-200 General, high stability

Polycarbonate 0.01 -18μF 50-200 General

Metallized polypropylene 4 -60 μF 400VAC 50 Hz AC motors

Metallized polyester 0.01 -10μF 100-600 Coupling, RF filtering

Electrolytic aluminum 1 -500000μF 5-500 Power suppliers, filters

Electrolytic tantalum 0.1 -1000μF 3-125 Small space requirement

Electrolytic non polarized 0.47 -220μF 16-100 Loudspeaker cross-over

Mica 330pF -0.05μF 50-100 High frequency

Silver Mica 5 -820pF 50-500 High frequency

Variable ceramic 1 -5 to 16- 100pF 200 Radio,TV,communication

Film 0.8- 5 to 1.2 -30pF 50 Oscillators, antenna,

air 10- 365pF 50 Broadcast, receivers

CAPACITORS Capacity of capacitors.

Energy stored in capacitor.

Charging & Discharging of capacitors.

ELECTRICAL TERMS (A.C.)

Introduction. R.m.s. value. Maximum value. Average value. Inductance.- Xl =2∏fL Capacitance. - Xc = 1/2∏fC Impedance Reactance.

Power & power factor in a.c. Dis. Advantages of poor power factor. Improving methods of power factor.

A.C.CIRCUITS Introduction

Single phase a.c. circuits A.C. series circuits. A.C. parallel circuits.

Comparison of series & parallel resonant circuits. Three phase a.c. circuits. Star- connected system. Delta connected system.

Comparison between 1-phase & 3-phase.1. Voltage. 4 Measurement.2. Power. 5 Faults.3. Wave form.6. Faults in circuits.

TRANSFORMER Introduction.

The function of x’mer is to transform alternating current energy from one voltage into another voltage.Working principle of x’mer.

A x’mer operates on the principle of mutual inductance, bet’n two inductively coupled coils.

Types of x’mer.(1)shell type (2)core type(3) single phase (4) three phase

Parts of power x’mer. Voltage transformation ratio of x’mer. Different methods of cooling. Parallel operation of x’mer.

Internal Structure of X’mer

TRANSFORMERStep up X’mer:

Step down x’mer:

TRANSFORMER

TRANSFORMER

Losses.(1)copper losses.

“It produces in winding of primary & secondary of transformer.”W=I2R watt

(2) hystersis losses.“It produces in core of transformer.”

(3) eddy current losses.“It is also produces in core of transformer”

ILLUMINATIONS

Introduction. Terminology

Laws of illuminations. Law of inverse squares.

Lambert’s cosine law. Types of Lighting systems.

Direct Lighting. Semi – direct lighting. Semi –indirect lighting. Indirect lighting.

General reflection.(5) neon sign

ILLUMINATIONS

Construction & working of following lamps.(1) incandescent lamps

(2) fluorescent lamps

(3)mercury lamps

(4) sodium vapour lamps

FLUORESCENT LAMP

Principle of a discharge lamp:the basic principle of a gas discharge lamp is explained.

Gasses are normally poor conductors, especially at atmospheric & higher pressures, but application of suitable voltage( known as ignition voltage) between two electrodes in a sealed envelope containing gas at low pressure ionises the gas and current passes from one electrode to the other.

A glass shall with two electrodes apart is connected through lead in wires to the voltage source. The space within the shall is filled with low pressure vapor . When the voltage applied to the electrode is increase to a certain value , the gases inside gets ionise & start conducting when once the ionization take place & current is conducted from one to

FLUORESCENT LAMP

The other, the resistance in the circuit drop very rapidly it causes heavy current drawl a device to limit the excess current must be provided the current flow through the low pressure gas is called discharged this causes the gas vapor to emit radiation ultra violet region. The UV radiation can not be perceived by the human eye, certain phosphors have the property of emitting light in the visible spectrum when the phosphor is exposed to UV rays.

FLUORESCENT LAMP

Construction of Fluorescent Lamp

ALARM CIRCUITS Introduction.

Alarm circuit is a electro magnetic and mechanical both combination system.

Working & structure of alarm ckts.Alarm circuits, It is working on electro magnetic law.

When circuit getting supply, bobbin coil becomes electromagnets. A bobbin fitting on soft iron core so a core become magnet and its attracted to sprig strip. A sprig strip hitting on the gang and voice produces a one time. At that time circuit had opened by adjective screw. fault & finding.

STUDY OF RESISTANCE

STUDY OF CAPACITANCE

STUDY OF INDUCTANCE

STUDY OF ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

STUDY OF ELECTRICAL MESUREMENT

STUDY OF WIRING

STUDY OF EARTHING

STUDY OF ELECTRICAL CELLS

STUDY OF ACCUMULATORS

STUDY OF ELECTRICAL BATTERY

STUDY OF MEGNETS

BASICS OF MEGNETS

STUDY OF ELECTRICAL TERMS

STUDY OF POWER TERMS

STUDY OF IMPEDANCE TERM

STUDY OF AC CIRCUITS

STUDY OF TRANSFORMER

ILLUMINATION TECHNOLOGY

STUDY OF ELECTRICAL LAMPS

STUDY OF CONTACTORS

STUDY OF ALARMS

STUDY OF INSULATED WIRES

STUDY OF INSULATED CABLES